Mechanics of Machines

BDA2033
Lecture #05
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM),
Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing,
Department of Mechanics
2
Todays Objectives:
Students will be able to:
1. explain static and dynamic unbalance
2. solve problems relate to the static and dynamic balancing of
rotating machinery
Learning topics:
Introduction
Application
Balancing of rigid
rotor
CHAPTERS : BALANCING
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BALANCING OF MACHINERY
BALANCING OF MACHINERY BALANCING OF MACHINERY
BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS
BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING
MACHINES
BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING
MACHINES MACHINES
STATIC BALANCING
STATIC BALANCING STATIC BALANCING
DYNAMIC BALANCING
DYNAMIC BALANCING DYNAMIC BALANCING
when the
unbalance masses
lie in a same plane
along the rotor
when the unbalance
masses lie in multiple
planes along the rotor
SINGLE-CYLINDER
MACHINES
SINGLE SINGLE--CYLINDER CYLINDER
MACHINES MACHINES
MULTICYLINDER MACHINES
MULTICYLINDER MACHINES MULTICYLINDER MACHINES
IN-LINE ENGINES
IN IN--LINE ENGINES LINE ENGINES
V ENGINES
V ENGINES V ENGINES
OPPOSED ENGINES
OPPOSED ENGINES OPPOSED ENGINES
INTRODUCTION
BALANCING is a technique of correcting or eliminating unwanted inertia forces
and moments in rotating and reciprocating machinery.
the purpose is to prevent the rotating and reciprocating machinery from vibrations
that can cause parts to fail prematurely by fatigue.
4
APPLICATION
A tire balancer machine
Wheel-balancing machines are use
to provide accurate balance. There
are two general designs : one type
spins the wheel it is off the vehicle
and the other spins the wheel while
one the vehicle. They both use the
vibrations that occur when the
wheel is rotating to locate any
unbalance in the wheel and tyre.
They check both static and dynamic
balance.
5
APPLICATION (Cont.d)
There are 2 types of balance (and unbalance) for tire :
static and dynamic.
centrifugal force acting on a
balanced and unbalanced wheel
effect of static and dynamic
unbalance on a wheel
= mr
2
6
APPLICATION (Cont.d)
A wheel and tire in static balance, free to rotate on their axle, will remain in any
position to which it is turned.
If out of balance, the heavy spot which causes the unbalance will rotate the wheel
until it is at the bottom.
This static unbalance can be balanced by fitting weights to the wheel rim directly
opposite the heavy spot.
Static unbalance
0 =

C
F (Shaking force)
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APPLICATION (Cont.d)
when a tire has a heavy spot on its side it is said to be in dynamic unbalance
condition.
As the wheel rotates, it is pulled from side to side because the force changes its
direction with each half-turn of the wheel
This dynamic unbalance can be balanced by fitting weights to the wheel rim
directly opposite the heavy spot.
Dynamic unbalance
0
0
=
=

C
C
M
F
(Shaking force)
(Shaking moment)
8
BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS
F = mr
2
= r
=
(a) A mass that is moving in a circular path undergoes angular acceleration, and
there is a dynamic force, referred to as centrifugal force, associated with the
acceleration. The centrifugal force is exerted by the mass on the rod, and is
transmitted to the bearing.
(b) The shaft is subject to centrifugal force because the center of mass of the
rotor does not lie on the shaft centerline
Introduction
9
BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS (Cont.d)
Static unbalance
Static unbalance caused by an eccentric mass on a rotating shaft
0 =

C
F
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BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS (Cont.d)
Dynamic unbalance
Dynamic unbalance due to eccentric masses at multiple axial location on a
rotating shaft
0
0
=
=

C
C
M
F
11
Static balancing
Figure 2
(a) a static unbalance can be
eliminated by the addition of a single
counterweight m
c
at the proper radial
distance r
c
and angle
c
.
(b) graphical determination of the
counterweight size and location
Figure beside shows a rigid rotor
setup. The rotor is assumed to be
rotating with constant angular
velocity .
BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS (Cont.d)
12
0
3 3 2 2 1 1
= + + +
C C
r m r m r m r m
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
e e e r m r m r m F
total
+ + =
0
2 2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
= + + + =

e e e e
c c
r m r m r m r m F
0 cos cos cos cos
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
= + + +
C C C
r m r m r m r m u u u u
0 sin sin sin sin
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
= + + +
C C C
r m r m r m r m u u u u
Sum of a centrifugal force produces by the original masses :
To balance the rotor, sum of the vector forces must be zero :
The quantity of can be factored out :
The equation above can be solved mathematically by dividing it into y dan z
component :
BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS (Cont.d)
13
( )
( )
2
1
2
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
2
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
sin sin
cos cos cos
(
(

+ +
+ + +
=
u u u
u u u
r m ain r m r m
r m r m r m
r m
C C
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
cos cos cos
sin sin sin
arctan
u u u
u u u
u
r m r m r m
r m r m r m
C
Solving for m
C
r
C
and
C
we have :
BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS (Cont.d)
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EXAMPLE 1 (Static Balancing of a Rotor)
The rotor of the figure shown rotates with a speed of 40 rpm has the following
properties :
70 0.12 3 m
2
0 0.19 5 m
1
angle() r (m) m (kg) mass
Determine the amount and location of the
counterweight required for static balance.
Then calculate the centrifugal force generate by the counterweight.
Answer :
m
c
r
c
= 11.25 kgm

c
= 197.48
F
c
= 19.7 N
70
m
1
m
2
r
2
r
1
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EXAMPLE 2 (Static Balancing of a Rotor)
The rotor of the figure shown has the following properties :
200 350 10 m
3
150 300 23 m
2
60 250 34 m
1
angle() r (mm) m (kg) mass
Determine the amount and location of the
counterweight required for static balance.
Answer :
m
c
r
c
=9.3 kg.mm

c
= 226
M4 15 170
16
EXERCISE 1 (Static Balancing of a Rotor)
The rotor of the figure shown has the following properties :
60 2 m
3
80 2 m
2
80 3 m
1
r (mm) m (kg) mass
Determine the amount and location of the
counterweight required for static balance.
Answer :
m
c
r
c
= 227.8 kgmm

c
= 297.0
1= 60
2= 150
3= 225
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Dynamic balancing
Figure 3
(a) In general, dynamic balancing
requires the use of two counter-
weights. Shown are counter-
balances placed in arbitrarily
selected planes at axial position
P and Q.
(b) Graphical determination of
counterweight 2.
(c) Graphical determination of
counterweight 1.
Figure beside shows a rigid rotor
setup. The rotor is assumed to be
rotating with constant angular
velocity .
BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS (Cont.d)
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For static balance, the sum of all the centrifugal forces must be zero :
0
2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1
= + + + +
c c c c
r m r m r m r m r m
0
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
= + + + + =

e e e e e
c c c c
r m r m r m r m r m F
The quantity of can be factored out :
Additional condition for dynamic balance is that the sum of the moments of the
centrifugal forces about any arbitrary point on the rotor must be zero :
Here we will take moments about point P.
0
2
2
2 2 3
2
3 3 2
2
2 2 1
2
1 1
= + + +
c c c
s r m s r m s r m s r m e e e e
The quantity of can be factored out :
0
2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
= + + +
c c c
s r m s r m s r m s r m
0 cos cos cos cos
2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
= + + +
c c c c
s r m s r m s r m s r m u u u u
0 sin sin sin sin
2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
= + + +
c c c c
s r m s r m s r m s r m u u u u
The equation above can be solved mathematically by dividing it into y dan z
component :
BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS (Cont.d)
19
( )
( )
2
1
2
2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
1 1
sin sin sin
cos cos cos cos
(
(

+ + +
+ + + +
=
c c c
c c c
c c
r m r m ain r m r m
r m r m r m r m
r m
u u u u
u u u u
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
1
cos cos cos cos
sin sin sin sin
arctan
c c c
c c c
c
r m r m r m r m
r m r m r m r m
u u u u
u u u u
u
Solving for m
C2
r
C2
and
C2
we have :
( )
( )
2
1
2
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
2
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
2
2 2
sin sin sin
cos cos cos
1
(
(

+ +
+ + +
=
u u u
u u u
r s m r s m r s m
r s m r s m r s m
s
r m
c
c c
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
2
cos cos cos
sin sin sin
arctan
u u u
u u u
u
r s m r s m r s m
r s m r s m r s m
c
Next solving for m
C1
r
C1
and
C1
we have :
BALANCING OF RIGID ROTORS (Cont.d)
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Example 2
EXAMPLE 1( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
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EXAMPLE ( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
22
EXAMPLE ( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
23
EXAMPLE ( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
24
EXAMPLE ( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
25
EXAMPLE 2 ( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
26
EXAMPLE 2( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
27
EXAMPLE 2( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
28
EXAMPLE 2( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
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EXAMPLE 3 ( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
30
EXAMPLE 3( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
31
EXAMPLE 3( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
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EXAMPLE 3 ( Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
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IN CLASS TUTORIAL (Dynamic Balancing of a Rotor)
170 60 2 m
3
300 90 2 m
2
60 80 3 m
1
angle() r (mm) m (kg) mass
The rotor of the figure shown has the following properties :
Determine the amount and location of the counterweight in plane A and B required
for complete balance.
Answer :
The total axial length is 1000 mm between
bearings. Counterweight are to be placed
in planes that are 100 mm from each bearing.
The axial distances are then
l
1
= 200 mm, l
2
= 500 mm, l
3
= 700 mm,
and l
R
= 800 mm
m
R
r
R
= 32.2 kgmm

R
= 57.7
m
L
r
L
= 147.9 kgmm

L
= 222.5
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BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES
Internal
engine
35
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BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES
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PARTIAL BALANCING OF PRIMARY INERTIA FORCE PARTIAL BALANCING OF PRIMARY INERTIA FORCE
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PARTIAL BALANCING OF PRIMARY INERTIA FORCE PARTIAL BALANCING OF PRIMARY INERTIA FORCE
39
BALANCING OF MULTIPLE CYLINDER ENGINE BALANCING OF MULTIPLE CYLINDER ENGINE INLINE ENGINE INLINE ENGINE
40
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B.Balancing for secondary inertia force
on your own
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