CHAPTER#1 - P.A.T.C.

H PATCH Process
- Phases can be repeated as new health
priorities are identified
Planned Approach to Community Health
- New target groups are selected
- New interventions are developed.
History
- Activities may overlap as the process is
- Is a community health planning model that
carried out
was developed in the mid-1980s.
- By:
5 Phases of PATCH
- Centres for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) in partnership
Phase I: Mobilizing the Community
with state and local health
- The community to be addressed is defined.
departments and community
- Participants are recruited from the
groups.
community.
- Purpose:
- Partnerships are formed.
- offer a practical,
- Demographic profile is completed.
community-based process
- Community is informed about PATCH so that
- Same philosophy as:
support is gained (community leaders).
- World Health Organization’s
Phase II: Collecting and Organizing Data
Health for All and the Ottawa
- Community members form working groups to
Charter for Health Promotion
obtain and analyse data on mortality,
Definition
morbidity, community opinion, and behavior.
- Process that many communities use to plan
Phase III: Choosing Health Priorities
,conduct, and evaluate health promotion and
- Behavioral and any additional data collected
disease prevention programs.
are presented to the community group.
- Helps communities establish:
- Health priorities are identified.
- health promotion team
Phase IV: Developing a Comprehensive
- collect and use data
Intervention Plan
- set health priorities
- Using information generated during phases II
- design and evaluate interventions
and III the community conducts
Goal
interventions.
- Increase the capacity communities to
- Which includes; strategies, timetable, work
plan, implement, and evaluate
plan for completing tasks (recruiting, training,
comprehensive, community -based health
publicizing, conducting activities, evaluating,
promotion programs targeted towards priority
informing)
health problems.
Phase V: Evaluating PATCH
PRECEDE
- Integral part
- Predisposing , Reinforcing, Enabling
- It is on-going and serves two purposes:
Constructs in Educational/environmental
- Monitor
Diagnosis Evaluation
- Asses progress
- The community sets criteria.
Health Promotion
- Feedback is provided to the community to
- Process of enabling people to increase
encourage future participation.
control over their health and improve their
health.
5 Critical Elements
1. Community members participate in the
process
2. Data guide the development of progress
3. Participants develop a comprehensive health
promotion strategy
4. Evaluation emphasizes feedback and
program improvement
5. The community capacity for health promotion
is increased
CHAPTER#2 - Mobilizing the Community ● Manual of Experience, PCPD
○ A continuous and sustained
process of educating the people to
Introduction
understand and develop their
● Is on-going process that starts in phase I and
critical awareness.
continues throughout PATCH process.
Process
● Involves identifying/developing the
- Sequence of steps whereby members of a
organizational structure
community come together to citically assess
● To gain the level of involvement:
to evaluate community conditions.
○ Define & describe your community
Structures
○ Gain & maintain commitments
- Refers to particular group of community
from key organizations and
members who work together for common
individuals
health and goals.
○ Identify and coordinate
Emphasis
community resources
1. Community working to solve its own
○ Communicate with the community
problems
○ Form partnerships for resources
2. Direction is established internally and
and support
externally.
○ Establish the structures and
3. Development and implementation of a
procedures
specific project less important.
COMMUNITY
4. Consciousness raising involves perceiving
- Group of people who have common
health and medical care.
characteristics.
Importance
- Defined by: location, race, ethnicity, age,
a. Important tool for community development
occupation, interest in particular
and people empowerment.
problems/outcomes/common bonds
b. Prepares people/clients to take over
- By geographic, political, demographic
management.
boundaries/ characteristics.
c. Maximizes community participation and
involvement.
Elements of a Community
Principles
1. Membership
1. People (oppressed, exploited, deprived) are
2. Common symbol systems
open to change.
3. Shared values and norms
2. COPAR should be based on the interest of
4. Mutual influence
the poorest sector.
5. Shared needs and commitment
3. COPAR should lead to a self-reliant
6. Shared emotional connection
community and society.
Critical Steps
● Members of the community should have a
1. Integration
“sense of community”.
2. Social Investigation
3. Tentative program planning
COPAR
4. Groundwork
Community Organizing Participatory Action
5. Meeting
Research
6. Role Play
- Aims to transform the apathetic,
7. Mobilization/Action
individualistic and voiceless poor into
8. Evaluation
dynamic, participatory & politically
9. Reflection
responsive community.
10. Organization
Definition
● (1994) National Rural Conference
○ Collective, participatory,
transformative systemic process of
building people’s organization
● Ross (1967)
○ Process by which a community
identifies its needs and objectives.
4 Phases of COPAR
● Pre-Entry Phase - initial phase of the
organizing process, looks for communities to
help and serve.
○ Preparation of Institution
■ Train Faculty
■ Formulate Plans
■ Revise/enrich
■ Coordinate
○ Site selection
■ Initial networking
■ Preliminary investigation
■ Make long/short list
■ Ocular survey
○ Criteria for Initial Site Selection
■ Population of 100-200 fam
■ Economically depressed
■ No serious peace & order
■ No similar group/org
○ Identifying Potential
Municipalities
■ Make long/short list
○ Identifying Potential Community
■ Same process w/
municipalities
■ Consult key informants
■ Coordinate with local gov
○ Choosing Final Community
■ Informal interviews
■ Determine the need
■ Take note
■ Community profiles
■ Survey tools
■ Pay courtesy call
■ Choose foster families
○ Identifying Host Families
■ House is strategically
■ No rich segment
■ Respected by both
■ Neighbours not hesitant
■ No member should move
out
● Community Profile - is a summary of
baseline conditions and trends in a
community and study area.
○ Involves identifying community
issues and attitudes.
Chapter#3 - Population & Demographics
Demography
- Study of huan populations—size,
composition and distribution across place.
- Process through which populations change.
- Big three: birth, death, migration
- Central component of social contexts and
social change.
● Feature: age, sex, family & household status
● Social & Economic Context: ethnicity, religion
language, education, occupation, income
and wealth
● Levels: local, regional, national, global
● Boundaries: political, economic, geographic
Chapter#4 - Primary Health Care (PHC)
● Declaration of Alma-Ata
○ primary health care is essential
health care based on scientifically
sound and socially acceptible
methods.
● Ultimate goal of Primary Health is BETTER
HEALTH FOR ALL.
5 Key Elements (WHO)
● Universal coverage
● Service delivery organized
● Public policy integrating all sectors
● Leadership that enhaces collaborative
models
● Increased stakeholder
HEALTH
● WHO - “state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease and infirmity” (Hood &
Leddy, 2002)
● A person’s health is ever-changing.
WELLNESS
● Equivalent to health
● Cookfair (1996)
○ wellness “includes a conscious and
deliberate approach to an advanced
state of physical, psychological, and
spiritual health and is a dynamic,
fluctuating state of being”
 ● Leddy and Pepper (1998)
○ Wellness is indicated by the
capacity of the person to perform to
the best of his/her ability to adjust
and adapt.
○ “Everything is together”

HEALTH PROMOTION
● Health care professionals are concerned
with encouraging behavior that promotes
health.
● Goal is to motivate people to make
improvements in the way they live ,
modify risky behaviors, adopt healthy
behaviors.

Chapter#5 - Communicable Disease

Communicable Disease
- Spread from one person to another or from
an animal to a person.
- Often happens via airborne viruses /
bacteria, blood / body fluids
- Infectious and Contagious

Examples:
● HIV / AIDS
● Influenza
● Malaria
● Polio
● Tuberculosis
● Hepatitis