Chapter - Transportation of food and minerals in plants

Transportation - Carrying of substances like food , water and minerals from one part of the body
to another.

Unicellular organisms and Simple Multicellular organisms

- Through the process of diffusion
- Unicellular - Chlamydomonas
- Simple Multicellular plants - Spirogyra

Diffusion - Movement of molecules in all three states, from their lower concentration to their
lower concentration until they are spread out evenly.

Transport in higher plants

- Diffusion can’t meet requirements of transport in higher plants, as it is slow and in
sufficient quantities
- Thus, there are special tubes called - Xylem and Phloem
- These tissues are conducting tissues of vascular tissues. Through these tubes the

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transport of food, water and minerals takes place
- Movement of water and minerals takes place from roots upwards to others parts,

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through Xylem present in the roots, stems and branches
- Movement of food from leaves to other parts through Phloem

Structure and function of Xylem and Phloem

- Together known as vascular tissues

1. Xylem
- Complex tissue
- Consists of both parenchyma and sclerenchyma
- Consists of both living and non living cells
- Known as wood
- Composed of 4 elements - Tracheids
- - Vessels
- - Xylem Parenchyma
- - Xylem fibers

a) Tracheid
- Non living
- Elongated cell with tapering ends
- walls are highly thickened with lignin, except at certain spots know and pits
- Main conducting element
 b) Vessels
- Cylindrical tube like structure placed one above the other end to end
- End walls dissolved partially or completely forming a continuous channel
- Non living with lignified walls
- Main conducting element

c) Xylem parenchyma
- Living
- Thick walled cell
- Function of storage

d) Xylem Fibers
- Non living
- Thick walled cell
- Provides mechanical support

Occurrence
- Roots, stems, leaves

Functions
i) Conduction of minerals from roots to different parts of the plant body
ii) Tracheids and xylem fibers - provide mechanical support
iii) Xylem parenchyma helps store starch and other materials

Properties Tracheid Vessel Xylem Parenchyma Xylem fibers

Living / Non-Living Non-Living Non-Living Living Non-Living

Structure Elongated cell with Cylindrical tube like structure

tapering ends placed one above the other end ___ ___
to end

Walls Highly thickened walls The end walls dissolve partially or

with lignin, except at completely forming a continuous ___ ___
certain spots known channel, lignified walls
as pits.

Functions Provide mechanical Main conducting elements of Storage of starch and Mechanical
support Xylem other materials support

Other Names _________________ _________________________ _________________ Xylem

Parenchyma
 2. Phloem
- Complex tissue
- Consists of both parenchyma and sclerenchyma
- Both living and nonliving
- Consists of 4 elements - Sieve tubes
- - Companion cells
- - Phloem Parenchyma
- - Phloem fibers

a) Sieve tubes
- Elongated
- Thin walled
- Arranged in vertical rows
- The end wall of each cell is perforated (fine pores, like in a sieve. Thus, known as sieve
tubes)
- These pores called sieve areas

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- Food easily passes through these areas
- At maturity sieve tubes lack the nucleus. Still the sieve tubes remain alive, depending
on the companion cell for instructions

b) Companion cell
- Closely associated with the sieve tubes
- These are smaller cells having dense cytoplasm
- Prominent nuclei
- Helps the sieve tubes in conduction if food
-

Occurrence:
In all parts of the plant

Functions:
i) Conducts food materials from leaves to storage organs and other regions
ii) Storage of organic matter
iii) Mechanical support provided by phloem fibers
Properties Phloem Sieve Tubes Companion cells Phloem
fibers Parenchyma

Structure Elongated, Elongated, Cylindrical Smaller cells, having dense ___________

lignified Cytoplasm and a prominent
cells nuclei.

Walls _________ Thin walled, end wall is ________________________ __________

perforated(It has fine pores, like in
a sieve. These pores or perforations
are called sieve areas,Food can
easily pass through sieve areas),
therefore termed as sieve plates

Other. _________ At maturity, sieve tubes lack the ________________________ ___________

nucleus. Yet, they remain alive.

Arrangement _________ Vertical rows _________________________

Function Mechanical Main conducting elements of _________________________ Storage of

Support Phloem organic matter

Other Dependent on companion cells Directly associated with Sieve

Associations tubes. They help the sieve ____________
tubes in the conduction of food
material.

Absorption of water by roots

Two major functions of roots:

- Fix the plant to the soil
- Absorb water and mineral salts from the soil

Structure of roots:
- A root is a cylindrical part of the plant which is underground and non green.
- Behind the tip of the root, there are few microscopic hairs. They are called root hair.
- They absorb water and mineral salts from the soil.
- Water passes through the root hair by osmosis.

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 Osmosis - It is the process by which water molecules move from a weaker solution to a
stronger solution through a partially permeable membrane . It can also be defined as the
movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of its higher
concentration to an area of its lower concentration.

Osmosis
- Occurs when two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane

Complete!

Osmosis in plant cells

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Chapter - 3 = Ecosystem

Ecosystem
- The interacting system in which living organisms interacting with the nonliving physical
environment
- This term was coined by a British Scientist - A.G Tansley in 1935

Biosphere:
- This is the part of Earth where ecosystems can operate.
 - Land, air and water are called biosphere.
- extends from the bottom of the ocean to the upper atmosphere
- The three abiotic components of biosphere -
a. hydrosphere
b. lithosphere
c. atmosphere

Types of Ecosystems

An Ecosystem consists of 2 main components -

1. Abiotic or non - living
2. Biolic or living

Abiotic components:
a) Inorganic substances or nutrients like carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, water and all the
minerals
b) Organic compounds - example, proteins carbohydrates, fats
- present in living organisms
- link abiotic and biotic components
c) Climatic factors are of 2 types -
a. Atmospheric - like temperature, light, wind, humidity and rainfall
 b. Edaphic - pertaining(to exist or apply) to soil

⭐ The climate and nature of soil and water decides the type of organisms found in the area.
Both living and non living components impact each other.
Shivani’s Test Paper
- Tracheids = elongated with tapering ends. Thickened walls with lignin. Non- living. Helps
to conduct water. At some point it is called pits. Helps in Mechanical Support.

❓
- Vessel = cylindrical tube like structure, placed one above the other. The walls dissolve
partially . Non-Living. Helps in conduction. The end walls dissolve partially or
completely forming a continuous channel, lignified walls
- Xylem parenchyma = Living, helps in storage of starch
- Xylem Fibers = Non living, Helps in Mechanical Support, also called as Xylem
Sclerenchyma

Phloem

- The microscopic unicellular hair present just behind the tip of the root is called the root
hair
- Osmosis = It is the process in which movement of water through a semipermeable
membrane, from an area of a higher concentration to an area of a lower concentration.
- A semi - permeable membrane is a membrane that allows only some particles to pass
through
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Ahana’s Test Paper

1. Ans- The movement of molecules- solids, liquids and gasses from higher concentration
to their lower concentration until they are spread evenly is called diffusion.

2. How does diffusion take place in higher plants?

Ans. Diffusion is slow. Thus, it cannot meet the requirements of transport in all plant parts
quickly. So, in these higher plants, there are tubes called xylem and phloem.

3. Explain Xylem and its components in detail

Ans. Xylem is a complex tissue. It contains: tracheids, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers and
vessels
 - Tracheids - They have tapering ends and elongated cells. They are nonliving and
Thickened walls with lignin. They have some spots called pits. Mechanical Support.
- Vessels - They have lignified walls and are non living. There are cylindrical tube
structures which are end to end. There is a continuous channel. They are the conduction
elements.
- Xylem parenchyma - They have living cells. They help in storage.
- Xylem fibers - They are also called xylem sclerenchyma. They give mechanical support
and are non living and have thick walls.

4. What is a Semipermeable membrane

Ans. A thin membrane with small pores that allows specific substances to pass through it but
not others is called semi permeable membrane. It's also known as a partially permeable
membrane.

5. Osmosis in plant cells-

- Cell membrane of the plant is partially permeable.
- Cell sap inside the vacuole is a strong solution.
- Water passes through the cell of the plant by the process of osmosis.
- In the cell sap, the concentration is not weaker.
- Water goes from the weaker solution to the stronger solution by osmosis.
- This process goes on till water reaches xylem in the root.
- From the xylem water moves up from one cell to another.

6. Ans
Circulation in the plants is taken place by a liquid. This liquid is cell sap.

Functions:
It delivers useful substances to the parts of the plant body.
Carries harmful wastes away

I forgot what herbivores is

Transpiration- The loss of water vapor from the leaves to the atmosphere.
Significance of transpiration:
- Transport of water and minerals from the soil to leaves.
- Produces a cooling effect which helps the delicate leaves not to get damaged by the
harsh sunlight.
 Root pressure: The pressure under which water moves from living cells of the root into the
xylem is called root pressure.

Active transport: The movements of molecules across a partially permeable membrane against
a concentration gradient using energy is called active transport.

Passive transport: The force created by the transpiration pull and the roots act as a passive
absorbing force. Energy isn’t involved.

Macro nutrients - they are in big quantities. Example : Nitrogen - used to make proteins and
nucleic acid. Old leaves turn yellow and it has poor growth.
Micro nutrients - they are in trace amounts. Example : Zinc - activates enzymes and the leaves
are malformed. Helps in plant hormones synthesizing.

Factors of transpiration -
- Light intensity : It influences the opening and closing of stomata
- Temperature : Higher temperature, more transpiration
- Wind : Transpiration increases with increase in wind.
- Humidity : Less transpiration if humidity is more.
- Availability of water in soil :

Amazing, but revise all the diagrams and spellings before the test

Need to learn

Properties Phloem Sieve Tubes Companion cells Phloem

fibers Parenchyma

Structure Elongated, Elongated, Cylindrical Smaller cells, having dense ___________

lignified Cytoplasm and a prominent
cells nuclei.

Walls _________ Thin walled, end wall is ________________________ __________

perforated, therefore termed as
sieve plates

Other. _________ At maturity, sieve tubes lack the ________________________ ___________

nucleus. Yet, they remain alive.

Arrangement _________ Vertical rows _________________________

Function Mechanical Main conducting elements of _________________________ Storage of

 Support Phloem organic matter

Other Dependent on companion cells Directly associated with Sieve

Associations tubes. They help the sieve ____________
tubes in the conduction of food
material.

- Tracheids = elongated with tapering ends. Thickened walls with lignin. Non- living. Helps
to conduct water. At some point it is called pits. Helps in Mechanical Support.

❓
- Vessel = cylindrical tube like structure, placed one above the other. The walls dissolve
partially . Non-Living. Helps in conduction. The end walls dissolve partially or
completely forming a continuous channel, lignified walls
- Xylem parenchyma = Living, helps in storage of starch
- Xylem Fibers = Non living, Helps in Mechanical Support, also called as Xylem
Sclerenchyma