Vectors

Algebraic vectors and vector algebra

Algebraic vector

Let

 n∈N
 n be the number of components
Then an algebraic vector of a order set ofn real numbers is

x= ⟨ x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ⟩ ∈ R
n

Equality within vectors

Let

 n∈N
 n be the number of components

Then the vectors of x= ⟨ x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ⟩ ∈ R and y= ⟨ y 1 , y 2 , … , y n ⟩ ∈ R are equal if x i= y i for all

n n

i=1 , 2 … ,n
Vector addition

Let

 n∈N
 n be the number of components
x= ⟨ x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ⟩ ∈ R be algebraic vectors
n

y= ⟨ y 1 , y 2 , … , y n ⟩ ∈ R be algebraic vector
n


Then

x + y= ⟨ x 1+ y 1 , x 2+ y 2 , … , x n+ y n ⟩

Scalar multiplication

Let

 n∈N
 n be the number of components
x= ⟨ x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ⟩ ∈ R be algebraic vectors
n

 α∈R
Then

α x =⟨ α x 1 , α x 2 , … , α x n ⟩

Zero vector

For Rn , the algebraic vector is then

0=⟨ 0 ,0 , … 0 ⟩
Additive inverse vector

For an algebraic vector x ∈ Rn then

−x= ⟨−x 1 ,−x 2 , … ,−x n ⟩

Forthwith the difference then of algebraic vectors

x− y =x+(− y )
Theorem

If

 x , y , z are algebraic vectors in Rn

 α ,β ∈R
Then the following properties holds:

 x + y= y + x
 x +( y + z )=( x+ y)+ z
 0+ x= x
 x +(−x )=0
 α (β x )=(αβ )x
 1(x )=x
 −1( x ¿=−x
 0( x)=0
 α (0)=0
 α (x + y)=α x +α y
 ( α + β ) x=α x+ β x

Dot product and the norm

Dot product

Let

 n∈N
 n be the number of components
x= ⟨ x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ⟩ ∈ R be algebraic vectors
n

y= ⟨ y 1 , y 2 , … , y n ⟩ ∈ R be algebraic vector
n

n
x ∙ y=∑ xi y i=x 1 y 1 +…+ x n y n
i=1

Note that x ∙ y ∈ R

If x= ⟨ x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ⟩ ∈ R and y= ⟨ y 1 , y 2 , … , y n ⟩ ∈ R where m ≠n the dot product is undefined

n m

Properties of the dot product

Let

 x , y , z are algebraic vectors in Rn

 α ,β ∈R
 x∙ x≥0
 x ∙ x=0 if x=0
 x ∙ y= y ∙ x
 x ∙ ( α y+ β z )=α ( x ∙ y )+ β(x ∙ z )
Norm

Let

 n∈N
 n be the number of components
x= ⟨ x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ⟩ ∈ R be algebraic vectors
n

‖x‖=√ x ⋅ x= √ x 21+ …+ x 2n for which x ∙ x ≥ 0
Properties of the norm

 If the ‖u‖=1 then u is a unit vector and any vector can be expressed in terms of unit vectos

i=¿ 1 , 0 , 0> j=¿ 0 ,1 , 0> k=¿ 0 , 0 , 1>¿

 ‖x‖≥ 0
 ‖x‖=0 if and only if x=0
 ‖α x‖=¿ α∨‖x‖
 ‖x + y‖≤+‖ x‖+‖ y‖
Caushy Schwartz inequality

Let

 n∈N
 n be the number of components
n
 x=∈ R be algebraic vectors
n
 y=∈ R be algebraic vector
|x ∙ y|≤‖x‖‖ y‖
Proof

Let
3
 x=∈ R be algebraic vectors
3
 y=∈ R be algebraic vector
Assume y=0, then

|x ∙ y|=|x 1 ( 0 )+ x2 ( 0 ) + x 3 ( 0 )|=0
If y=0 then ‖ y‖=0 , so then‖x‖‖ y‖=‖x‖0=0

Therefore
 |x ∙ y|=0=‖x‖‖ y‖
2
Asssume y ≠ 0, then ‖ y‖ = y ∙ y

x⋅ y
Take α ∈ R where α = 2
‖ y‖
Consider

(x−αy)∙(x−αy)
2
¿ x ∙ x−2 α x ∙ y + y ∙ y α
2 2
¿‖x‖ −2 α x ∙ y +α 2‖ y‖
2
2 x⋅y (x ⋅ y ) 2
¿‖x‖ −2 2
x ∙ y+ 4
‖ y‖
‖ y‖ ‖ y‖
2 ( x ⋅ y )2 ( x ⋅ y ) 2
¿‖x‖ −2 2
+ 2
‖ y‖ ‖ y‖
2 ( x ⋅ y )2
¿‖x‖ − 2
‖ y‖
2 ( x ⋅ y )2 2 ( x ⋅ y )2
If ‖x‖ − 2
≥ 0 then‖x‖ ≥ 2 then
‖ y‖ ‖ y‖
|x ∙ y|=0=‖x‖‖ y‖
Lines in space

Line

Let

 q , p ∈ Rn
 q≠ p
Line is a set of points in the form

L= { t p + ( 1−t ) q|t ∈ R }

L= { q+t ( p−q )|t ∈ R }

A point x= ⟨ x , y ⟩ ∈ L ⇔ x=q+ t ( p−q )

Thereom

Let

 q , p , r ∈ Rn
 q≠ p
If q , p , r ∈ Rn are distinct points on L then either of the following is true
 o q is between p and r
o r is between p andq
o p is betweenq and r
A point x= ⟨ x , y ⟩ is between q , p if and only if there exists t for which x=q +t ( p−q )

Line segment

Let

 q , p , ∈ Rn
 q≠ p
If q , p , r ∈ Rn are distinct points on L then line segment between q , p is the set

S= { q+t ( p−q )|t ∈[0 ,1]}

A point x= ⟨ x , y ⟩ is between q , p if and only if x= ⟨ x , y ⟩ ∈ S

Ray

Let

 q , p , ∈ Rn
 q≠ p
 p is the orgin of the ray
If q , p , r ∈ Rn are distinct points on L then ray is the set

R={ q+ t ( p−q )|t ≥ 0 }

A point x= ⟨ x , y ⟩ ∈ R if there exists a t ≥ 0 so that x=q +t ( p−q )

Diection vector

Let

 q , p , ∈ Rn
 q≠ p
( p−q )
Line intersection/Point of intersection

Let

 L1={ q+t ( p−q )|t ∈ R }

 L2= { b+t ( a−b )| t ∈ R }

Then if x ∈ L1 and x ∈ L2 i.e.there exists a t ∈ R such that x=q +t ( p−q ) and x=b +t ( a−b ), then

L 1 ∩ L2

If more than one point satisfies the equation of L1 and L2 then L1=L2

Parralel lines
Let

 L1={ q+t ( p−q )|t ∈ R }

 L2= { b+t ( a−b )| t ∈ R }

If ( p−q )=α ( a−b ) then the lines are paraelle i.e. there must exists an α ∈ R so that
( p−q )=α ( a−b )
If lines L1 and L2 are parallel then the lines do not interesct.

Sphere

Let
n
 c ∈ R be a point
 r >0 be the radius
The spehere is the set

S= { x ∈ R n|‖c⃗ −x‖=r