Articles in 1987 constitution that recognizes human
Historical and legal bases of Values Education: 1987
Constitutions
● The present constitution of the Philippines
● Approved by the 1986 constitutional
commission on October 12, 1986
● Was presented to president Cory Aquino on
October 15, 1986
● Was proclaimed on February 11, 1987
Historical timeline on how the 1987 constitution was
formed
1. November 3, 1985 - Snap Elections
Announced: President Ferdinand Marcos
calls for snap elections amid mounting
pressure for democratic reforms. The main
opposition candidate is Corazon Aquino,
widow of slain opposition leader Benigno
Aquino Jr.
2. February 7, 1986 - Snap Elections Held: The
snap elections are held, but allegations of
widespread fraud and irregularities taint the
process. Marcos is declared the winner, but
the results are widely disputed.
3. February 22-25, 1986 - People Power
Revolution: Following the contested election
results, millions of Filipinos gather at EDSA
(Epifanio de los Santos Avenue) in Manila to
protest against the Marcos regime. The
peaceful revolution, known as the EDSA
Revolution, leads to the ousting of Marcos
and the ascension of Corazon Aquino to the
presidency.
4. February 25, 1986 - Corazon Aquino Sworn
In: Corazon Aquino is sworn in as the 11th
President of the Philippines, marking the end
of Marcos' rule.
5. April 1986 - Appointment of the
Constitutional Commission: President Aquino
appoints a 48-member Constitutional
Commission tasked with drafting a new
constitution for the Philippines.
6. June 2, 1986 - Constitutional Commission
Convenes: The Constitutional Commission
convenes its first session, with former
Supreme Court Justice Cecilia Muñoz-Palma
elected as its chairperson.
7. February 2, 1987 - Ratification of the 1987
Constitution: The draft constitution,
completed by the Constitutional
Commission, is ratified by a nationwide
plebiscite. The majority of Filipinos vote in
favor of its adoption.
8. February 11, 1987 - Promulgation of the 1987
Constitution: The 1987 Constitution is officially
promulgated, establishing a new
democratic framework for the Philippines.
rights
1. Article II - Declaration of Principles and State
Policies: This article contains provisions on
the promotion of social justice, respect for
human rights, and the recognition of the
dignity of every person.
2. Article III - Bill of Rights: This article
enumerates the fundamental rights of
individuals, including the right to life, liberty,
and property, as well as provisions against
torture, arbitrary arrest, and detention.
3. Article XIV - Education, Science, and
Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports: This
article emphasizes the role of education in
fostering patriotism, nationalism, and love of
humanity, and mandates the integration of
human rights and values education in the
curriculum at all levels of education.
4. Article XIII - Social Justice and Human
Rights: This article emphasizes the state’s
obligation to promote social justice in all
phases of national development, which
includes ensuring the dignity, welfare, and
rights of all people, particularly the
marginalized sectors of society.
5. Article XV - The Family: While not directly
focused on human rights education, this
article recognizes the family as an essential
institution for the preservation and
development of societal values. It highlights
the state’s duty to strengthen family
solidarity and promote its total
development.
_________________________________________________
The National Economic has the responsibility for
economic planning of the country, thus the
Philippine Development Plan was created in
January 1973. The expansion of employment,
maximization of growth, attainment of fiscal
responsibility and monetary stability, provision of
social services, and equitable distribution of income
was the main purpose of PDP.
● Second Philippine Development Plan
(1981-1986) “New Society”
● Self sufficiency and improvement of heavy
industries
● Medium Term Development Plan
(1987-1992)
● Restoring economic stability
● Philippine Development Plan (1992-1998)
● Economic liberation and development
● Medium Term Development plan
(1999-2004)
● Reduce poverty and improve economic
growth
 ● Medium Term Development plan
(20014-2010)
● Competitiveness, social equity and human
development
● Philippine Development Plan (2010-2016)
● Good governance, transparency and
reduce of corruption
● Ambisyon natin 2040
Importance of PDP
The PDP is a strategic plan that guides the
government’s vision, goals, and actions for the
country’s development.
The PDP aligns the government’s resources and
investments with the priority programs, projects, and
activities that will benefit the people and the
economy.
The PDP is connected to values education as it
promotes social, economic, and environmental
sustainability, as well as peace, security, and good
governance.
Chapter 7: Reinvigorate Services
This chapter aims to create more quality jobs and
improve the competitiveness of the service sector
through technological innovations and human
capital development.
This chapter supports values education by
enhancing the skills, creativity, and well-being of
the workforce, as well as the quality of life and
economic opportunities of the people.
Chapter 12: Expand and upgrade infrastructure
This chapter seeks to improve the transportation,
communication, water, energy, and social
infrastructure of the country to support economic
growth and social development.
This chapter relates to values education by
improving the accessibility, mobility, connectivity,
and resilience of the communities, as well as the
efficiency and reliability of public services.
Chapter 13: Ensure peace and security and
enhance the administration of justice
This chapter focuses on strengthening the safety
and security of the people, the protection of
natural resources and territorial integrity, and the
recovery of conflict-affected areas.
This chapter reflects values education by promoting
the rule of law, human rights, social justice, and
national unity.
Chapter 14: Practice Good Governance and
Improve Bureaucratic Efficiency
This chapter emphasizes the improvement of the
governance system, the public service delivery,
and the citizen participation in the country’s affairs.
This chapter embodies values education by
fostering transparency, accountability,
responsiveness, and inclusiveness in the
government and the society.
_________________________________________________
Personalism Idea
Personalism promotes a balance between
individual freedom and responsibility, and collective
needs.
It considers each individual as a unique being with
their own capabilities, but also recognizes that
people cannot live completely separate from
others and must participate in a society.
It opposes any system that subjugates the individual
to the collective or disregards the diversity of each
being.
Philosophical Tradition of Personalism
The philosophical tradition of Personalism owes
much to the original ideas of Plato.
Many foundational concepts of Personalism about
the nature of reality, personhood, and God
originated from the philosophies laid out by Plato.
Boethius’s Definition of Personhood
The Latin phrase used by Boethius in his definition of
personhood is “persona est naturae rationalis
individua substantia”.
This literally means “personhood is the individual
substance of rational nature”.
The important elements here are:
Individual - refers to a particular and unique being.
Substance - refers to the basis or essence of a thing.
Rational - has the ability to think and decide with
proper logic.
St. Thomas Aquinas’s Adaptation of Boethius’s
Definition
St. Thomas Aquinas adapted Boethius’s definition of
personhood in the context of his theological and
philosophical views.
Aquinas added the concept of subsistent existence
as a key characteristic of a persona.
According to Aquinas, it is not enough for a thing to
merely have a rational nature to be a persona. It
also needs to have its own subsistent existence.
Personalist Manifesto
The Personalist Manifesto is a third-way philosophy
emphasizing the uniqueness and dignity of the
human person and human rationality. It serves as a
guide for individuals to understand their role and
value in society.
__________________________________________________
Virtue Ethics
Virtue Ethics is a character-based approach to
morality that emphasizes the development of moral
virtues through practice.
It provides a guide for living a good life without
prescribing specific rules for resolving ethical
dilemmas.
According to the McCombs School of Business,
Virtue Ethics originated from ancient Greek
philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. The goal of
Virtue Ethics is to understand and live a life of moral
character. It places importance on the moral
qualities and traits that individuals embody. Virtue
Ethics is a moral philosophy that emphasizes the
importance of character development and the
pursuit of excellence in moral virtues. Individuals
become virtuous through the practice of virtues
such as bravery, justice, and generosity.
Plato’s Influence
Plato was a prominent Greek philosopher in
Western philosophical history. He was part of the
trio of Greek philosophers, along with his friend and
teacher Socrates, and his student Aristotle.
Plato’s influence extended beyond his time,
significantly shaping the intellectual landscape of
ancient Greece and leaving a lasting impact on
the development of Western philosophical thought.
Plato’s Virtues
According to Plato, the four primary virtues are
wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice. The
term “cardinal” comes from the Latin word
“cardo”, meaning “hinge”. All other virtues fall
under and hinge upon these cardinal virtues.
Plato believed that being “happy” or achieving
“well-being” is the ultimate goal of moral reasoning
and behavior of an individual.
This virtue ethics is aligned in a eudaimonistic
framework of ethics founded on virtues, where the
pursuit of happiness or well-being (eudaimonia) is
the supreme objective of moral reasoning and
behavior, with the virtues serving as the necessary
dispositions or abilities to achieve it.
Plato introduced the cardinal virtues which are;
wisdom related to intellect, courage related to
diversity, temperance related to moderation, and
justice related to overall character. Plato believed
that being just leads to a healthy soul, inner peace,
and true happiness.
He also believed that contemplating the Form of
the Good causes and expresses the four cardinal
virtues. In his view, virtues are essential qualities or
abilities that help us reach this ultimate goal of
happiness. Thus, Plato’s significant role in virtue
ethics comes from his ideas about the importance
of virtues in pursuing a good and fulfilling life.
Cardinal Virtue
Cardinal Virtue is a state of the soul and is a
fundamental constituent of what is good for a
human being.
Plato’s Wisdom
According to Plato, wisdom is about using our
intellect to understand moral reality and apply it to
our daily life. A wise person is guided by rationality
in the choices they make. If you are wise, you
always think about what is morally right and use
your reasoning in everyday life.
Plato’s Courage
According to Plato, courage is about facing
adversity with the right balance of fear and
boldness. It’s not just about bravery in battle but
also about having the courage to stand by what
you believe in. Plato’s teacher, Socrates, for
instance, chose to die instead of giving up on what
he strongly believed in. This choice definitely
shaped how Plato thought about courage – not just
facing physical challenges but also having the
bravery to stick to your most important beliefs.
Plato’s Temperance
Plato believed that temperance is about controlling
our desires. For him, it’s okay to have desires, but it
becomes an issue when we want to take or possess
things that are not ours and can harm other
people. According to him, we should not let our
desires like food, drinks, and other things take over
our lives in a way that harms our character or who
we are. So, we need to know how to balance or
moderate these wants. By that way, as per Plato,
we maintain our character and well-being.
Plato’s Justice
For Plato, justice is related to overall goodness or
how good a person is overall. A just person has a
balanced and healthy soul where reason guides
their desire and the wish for honor. A just person is
fulfilled, peaceful, and genuinely happy. Because
of their inner harmony, they have a positive impact
and can contribute to the fairness or well-being of
their community.
From Plato’s perspective, justice is a fundamental
virtue that helps not only the individual but also the
whole society. He believed that a just society, like a
well-ordered soul, is essential for the well-being and
survival of the community.
Practice of Virtue
If people develop good habits they are more likely
to make the right choices when faced with moral
dilemmas. Therefore, the more we practice virtue,
the easier it becomes for us to make ethical
decisions. By cultivating virtues like justice, courage,
and temperance, we become more likely to make
good decisions and lead a well-lived life.
__________________________________________________
Teleology
“Telos” is the ancient Greek term for an end,
fulfillment, completion, goal, or purpose; it is the
source of the modern word ‘teleology’.
Aristotle was a teleologist. He believed that
everything has a final cause or ultimate purpose.
Everything in reality functions due to its telos.
The goodness or badness of a thing is determined
based on how it upholds or fulfills its purpose.
Key Notes
All objects have a telos.
An object is good when it properly secures its telos.
The telos of a human being is to reason.
The good for a human being is, therefore, acting in
accordance with reason.
Eudaimonia
Eudaimonia is the state that all humans should aim
for as it is the aim and end of human existence. It
represents pure happiness, full satisfaction, and
fulfillment.
According to Aristotle, the purpose of a human
being is to achieve eudaimonia. The ultimate goal
of life is happiness, fulfillment, satisfaction.
Virtue
Virtue, from the Greek word arête, is a character
trait.
It is the key to happiness or eudaimonia.
Virtues are the mean or the middle ground
between the excess at one side and the deficiency
at the other.
Doctrine of the Mean
Aristotle provided an explanation to help us
determine what virtuous behavior is that leads to a
virtuous life.
Virtue always lies in the middle of two vices. One is
deficiency and the other is excess.
Virtue as “Good Habit”
Ethical characters are developed by practical
learning and habitual action and not merely by
intellectual teaching. If you do a virtuous thing
repeatedly, eventually it will become part of your
character.
According to Aristotle, what is needed to develop
our virtues is through good habit. Aristotle believed
that intellectual learning or knowledge is not
enough. It’s not enough to just know what is right or
wrong. We need to experience how to do good
and avoid wrong in everyday life to acquire good
habits.
Aristotle also believed that being good is a skill. For
example, using an instrument, you can be taught
by a book how to play the piano, guitar, but to be
good at it, you need to practice it.
We need to be persistent in doing good, because
good habits, good manners, and actions that are
repeatedly done, become virtue.
__________________________________________________
Thomas Aquinas
● Born in 1225 in Italy.
● Became a student of Albertus Magnus.
● Was a Dominican priest and scriptural
theologian.
● Made significant contributions to Roman
Catholic and values education due to his
philosophy that combined faith and
reasoning.
Aquinas’ Ethics: Happiness
Aquinas believed that everything has an ultimate
end or goal, and for all humans, this end goal is
happiness.
There are two types of happiness:
Ultimate end: Happiness possessed by God, the
angels, and the blessed.
Human happiness: Happiness a human can obtain
in the world.
Morally Virtuous Actions as a Way to Happiness

Humans derive happiness from performing not just
merely good actions, but perfectly or virtuously
moral actions.
Morally Virtuous Actions as Pleasurable
There are three kinds of pleasures: intellectual,
moral, and bodily. Sometimes, bodily pleasures can
hinder reason.
Morally Virtuous Actions as Perfectly Voluntary and
the Result of Deliberate Choice
Virtuous actions must be voluntarily good. You must
know what you are doing and know that it is for the
good.
Morally Virtuous Actions as Morally Good Actions
Actions should not harm people or life. A morally
permissible act can become an immoral act later
on.
One Morally Good Action is Not Necessarily a
Morally Virtuous Act
Your actions need to be a habit in order for them to
be virtuous.
Morally Virtuous Actions as Perfections of
Characteristically Human Powers
Virtues are not in us by nature. Human beings can
acquire virtues by repeatedly performing virtuous
acts.
Infused Virtues
Infused virtues are wholly gifts from God. When you
are blessed with them, you automatically have
faith, hope, and charity, and you are in a state of
grace.
Moral Knowledge
There are three kinds of moral knowledge: universal
principles, secondary universal precepts, and
tertiary precepts.
Proximate and Ultimate Standard of Moral Truth
The proximate standard is human reason, and the
ultimate standard is God.
Hume’s Concept of Mind
● Hume held an empiricist version of the
theory of ideas, believing that everything we
believe is ultimately traceable to
experience.
● He described the mind as “a kind of theater,
where several perceptions successively
make their appearance, pass, repass, glide
away, and mingle in an infinite variety of
postures and situations.”
Virtue Ethics of Hume
● Hume’s virtue ethics is grounded in his moral
philosophy and is outlined in his work “An
Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals.”
● Key aspects of Hume’s virtue ethics include:
1. Sentimentalism: Hume believed that
our sense of right and wrong comes
more from our feelings than just
thinking.
2. Naturalistic Ethics: Hume’s ethics
studied how people naturally think
and feel to figure out what’s morally
right.
3. Moral Distinctions: Hume believed
that moral distinctions come from
how people feel about certain
actions.
4. Utility and Social Harmony: Hume
thought that being virtuous means
doing things that help everyone and
make society better.
5. Virtue as a Mean: Hume believed
virtue is like finding a middle ground,
balancing between extremes.
6. Character and Habit: Hume said that
doing good things over and over
turns them into habits, which then
shape your character.
7. Partiality and Impartiality: Hume said
that people naturally favor those
close to them, but it’s important to
be fair and consider others outside
our immediate circle when making
moral judgments.

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

David Hume
Alasdair MacIntyre

● Born in 1711 to a moderately wealthy family.

● Born on January 12, 1929, in Glasgow,
● A Scottish Enlightenment philosopher,
Scotland.
economist, historian, and essayist.
● A distinguished philosopher specializing in
● Known for his significant contributions to
moral and political philosophy.
empiricism and skepticism. He emphasized
● Known for his work ‘After Virtue’ (1981),
the role of sensory experience in shaping
which has significantly impacted
human knowledge and questioned our
contemporary ethical discourse.
ability to truly know the causes of events.
A passionate advocate of virtue ethics,
emphasizing the importance of virtues for a
flourishing life.
Introduced the concept of narrative ethics, viewing
ethical reasoning as an integral part of the ongoing
narrative of our lives.
Core Concepts
MacIntyre’s philosophy revolves around key
concepts like virtues, the good life, narrative unity,
community, tradition, and teleology.
Virtues and the Good Life
Virtues are character traits or qualities that
contribute to human flourishing and well-being.
The pursuit of excellence and the realization of
one’s potential are central to virtue ethics.
Achieving the good life involves not just individual
achievement of virtues, but doing so within the
context of a social community.
Narrative Unity of a Life
MacIntyre views life as a narrative, where ethical
reasoning and decision-making are integral parts of
an ongoing story.
Each moral choice contributes to the overall
meaning and coherence of one’s life.
Role of Community
The role of community is crucial in MacIntyre’s virtue
ethics.
Virtues are not developed in isolation but are
learned and practiced within a community.
Teleology and Goods Internal to Practices
MacIntyre’s virtue ethics is teleological, meaning it is
concerned with the purpose or telos of human life.
Practices, such as professions or social roles, have
internal goods that contribute to human flourishing.
Pursuit of Common Good
Genuine moral philosophy, according to MacIntyre,
involves understanding and pursuing a common
good that transcends individual preferences and
interests.
Critique of Modern Moral Philosophy
MacIntyre critiques modern moral philosophy for its
reliance on emotivism and relativism.
He argues for a return to a more substantive and
communal understanding of morality, one that
acknowledges the importance of shared moral
traditions and the pursuit of a common good.
__________________________________________________
Edmund L. Pincoffs, a renowned philosopher,
significantly contributed to the revival of virtue
ethics. He aimed to bring philosophy into the public
arena to impact people’s lives.
Pincoffs’ work, particularly “Quandaries and
Virtues,” advocates for a return to classical notions
of virtue and human excellence. He argues against
reductionism in ethics, which simplifies complex
moral dilemmas into rule-based decisions. Instead,
he emphasizes the importance of cultivating
morally complete individuals who understand and
embody a broad range of virtues.
Pincoffs also emphasizes that humans are inherently
social beings. We are born into an organized world,
and our lives are intertwined with others. However,
this does not mean we are entirely determined by
society. We maintain our individuality and personal
agency.
In essence, Pincoffs’ approach to ethics focuses on
the bigger picture: developing individuals who can
navigate a variety of moral situations in a thoughtful
and virtuous manner. It’s not just about following
rules, but about becoming a better person overall.
Pincoffs provides a comprehensive view on
personality traits, virtues, and vices. He emphasizes
that personality traits are unique characteristics that
distinguish individuals. For example, being punctual
is a trait that sets punctual people apart from
others.
Pincoffs defines virtues and vices as personal
properties that help define an individual’s
character. They are not static but involve
tendencies and dispositions that showcase how a
person typically moves through life. For instance, if a
professional named Wiggins consistently
demonstrates honesty, integrity, and responsibility,
these are his virtues. However, if he occasionally
shows dishonesty or irresponsibility, these are his
vices.
According to Pincoffs, dispositions, which include
virtues and vices, extend beyond just observable
behavior. They encompass inner tendencies,
emotions, and thoughts, providing a more holistic
view of an individual’s character.
For example, consider the virtue of kindness. This
isn’t just about observable actions, like helping
someone in need. It also involves the inner
disposition to feel empathy and the desire to
alleviate others’ suffering. So, if a person consistently
shows empathy and helps others, not because they
have to, but because they are genuinely moved to
do so, this would be a reflection of their kindness, a
virtue according to Pincoffs
successfully pursue various goals or ends or
objectives. They are called “instrumental” because
they are tools or means to achieve something
____________________________________

Pincoffs categorizes virtues into two types:

instrumental and non-instrumental. Instrumental
virtues, like diligence, are tools that help one to
achieve their goals. Non-instrumental virtues, like
kindness, are valued for their own sake, not
because they help us achieve other goals

Instrumental Virtues: These are virtues that make it

more probable that a person will successfully pursue
various goals or ends or objectives2. They are called
“instrumental” because they are tools or means to
achieve something. For example, diligence could
be seen as an instrumental virtue because it helps
one to achieve their goals.

Non-Instrumental Virtues: These virtues capture the

inherent ‘goodness’ in individuals1. They are valued
for their own sake, not because they help us
achieve other goals. For example, kindness could
be seen as a non-instrumental virtue because it is
considered good to be kind, regardless of whether
or not it helps one achieve other goals

In essence, instrumental virtues are about doing

things right (efficiency in achieving goals), while
non-instrumental virtues are about doing the right
things (moral goodness).

Aesthetic Virtues: These are virtues that are valued

not for their instrumental effect but simply for
themselves. They contribute to the beauty or
harmony of one’s character. For example, a person
might have an aesthetic virtue of creativity, which is
valued for its own sake and not necessarily for
achieving any specific goal.

Meliorating Virtues: These virtues are about

improving or enhancing one’s character or the
world around them. They are not tied to specific
goals but are about general betterment. For
example, a person might have a meliorating virtue
of generosity, which is about giving freely to others,
not for any specific gain but for the general
improvement of society.

Moral Virtues: These are virtues that are inherently

moral or ethical. They are about doing what is right
and good. For example, a person might have a
moral virtue of honesty, which is about telling the
truth, not because it achieves a specific goal but
because it is the right thing to do.

According to Pincoffs, instrumental virtues are those

that make it more probable that a person will