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What are the key ideas of urbanisation as a Urbanisation is a global process with more than half of the world’s population now living in towns
global process? and cities. It has occurred at different rates and in different ways in developed, emerging, and
developing countries.

What are the causes of recent rapid urbanisation Recent rapid urbanisation in emerging and developing countries has been caused by rural to
in emerging and developing countries? urban migration and natural increase.

What was the main cause of urbanisation in The main cause of urbanisation in developed countries like the UK in the 1800s and 1900s was
developed countries like the UK in the 1800s and industrialisation.
1900s?

What are the effects of urbanisation? The effects of urbanisation include increasing air, noise, and water pollution, more economic
opportunities, spontaneous unplanned settlements, and widening gap between the rich and poor.

What is the population distribution like in the UK? The population distribution in the UK is uneven, generally lower in the north and higher in the
south. Important urban areas have the highest population density, with London having a high
population density.

What are some major cities with high population London, Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool.
densities in the UK?

What are some reasons for lower population Fewer cities due to higher relief (mountains) and difficult living conditions due to climate.
density in the north of the UK?

Why are London and Liverpool densely Due to their historic ports, which provided jobs in the shipping industry.
populated?

What are some characteristics of Birmingham's Began as a small village on a dry point site plateau in the Midlands and located centrally with
site and situation? excellent links to the rest of England.

What are some features of Birmingham's Central Main financial center containing offices, shops, theatres, and hotels.
Business District (CBD)?

What are the main types of housing in Mostly semi-detached housing built between the 1930s and 1960s as the city grew.
Birmingham's suburbs?

How has Birmingham been changed by Influenced by manufacturing, small houses were built for workers in what is now the inner city.
urbanisation?

What is the process of suburbanisation in A growing population meant building houses on the outskirts, mainly detached housing.
Birmingham?

What is counter-urbanisation and how has it Developments in the inner city have forced people out to places like Redditch.
affected Birmingham?

What are the main causes of national migration People moving out to coastal areas to retire and people moving in as the CBD has employment
in Birmingham? opportunities.

What are the main causes of international People moving in who have fled conflict in countries such as Syria and people moving in to fill key
migration in Birmingham? jobs encouraged by the government.

What are the impacts of migration in A youthful population of migrants settling for employment opportunities, a multicultural society,
Birmingham? ethnic communities establishing shops and places of worship, and a demand for housing and
pressure on services such as school and the NHS.

What challenges does globalisation and Long-term solutions are required due to a youthful population, low number of people of
economic change create for Birmingham? pensionable age, natural increase, in-migration, increased life expectancy, deindustrialisation,
lack of investment, and differences in quality of life.

What changes occurred in Birmingham during Car factories closed, leading to mass unemployment, and old factories have been redeveloped or
the 1970s due to deindustrialisation? demolished to make way for housing.

What are the effects of lack of investment in Deprivation, with 40% of the population among the most deprived in England, high deprivation in
some areas of Birmingham? inner city areas and suburbs, and differences in quality of life.

What strain has population growth put on Population growth has put a strain on health services, schools, and housing.
Birmingham's services?

What redevelopment projects were supported by The Bullring and Grand Central shopping centres.
the Birmingham City Council?

What are the characteristics of the new They offer free and easy parking for consumers, all under one roof.
out-of-town shopping centres in Birmingham?

How has internet shopping impacted the number It has reduced the number of consumers in the CBD.
of consumers in Birmingham's CBD?
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What sustainable strategies has the Birmingham Use of public transport, car sharing, walking, cycling, and improved recycling system.
City Council encouraged to improve
sustainability, health, and employment?

What are the characteristics of Mexico City's It consists of a financial centre with office blocks, government buildings, and the Mexican Stock
CBD? Exchange.

What factors contributed to the population growth High birth rate and falling death rate.
of Mexico City from 2 million to 19 million
between 1950 and 2010?

What are the factors contributing to the growth of Rural-urban migration (national) and international migration, and investment in the construction of
Mexico City? factories and offices.

What are some impacts of migration on Mexico Young migrants arrive in the city bringing new skills and looking for employment, businesses
City? benefit from low-income labor, housing shortage leading to unplanned settlements, and higher
levels of air pollution.

What are some challenges resulting from Housing shortages, unplanned settlements, under-employment, pollution, and inadequate
Mexico's rapid urbanization? services.

What are some statistics that reflect inequalities One in three workers are paid less than the minimum wage, the bottom 20% earn 13 times less
in Mexico City? than the top 20%, and the poorest 10% average only two years of schooling compared to 12
years for the wealthiest 10%.

What are some impacts of rapid growth on Extreme wealth vs. extreme poverty, housing shortages, unplanned settlements,
Mexico City? under-employment, pollution, and inadequate services.

How does air pollution impact Mexico City? Air pollution is trapped by the surrounding mountains, causing respiratory illnesses.

What are top-down development projects? Large-scale projects funded by the government.

What are bottom-up development projects? Small-scale projects funded by charities or community projects.

What is Social Cultiva in Mexico City focused Educating children about gardening and managing rooftop gardens.
on?

What economic initiatives have been introduced Affordable housing and a trash-for-food trading system.
in Mexico City to address housing shortage?

What environmental initiative has the The Metrobus system, reducing journey times and CO2 emissions.
government introduced in Mexico City?

How can development be measured? Using economic, social, and political indicators.

What are the factors contributing to the human Economic, social, cultural, technological, food and water security.
development of a country?

What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.

What does the Human Development Index (HDI) Gross National Income, life expectancy, average length of schooling, and expected years of
measure? schooling.

What does the Corruption Perception Index The quality of governments from 'highly corrupt' to 'very clean'.
grade?

What is the Brandt Line used to represent? Levels of development, with higher levels in the northern hemisphere and Australia, and lower
levels in South America and Africa.

What are the factors affecting levels of Physical factors, historical factors, economic factors, and social factors.
development globally?

What are the factors affecting levels of Physical factors, historical factors, economic factors, and social factors.
development in the UK?

What are some consequences of uneven global Healthcare limitations, lower literacy rates, lower wages, lack of clean water and food security
development? issues.

What are the challenges faced by many people Many cannot afford housing and are forced to live in unplanned settlements, leading to a lack of
in the developing world in terms of housing? sanitation and the spread of diseases.

How can appropriate technology be more Few people have the skills to use technology, so appropriate technology can be more effective.
effective in the developing world?
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What is international aid as a strategy to reduce It involves one country voluntarily providing resources to another, such as machinery or oil, or
uneven development? money to invest in infrastructure and industry.

How can trade agreements reduce uneven By removing tariffs (tax barriers) and helping countries increase trade.
development?

What is the concept of fair trade and how does it Producers work more directly with retailers, getting a better price for their goods.
help reduce uneven development?

What is foreign direct investment (FDI) and how It is when a company (Transnational Corporation (TNC)) invests in another country, potentially
does it potentially impact developing countries? pushing up wages and bringing in investment to the developing country.

What are the positives and negatives of Positively, they open investment and can benefit large numbers of people. Negatively, local
top-down development? people may not benefit and TNC wages are often low.

What are the positives and negatives of Positively, they target specific needs of local people, such as providing clean water. Negatively,
bottom-up development? development is slow and small-scale, and reliant on NGO support and solutions.

How is the level of development of a developing It is influenced by factors such as social, political, and cultural context, as well as its regional and
or emerging country influenced by its location global positioning.
and context in the world?

What is the third-largest Muslim population India.

country?

What is the name of the huge film industry in Bollywood.

India?

How many monsoon seasons does India Two monsoon seasons.

experience?

What are the names of the two monsoon North-east monsoon and south-west monsoon.
seasons in India?

What is the core region in India where Goa.

investment in industries has created exports and
brought jobs and wealth?

What is the peripheral region in India where Bihar.

people still rely on agriculture and lack
investment in infrastructure and industry?

What has halved to a quarter of its GDP in India Agriculture.

due to mechanisation and rural to urban
migration?

What has doubled to over 50% of GDP in India Services.

due to increased job opportunities?

What has India developed as one of the Quaternary sector.

fastest-growing telecommunication markets in
the world, creating over 1 million ICT jobs?

What are India's key imports? Oil, gold, silver, and electrical goods.

What are India's key exports? Oil products, gems, and jewellery.

What has decreased as India has developed, International aid.

leading to India sending aid to poorer countries
such as Nepal?

What does the public sector in India invest in, Education, healthcare, transport, and housing.
reducing the gap between public and private
sectors?

What is key to India's economic development in Transnational Corporations (TNCs).

terms of private investment?

What has changed in India's population structure A smaller proportion of people under 15 and a large proportion of people between 15 and 64.
due to the decline in the birth rate and infant
mortality rate?

What social factors have changed with the Increased inequality, improved education, and a growing middle-class.
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increasing number of people over the age of

65+?

What is geopolitics and how does it impact a Geopolitics is the impact of a country’s human and physical geography on its international politics
country? and relations. It impacts a country's foreign policy, defense, military pacts, and territorial disputes.

What are some impacts of India's relationships in India is building links with France and Canada for defense, energy, and infrastructure. It is also
terms of foreign policy and defense? building links with the USA for warships and planes for assistance and disaster relief.

What are some positive and negative impacts of Positive impacts include potential investment in renewables, better jobs, income, and healthcare,
rapid development in India? and a stronger economy. Negative impacts include deforestation, increased CO2 emissions, lack
of housing, and a growing gap between core and periphery.

What are some environmental impacts of rapid Potential to invest in renewables, deforestation, and increased CO2 emissions.
development in India?

What are some social impacts of rapid Better jobs, income, and healthcare, but also a lack of housing and a growing gap between core
development in India? and periphery.

What are some economic impacts of rapid Larger workforce, stronger economy, increase in tourism, but also the cost of new infrastructure.
development in India?

What steps has India taken to address the India has agreed to invest in renewable energy such as solar power and plant more forest to
negative impacts of rapid development? absorb carbon emissions.

What is the 'digital divide' in India? It is the gap between the core (urban) and periphery (rural) in terms of access to technology and
the internet.

What is a natural resource? Any feature or part of the environment that can be used to meet human needs.

What are biotic resources? Resources obtained from the biosphere, capable of reproduction (e.g., animals and plants).

Give an example of an abiotic resource. Soil, sunlight, and water obtained from the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.

What are non-renewable resources? Resources that take millions of years to form and cannot be 'remade' (e.g., coal, oil, and gas).

Provide an example of a renewable resource. Wind, solar, and hydro-electric power that can be naturally replenished and last forever.

What impact does deforestation have? Threatens biodiversity and causes soil erosion.

How does overfishing impact the environment? Reduces cod numbers in the North Sea and threatens biodiversity.

What are the impacts of oil extraction? Toxic water pollutes rivers relied on by indigenous peoples for washing, cooking, and fishing.

How does intensive farming impact biodiversity? Reduces biodiversity.

What are the patterns of natural resource Natural resources are not evenly distributed globally and nationally.
distribution?

Where are fossil fuels like coal found? In sedimentary rock regions such as the USA and Canada.

What is a common farming practice in the UK Hill sheep farming due to high precipitation in the north and west.
due to its climate?

Where is oil and gas extracted from in the UK? The North Sea.

How is energy usage distributed around the Higher in more developed countries, rising in China and India, and lower in less developed
world? countries.

Where is food consumption higher? In developed countries like the USA and lower in many African countries.

How does water usage vary globally? Greater in more developed countries and lower in less developed countries.

What are renewable and non-renewable Resources that take millions of years to form and cannot be 'remade' (e.g., coal, oil, and gas).
resources?

How does the availability of freshwater vary Canada and Iceland have the greatest availability of freshwater per person, whereas North Africa
globally? is lacking.

Why does the uneven distribution of water Due to the different amounts of rainfall that countries receive and the different rates of
occur? evaporation and transpiration.
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Where do tropical rainforests and mountainous Tropical rainforests and mountainous areas receive more water than they lose.
areas receive more water than they lose?

Where has water consumption risen the most In Asia.

over the last 50 years?

Where has water consumption increased at a In North America and Europe.

slower rate?

Which region has the lowest increase in water Oceania and Australia.
consumption?

What are some factors contributing to the global Greater water usage in machinery, labour-saving technology, watering gardens, regular use of
increase in water consumption? showers, increased leisure and tourism.

What are the differences in water consumption Developing countries like Bangladesh use 88% of water in agriculture, 2% in industry, and 10%
patterns between developing and developed domestically, while developed countries like Japan use 64% in agriculture, 17% in industry, and
countries? 19% domestically.

What are the reasons for differences in water Agriculture, industry, and domestic water usage efficiency and infrastructure.
usage between developing and developed
countries?

What are the three main reasons for water Uneven supply and demand, seasonal imbalance, and ageing infrastructure.
supply problems in the UK?

What are the three main reasons for water To be completed

supply problems in emerging and developing
countries?

How many people lack access to adequate Over 2 billion people.

sanitation?

What are the diseases caused by water pollution Cholera and typhoid.
from human waste?

What are the sources of water pollution Use of fertilisers, pesticides, and mining.
mentioned?

Which region frequently suffers from drought? The Sahel region.

What is one large-scale technological solution to Desalination.

water stress and scarcity?

What are some disadvantages of desalination? Not very efficient, waste product is very salty water, can kill sea life, uses a lot of energy, and is
expensive to develop.

What is required for the sustainable Management at a range of spatial scales from local to international, technological solutions, and
management and use of water resources? less wasteful use of water.

What is xeriscaping? Replacing grass with rocky soils and planting desert plants that require less water.

What sustainable practices are mentioned for Recycling wastewater.

some casinos in Las Vegas?

What is the Las Vegas government focusing on Reducing domestic use by paying residents to replace lawns with desert gardens.
in terms of sustainable water management?

How is the UK trying to manage water By building new reservoirs, recycling water, installing water meters, and educating people about
sustainably? water conservation.

What are the challenges of building new They are expensive and flood large areas of arable land.
reservoirs for water management in the UK?

What is the concern associated with recycling People may not like the idea of 'toilet to tap'.
water in the UK?

How does the installation of water meters in the Large families would find this expensive.
UK impact large families?

What sustainable water management methods is Transferring water from the wetter south to the drier north, lining irrigation channels, using
China implementing? micro-sprinklers, and drop-resistant crops.
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What are the drawbacks of transferring water It is very expensive and uses large amounts of energy, making it not very sustainable.
from the wetter south to the drier north in China?