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Ch3 5 0915 2023
Ch3 5 0915 2023
Analytical
Chemistry Eighth Edition
CHAPTER
Using Spreadsheets in
Analytical Chemistry
Figure 3-1 The opening window in Microsoft Excel.
Note the location of the menu bar, the toolbars, the
active cell, and the mouse pointer. Chapter3 p56
Figure 3-2 The appearance of the worksheet
after entering the labels. Chapter3 p57
Figure 3-3
Changing the column width. (a) Place the
mouse pointer on the boundary between
column A and column B, and drag to the
right to the position shown in (b).
Chapter3 p57
Chapter3 p57
Figure 3-4
Sample data entry.
Chapter3 p58
Figure 3-5
Using the fill handle to copy formulas into adjacent cells of a
spreadsheet. In this example, we clicked on cell B5, clicked on
the fill handle, and dragged the rectangle to the right to fill cells
C5 and D5. (B5 = B3-B4)
The formulas in cells B5, C5, and D5 are identical, but the cell
references in the formulas refer to data in columns B, C, and D,
respectively.
Figure 3-6
Entering the data into the spreadsheet in preparation for
calculating the mass of dry silver chloride in the crucibles.
Figure 3-7 Completing the calculation of percent chloride.
Type the formula in cell B11, click on the fill handle, and drag
to the right through cell D11.
http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AtWt/
Chapter3 p56
Chapter3 p62
Figure 3-10
Formatted IUPAC table of atomic weights.
Chapter3 p62
Find (*) and Replace with box blank
Chapter3 p63
FIND function
FIND function = FIND(“(“, D2:D10)
Figure 3-11
Worksheet showing the results of using the FIND function
to locate the position of the left parenthesis in each of the
atomic masses of cells D2 through D10.
Chapter3 p65
VLOOKUP(“mass”, A1:B5, 2, FALSE)
FALSE是指要嚴格比對,欄位相要全部符合,不然就顯示#N/A
Chapter3 p66
Figure 3-15
Calculation of the molar mass of NaCl. The
worksheet is general for binary compounds. Type
the symbol for the first element in cell G1 and the
number of atoms of the element in H1. type the
symbol and the number of atoms of the second
element in G2 and H2. The molar mass of the
compound is displayed in cell J4.
Chapter3 p56
Mass = H2 * I2
J4 = J2 + J3
Chapter3 p68
Fundamentals of
Analytical
Chemistry Eighth Edition
CHAPTER
Calculations Used in
Analytical Chemistry
For more than a
century, the
kilogram has
been defined as
the mass of a
single platinum-
iridium standard
housed in a
laboratory in
Sevres, France.
Chapter 4 p72
For more than a century, the kilogram has been
defined as the mass of a single platinum-iridium
standard housed in a laboratory in Sevres, France.
Meter, which is defined to be the distance that light
travels in 1/299792458 of a second (1 / 3x108).
A worldwide consortium of metrologists is working
on determining Avogadro’s number to 1 part in 100
million (0.00000001), and this number may then be
used to define the standard kilogram as 1000/12 of
Avogadro’s number of carbon atoms.
Mole=The number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 (12C), an isotope of carbon
= Avogadro number.
Chapter 4 p72
mole
p64
64g copper beds 27g aluminum foil 207g lead shot
Chapter 4 p74
The millimole = 10-3 mol
Molar Concentration, Cx (no. mol solute/no. L solution),
whose unit is molarity, M.
Analytical molarity = gives the total number of moles of a
solute in I L of the solution (formal concentration).
Ex. A sulfuric acid sol’n that has an anal. conc. of 1.0
M can be prepared by dissolving 1.0 mol of
sulfuric acid in water and diluting to exactly 1.0 L.
Equilibrium molarity = expresses the molar concentration
of a particular species in a solution at equilibrium
Ex. The species molarity of H2SO4 in a solution with
an anal. conc. of 1.0 M is 0.0 M because the
sulfuric acid is entirely dissociated into a mixture
of H+, HSO4-, and SO42-
Equilibrium molarity: [H2SO4]=0.00M [H+]=1.01M,
[HSO4-]=0.99M, [SO42-]=0.01M
International System of Units (SI) –
a standardized system of units
Chapter 4 p72
Mass vs. Weight
Chapter 4 p73
Chapter 4 p72
Ex 4-1 how many moles and millimoles of benzoic
aicd (M=122.1 g/mol) are contained in 2.00 g of the
pure acid?
HA H+ + A-
p-Functions or p-value
pX = -log[X]
Density
expresses the mass of a substance per unit volume.
In SI units, density is expressed in units of kg/L or g/mL.
Specific density
is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of
an equal volume of water
Figure 4-1
Label from a bottle of reagent-grade
hydrochloric acid. Note that the specific gravity
of the acid over the temperature range of 60°
to 80° F is specified on the label (Label
provided by Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc.,
Phillipsburg, NJ 08865).
Chapter 4 p82
Molecular model of HCl.
Hydrogen chloride is a gas
consisting of heteronuclear
diatomic molecules. The gas
is extremely soluble in water,
when a solution of the gas is
prepared, only then do the
molecules dissociate to form
aqueous hydrochloric acid,
which consists of H3O+ and
CI- ions.
Chapter 4 p81
is the ratio of the mass of a substance
to the mass of an equal volume of
water
12 M
16 M
18 M
Chapter 4 p84
Chapter 4 p84
Fundamentals of
Analytical
Chemistry Eighth Edition
CHAPTER
Errors in Chemical
Analyses
Error has two different meanings:
Chapter 5 p91
Results from 6 replicate determinations of iron in aqueous samples
of a standard solution containing 20.0 ppm iron
Chapter 5 p93
Chapter 5 p91
Precision – the closeness of results to other obtained
in exactly the same way
Chapter 5 p94
Chapter 5 p94
So called niacin, occur
in all living cells, and it is
essential in the nutrition
of mammals. It is used in
the prevention and
treatment of pellagra.
Chapter 5 p94
relatively high precision and high accuracy
Chapter 5 p94
Three types of errors occur in chemical analyses
(1) Random (or indeterminate) error
Causes data to be scattered more or less symmetrically
around a mean value (affect measurement precision)
(2) Systematic (or determinate) error
Causes the mean of a data set to differ from accepted
value (affect the accuracy of results)
(3) Gross error
Differ from (1) and (2), the product of human error,
only occur occasionally
Systematic errors~
(1)Have a definite value and an assignable cause
(2)Of the same magnitude for replicate measurements
(3)May lead to bias in measurement results (affect all
of the data in a set in the same way)
(4) Sources
a. Instrumental errors
Caused by nonideal instrument behavior, by
faulty calibration, or by use under inappropriate
conditions
Can be found and corrected by calibration.
Periodic calibration of equipment is always
desirable
b. Method errors
Arise from nonideal chemical or physical
behavior of analytical systems
Most difficult to identify and correct
c. Personal errors
Resulted from the carelessness, inattention or
personal limitations
Systematic errors
(1) May be constant or proportional
(2) Constant errors are independent of the size of the
sample being analyzed
ex becomes more serious as the size of the quantity
measured decreases
(3) Proportional errors decrease or increase in
proportion to the size of the sample
ex, the presence of interfering contaminants
Detection of systematic method errors
(1)Bias in an analytical method is particularly
difficult to detect
(2) How?
a. Analysis of Standard Samples
Standard reference materials (SRMS) – sold by
NIST and certified to contain specified conc. of
one or more analytes
b. Independent Analysis
A second independent and reliable analytical
method can be used in parallel with the method
being evaluated
Standard reference
materials from
NIST.
Chapter 5 p99
c. Blank Determination
A blank contains the reagents and solvents used
in a determination, but no analyte. It reveals
errors due to interfering contaminants from the
reagents and vessels.
d. Variation in Sample Size
Constant errors can often be detected by varying
the sample size