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Language: English
THE
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
Epochs of Church History.
Edited by MANDELL CREIGHTON, D.D., LL.D.,
BISHOP OF LONDON.
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
BY THE
FOURTH IMPRESSION
CHAPTER I.
THE RISE OF THE UNIVERSITY.
hical origin of the University—Early Schools of Oxford—
Intellectual revival of the twelfth century—Lectures of Vacarius,
and first germs of the University—Connection of Oxford with the
University of Paris—Recognition of the scholars by the Papal 1
Legate after the riot of 1209—Office of Chancellor—University
chests, and sources of revenue in the thirteenth century—Rise
of Halls—Early University charters
CHAPTER II.
THE EARLY COLLEGES.
e of Colleges—Foundation of University and Balliol—Foundation of
Merton College—Merton College, Statutes of, 1274—Social
position, manners, and academical life of early students 15
—‘Chamber-dekyns’—Street brawls and disorders—Superiority of
colleges in discipline and tuition
CHAPTER III.
PROGRESS OF THE UNIVERSITY IN THE
FOURTEENTH CENTURY.
ope in the fourteenth century—Social condition of the University 27
—Intellectual vigour of the University—Foundation of Exeter,
Oriel, Queen’s, and Canterbury Colleges—Foundation of New
College—European influence of Oxford in the fourteenth century
—Rise of Wyclif—Career of Wyclif—Feud between Northern and
Southern ‘nations’—Early secessions to Cambridge and
Northampton—Secession to Stamford in 1333—Growth of the
proctorial authority—Concession by the Pope of freedom in the
election of the Chancellor
CHAPTER IV.
CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE UNIVERSITY AND THE CITY.
yal award of 1290—Riot of 1297 and agreement of 1298—Great
riot of 1354—Interdict and penance—New charter granted by 43
the King
CHAPTER V.
THE MONKS AND FRIARS AT OXFORD.
edictines and Augustinians—Rise of Mendicant Orders—Claustral
schools—Migration from Paris and influence of Robert Grostete
48
—Position of the friars at Oxford, and University statutes against
them—Intervention of the Pope and the King
CHAPTER VI.
THE UNIVERSITY IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
cline in numbers and studies—University delegates at the Councils
of Constance and Basle—Foundation of Lincoln and All Souls’
Colleges—Extension of University buildings; the Divinity School
and the Bodleian Library—Final organisation of mediæval 55
lectures and examinations—University curriculum—Statute of
1431, regulating ‘inception’—Duties of regent masters—
Residence for degrees in the higher faculties
CHAPTER VII.
THE RENAISSANCE, THE REFORMATION, AND
THE TUDOR PERIOD.
vival of academical life at the end of the fifteenth century—
Checked by the Reformation—Pioneers of the new learning at
Oxford—Erasmus, More, Colet, Grocyn, and Linacre—Foundation
of Corpus Christi College by Bishop Fox—Greeks and Trojans—
Cardinal Wolsey and the foundation of Christ Church—Action of
the University on the questions of the Divorce and the Royal
68
Supremacy—Compliance of the University rewarded by royal
favour—The first effects of the Reformation injurious to the
University—Iconoclastic Visitation under Edward VI.—Leniency
towards colleges—Reaction under Mary. Martyrdom of Ridley,
Latimer, and Cranmer—Visitation and reforms of Cardinal Pole—
Foundation of Trinity and St. John’s Colleges
CHAPTER VIII.
REIGN OF ELIZABETH AND CHANCELLORSHIP
OF LEICESTER.
tation under Elizabeth and policy of Archbishop Parker—
Chancellorship of Leicester—Changes in the government of the
University—Leicester’s administration of the University—
Depression of intellectual life in the University—Encouragement
87
of study by Elizabeth, and foundation of the Bodleian Library—
Increasing refinement of academical life—Queen Elizabeth’s two
visits to Oxford—Pestilences and disturbances in the sixteenth
century
CHAPTER IX.
THE UNIVERSITY UNDER JAMES I.
e University patronised by James I.—James I.’s attitude towards
the University and the Church—Rise and influence of Laud—
100
Completion of the ‘Schools,’ and foundation of Wadham and
Pembroke Colleges
CHAPTER X.
THE UNIVERSITY UNDER CHARLES I. AND LAUD.
iament at Oxford—Chancellorship of Laud—Compilation of
Laudian statutes—Main provisions of the Laudian statutes—
Studies and examinations under the Laudian statutes—Services
of Laud to the University—Last five years of Laud’s 107
chancellorship—Eminent members of the University in the
generation preceding the Civil Wars—University life in the
generation preceding the Civil Wars
CHAPTER XI.
THE UNIVERSITY DURING THE CIVIL WARS AND THE
SIEGE OF OXFORD.
e University sides with the King and the Church—The Commons
issue an order for the University—Contributions for the King’s
service, and first occupation of Oxford by Parliamentary troops—
Oxford becomes the royal head-quarters—Aspect of the
122
University during the Queen’s residence—The last two years of
the civil war—Siege of Oxford, and proposals of Fairfax
guaranteeing University privileges—Surrender of Oxford, and
subsequent condition of the University
CHAPTER XII.
THE PARLIAMENTARY VISITATION AND THE
COMMONWEALTH.
asures preparatory to the Visitation—Appointment of the Visitors
and the Standing Committee of Parliament—Early proceedings
of the Visitors, and suppression of resistance from the University
—Visitation of colleges. Submissions and expulsions—Reception 138
of Fairfax and Cromwell—Second Board of Visitors—Third Board
of Visitors, and conclusion of the Visitation—State of the
University on the recovery of its independence
CHAPTER XIII.
THE PERIOD BETWEEN THE RESTORATION AND
THE REVOLUTION.
e Restoration and new Visitation of the University—Extension of
University buildings. Sheldonian Theatre—Growth of æsthetic
tastes and social refinement—First visit of Charles II.—Second
visit of Charles II. Parliament assembled and dissolved at Oxford
151
—Doctrine of passive resistance adopted by the University.
Expulsion of Locke—Conduct of the University on the outbreak
of Monmouth’s rebellion. James II.’s treatment of Magdalen
College
CHAPTER XIV.
UNIVERSITY POLITICS BETWEEN THE REVOLUTION
AND THE ACCESSION OF GEORGE III.
tude of the University towards the Revolution. Visit of William III.
—Origin of Oxford Jacobitism. Visit of Queen Anne—Popularity
of Sacheverell. Position of the Whig minority—Jacobite
demonstrations. A troop of horse sent to Oxford—The
162
Constitution Club. Government scheme for reforming the
University—Gradual decline of Jacobitism in Oxford during the
reign of George II.—Revival of loyalty after the accession of
George III.—His visits to Oxford
CHAPTER XV.
UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
cay of University education in the eighteenth century—
Contemporary evidence—Decline in numbers and dearth of
174
eminence in science and literature—Counter-evidence showing
that education and learning were not wholly neglected
CHAPTER XVI.
THE UNIVERSITY DURING THE REIGNS OF GEORGE III.
AND GEORGE IV.
gnation of University legislation in the eighteenth century—
Statutes affecting the University—Political sympathies of the
University after the outbreak of the French Revolution—
Accessions to professoriate in the eighteenth century— 183
Architectural improvements—Effects of the French war upon the
University.—Opposition to reforms—Reception of the Allied
Sovereigns.—Abolition of the Mayor’s Oath
CHAPTER XVII.
OXFORD STUDIES AND EXAMINATIONS IN THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY.
mination statute of 1800, and later amendments—Examination
statute of 1850, and later amendments—University Commission
of 1850—Act of 1854 and new College Ordinances—Effect of
these reforms—Abolition of University tests—Local 191
examinations, and board for examination of public schools—
Commission of inquiry (1872) and Act of 1876—Commission of
1877—Character of last reforms
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE NEO-CATHOLIC REVIVAL, KNOWN AS THE ‘OXFORD
MOVEMENT.’
aracter of the ‘Oxford Movement’—A reaction against the rising 204
tide of Liberalism—Oriel the centre of the Movement—John
Henry Newman—Origin of ‘Tracts for the Times’—Association
formed—Newman assumes the lead—Spread and objects of the
movement.—Publication of Tract XC.—Collapse of Tractarianism,
and secession of Newman—The ‘Hampden Controversy’—
Proceedings against Pusey and Ward—Effect of the ‘Oxford
Movement’—Controversy on the endowment of the Greek
Professorship.—Defeat of Mr. Gladstone in 1865
CHAPTER XIX.
THE UNIVERSITY IN 1886.
gn of Queen Victoria—State of the University on the Queen’s
accession—Influence of recent changes—Present character of 217
the University
DEX 223
THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.
CHAPTER I.
THE RISE OF THE UNIVERSITY.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] It is perhaps needless to observe that ‘universitas’ signifies
a ‘corporation’ or guild, and implies no universality in the range of
subjects taught, or Universitas Facultatum. ‘Studium Generale’
probably signifies a place of education open to all comers.
[2] See the Introduction to Anstey’s Munimenta Academica, pp.
xxxv. et sqq.
CHAPTER II.
THE EARLY COLLEGES.
FOOTNOTES:
[3] In the Merton Statutes the words ‘Scholar’ and ‘Fellow’ are
convertible, the Scholar being a Junior Fellow upon his first
admission.
[4] Though Canterbury College was founded in this century, it
does not seem to have ranked with other colleges in the
University, and no vice-chancellor or proctor is recorded to have
been elected from it.
CHAPTER III.
PROGRESS OF THE UNIVERSITY IN THE FOURTEENTH
CENTURY.
McArthur, Duncan, colonel of Ohio militia, ii. 298, 326, 328, 332,
334.
“Macedonian,” British frigate, capture of, ii. 382, 383.
McKee, John, ii. 237.
Macon, Nathaniel, member of Congress from North Carolina,
votes with Federalists, i. 182;
his bill for excluding British and French shipping, 183, 184;
bill defeated by Senate, 185, 191, 193;
Samuel Smith’s motives for defeating, 185–188, 192, 193;
his bill No. 2, 194, 195;
adopted by Congress, 197, 198;
his remark on manufacturing influence, 197;
his speech on reducing the army and navy in 1810, 201;
his bill admitting the State of Louisiana, with West Florida, into
the Union, 323–326;
not candidate for speaker, ii. 123, 124;
his account of the opinions prevailing at Washington, 129;
supports war, 145;
his remark on France and England, 196.
Madison, James, inauguration of, i. 1;
his inaugural address, 2, 3, 4;
offers the Treasury to Robert Smith, 7, 379;
appoints Robert Smith Secretary of State, 8;
his Cabinet, 9, 10;
nominates J. Q. Adams to Russia, 11;
his letter to Erskine accepting settlement of the “Chesapeake
affair,” 68–70, 89;
issues proclamation renewing intercourse with England, 73,
74;
his views of the change in British policy, 75, 76, 81, 83;
his message of May 23, 1809, 76, 77;
his popularity, 80, 85, 86;
on the disavowal of Erskine’s arrangement, 112;
revives non-intercourse against England, 114;
his negotiation with F. J. Jackson, 117, 122–132;
described by Jackson, 120;
his message of Nov. 29, 1809, 176, 177;
special message of Jan. 3, 1810, asking for volunteers, 179;
his opinions of Samuel and Robert Smith, 186;
dissensions in his cabinet, 188;
remarks on the experiment of unrestricted commerce, 210,
211;
his reply to Napoleon’s note on the right of search and
blockade, 250;
his anger at Napoleon’s confiscations, 292;
his instructions of June 5, 1810, to Armstrong on
Champagny’s reprisals, 293, 294;
his devotion to commercial restrictions, 293, 295;
his instructions of July 5, 1810, to Armstrong requiring
indemnity, 295, 296, 297, 299;
his decision to accept the conditions of Champagny’s letter of
August 5, 296–301;
revives non-intercourse against Great Britain, 303, 304;
takes military possession of West Florida, 308–312, 318;
his supposed character, 310;
his annual message of Dec. 5, 1810, 314, 317–319;
asks authority to take possession of East Florida, 327;
appoints commissioners for East Florida, 327;
decides to enforce the non-intercourse against Great Britain,
347;
his doubts regarding Napoleon’s folly, 350;
his irritation at Smith’s proposed inquiry from Serurier, 350,
351;
offers the State Department to Monroe, 366, 372, 374;
his parting interview with Robert Smith, 375–377;
his anger with Smith, 378;
his translation of bien entendu, 387, 388;
his success in maintaining his own system in the Cabinet, ii.
61, 62;
his discontent with Napoleon’s conduct, 63, 64, 125, 187, 218,
224;
his orders to maintain peace with the northwestern Indians,
88, 93;
his attitude toward war with England, 118, 125, 129, 131, 175,
196, 197, 213;
his annual message of Nov. 5, 1811, 124;
entertains Crillon, 179, 185;
his message communicating Henry’s papers, 181;
his embargo message, 193, 198, 199;
his comments on the conduct of the Senate, 203;
sustains non-importation, 205;
renominated for the presidency, 214;
perplexed by the French decrees, 218;
his letter to Barlow threatening war on France, 218, 259;
his view of the “immediate impulse” to war with England, 220,
226;
his war message, 221–226;
signs declaration of war, and visits departments, 229;
his measures regarding East Florida, 237, 239, 241, 243;
his remarks on Napoleon’s Russian campaign, 265;
his remarks in August, 1812, on the Canadian campaign, 337;
re-elected President, 413;
wishes Monroe to command western army, 419, 420, 425;
his annual message of 1812, 430–433.
Maguaga, battle of, ii. 325.
Malden, British trading post on the Detroit River, ii. 73, 80, 85,
300;
to be besieged by Hull, 303, 314;
British force at, 312, 313.
Manufactures, growth of, in 1809–1810, i. 15–19;
political influence of, 197;
protection of, 319.
Maret, Hugues Bernard, Duc de Bassano, Napoleon’s secretary,
i. 143;
succeeds Champagny as Minister of Foreign Affairs, 401;
his report to Napoleon of March 10, 1812, ii. 216, 253;
his negotiation with Joel Barlow, 248–263;
his instructions to Serurier of October, 1811, on the revocation
of the Decrees, 248, 249;
communicates Decree of St. Cloud to Barlow and Serurier,
255–257;
his instructions to Dalberg, 260;
invites Barlow to Wilna, 263;
dismisses his guests, 264.
Marmont, Marshall, his story of Decrès, i. 222.
Marshall, Humphrey, on W. H. Harrison, ii. 107.
Maryland, her electoral vote, ii. 406, 413.
Massa, Duc de, letter from, i. 347.
Massachusetts, election of 1809, i. 12;
tonnage of, 15;
manufactures of, 17–19;
resolutions of legislature regarding F. J. Jackson, 214;
election of, 1810, 215;
Republican control of, in 1810 and 1811, ii. 115;
Federalists recover control of, in 1812, 204;
gives trouble to Dearborn, 305;
refuses to obey call for militia, 309;
temper of, 397–401, 409;
Federalist majority in the Congressional elections of 1812,
413.
Massassinway, council at, ii. 111.
Matthews, George, appointed commissioner to take possession
of East Florida, ii. 237;
his proceedings, 238–240;
disavowed, 240–242.
Mecklenburg, Grand Duchy of, closes its ports to American
commerce, i. 413.
“Melampus,” British frigate, ii. 25.
Merry, Anthony, i. 118, 119, 120, 121.
Message, first annual of President Madison, May 23, 1809, i. 76;
annual, of Nov. 29, 1809, 176–178;
special, of Jan. 3, 1810, asking for volunteers, 179;
annual, of Dec. 5, 1810, 317–319;
special, of Feb. 19, 1811, on the revocation of the French
decrees, 347, 348;
annual, of Nov. 5, 1811, ii. 124–126;
special, of March 9, 1812, communicating John Henry’s
papers, 181;
special, of April 1, 1812, recommending an embargo for sixty
days, 198;
of April 24, 1812, asking for two Assistant Secretaries of War,
206;
of June 1, 1812, recommending a declaration of war with
England, 221–226;
annual, of Nov. 4, 1812, 430–433.
Michigan territory, population in 1810, i. 289.
Michillimackinaw, Island of, ii. 294;
captured by British expedition, 314, 320.
Militia, constitutional power of Congress over, ii. 159, 160, 400;
Cheves’s opinion on the war power, 160;
act authorizing call for one hundred thousand, 204, 390;
refuses to cross the frontier, 351, 352, 360;
of Kentucky, 391, 393.
Miller, James, Lieutenant-Colonel of Fourth U. S. Infantry, at
Detroit, ii. 326, 328.
Mitchell, D. B., Governor of Georgia, ii. 242.
Mobile, ii. 236.
Monroe, James, Madison’s advances to, i. 159, 161, 162;
his state of mind, 162;
offered the State Department, 366;
his acceptance and policy, 368–374;
takes charge, 380;
Secretary of State, April 1, 1811, ii. 50;
his sensitiveness about the title to West Florida, 38;
his reply to Foster’s protest against the seizure of Florida, 38,
39;
blames Jonathan Russell for questioning the revocation of the
French decrees, 42;
asserts the revocation of the French decrees, 42, 43;
abandons task of reconciliation with England, 44;
requires revocation of the Orders in Council, 45;
delays Barlow’s departure, 50;
his remonstrances to Serurier about Napoleon’s conduct, 51,
54, 188, 189, 194, 195, 200, 217;
his remarks on protection accorded to commerce, 58;
his acceptance of Madison’s policy, 59–61;
affirms to Foster the repeal of Napoleon’s decrees, 65;
his letter of June 13, 1812, to John Taylor, of Caroline, 66;
his language to Serurier, in October, 1811, 120;
informs Serurier, in November, of executive plan, 129;
agrees to assist the independence of Spanish America, 130;
negotiates purchase of Henry’s papers, 178–180;
his remarks to Foster on Wellesley’s instructions, 192;
his conference with House Committee of Foreign Relations,
March 31, 1812, 197;
his remarks on the embargo, 199, 200, 202;
his relations toward Matthews and the occupation of East
Florida, 238, 240, 241, 242;
his criticisms on the conduct of the war, 396, 397;
assures Serurier he will not negotiate for peace, 415;
proposes to negotiate, 416;
proposes to take a military commission, 419, 420;
hesitates between civil or military control of the war, 421–423;
becomes acting Secretary of War, 423;
excites jealousy, 424, 425;
abandons military career, 425, 426;
offers to prohibit the employment of foreign seamen, 451.
“Moniteur,” The, ii. 253.
Montalivet, Comte de, Napoleon’s Minister of the Interior, i. 221;
his efforts for American commerce, 223, 224.
Moore, Sir John, his Spanish campaign, i. 26, 47, 48.
Morier, J. P., British chargé at Washington, i. 219;
his protest against the seizure of West Florida, 315.
Mountmorris, Lord, i. 265.