Welcome

 Module K14ACT ‘Air conditioning technologies’

 Dr Yuehong Su
Office: SRB (Sustainable Research Building) Room C16
Contact: yuehong.su@nottingham.ac.uk, Ext.: 67872

 10 lectures (Week 2~12)

+ 1 tutorial (Week 8 or 12)
+ 1 tutorial if requested(after Week 16 & before the exam)

 Extra tutorial time: to be agreed on request.

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Module K14ACT ‘Air conditioning technology’:
Assessment

 Some small assignments (not to be assessed)

 1 small design project & ~1500 words (30%)

 Brief to be issued during Lecture 5 or 6
 To be submitted (after Lecture 10)
by 11th December 2013

 Exam, 2 hours (70%)

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Module K14ACT ‘Air conditioning technology’:
Learning outcomes

 The learning outcomes are straightforward.

At the end of this module, you will have a
basic knowledge and skill to design an air
conditioning system like this.

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Module K14ACT ‘Air conditioning technology’:
Reading list

 Jones, W. P. (William Peter), 1922- Air conditioning engineering

/ W.P. Jones. 5th ed. 2001. George Green Library TH7687 JON

 Nicholls, Richard, 1959- Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.

4th ed. 2002. George Green Library TH6021 NIC
 McDowall, Robert. Fundamentals of HVAC systems / prepared by
Robert McDowall. SI ed. 2007. George Green Library TH7011 MAC
 Ameen, Ahmadul. Refrigeration and air conditioning / Ahmadul
Ameen. 2006. George Green Library TP492 AME
 Whitman, William C. Refrigeration & air conditioning technology
/ William C. Whitman, William M. Johnson, John A. Tomczyk. 5th
ed. c2005. George Green Library Oversize TP492 WHI

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Module K14ACT ‘Air conditioning technology’:
Content

1. Introduction
2. Psychrometry
3. Thermal comfort, indoor & outdoor design
conditions
4. Building heat gain & supply design conditions
5. Heat gain, cooling load & energy saving
6. Fan coils
7. Duct & Fan
8. Evaporative cooling
9. Desiccant cooling

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1.1 Definitions of air conditioning

http://wordnet.princeton.edu/
air conditioning, a system that keeps air cool and dry.

air-conditioning, control of temperature, humidity, purity,

and motion of air in an enclosed space, independent of
outside conditions.
Encyclopedia
air conditioning, mechanical process for controlling the humidity,
temperature, cleanliness, and circulation of air in buildings and rooms.

Wikipedia
in the broadest sense, "air conditioning" can refer to any form
of "heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning."

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1.1 Definitions of air conditioning

Other relevant terms:

ventilation, the replacement of stale or noxious air with fresh air.

refrigeration, process of removing heat from an enclosed

space or from a substance in order to lower the temperature.

heating, process of raising the temperature of an enclosed space.

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1.1 Definitions of air conditioning

Some abbreviations:

HVAC&R is an abbreviation of heating, ventilating,

air conditioning, and refrigerating.

CIBSE, The Chartered Institution of Building

Services Engineers (CIBSE).

ASHRAE is short for American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers.

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1.2 Applications of air conditioning

Classified according to its applications as:

 comfort air conditioning.

 process air conditioning.

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1.2.1 Comfort air conditioning

Room

Outdoor

The need for HVAC

(5m by 10m classroom with 20 students, Nottingham, 10 July)

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1.2.1 Comfort air conditioning

 provide a comfortable and healthy indoor environment

to occupants. (with the indoor air generally at 20oC ~
26oC & 30 ~ 60% relative humidity)

Applications:

 Residential buildings (houses)

 Commercial buildings
(offices, classrooms, hotels, supermarkets, hospitals,
museums,......)

 Transportation
(aircrafts, road vehicles, trains and ships)

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1.2.2 Process air conditioning

 provide needed indoor environmental control for manufacturing

, product storage, or other research and development
processes.

 air parameters (temperature, humidity, purity & movement)

must be controlled within well defined limits.
(e.g.,±1.1°C, ±5% & <3531 particles/m3)

Applications:
 Cleanrooms
(integrated circuits, pharmaceuticals, hospital operating rooms,
……)
 Textile Factories
 Plants and Farm Growing Areas
 Food Cooking and Processing Areas

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1.3 History

 ……
 1902 - Willis Carrier builds the first air conditioner to combat
humidity inside a printing company.
(controlling the humidity in printing companies and textile mills was the start of managing the inside
environments.)

 1906 - Stuart W. Cramer coins the term "Air Conditioning.“

 1928 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants are synthesized.

 1936 Albert Henne synthesizes refrigerant R-134a.

(In the 1980s this refrigerant is hailed as the best nonozone-depleting replacement for CFCs.)

 1987 The Montreal Protocol.

(international agreement to begin phasing out CFC refrigerants.)

 ……Energy saving & environmental protection

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1.4 Potentials and challenges

Comfortable & healthy Clean & precise

indoor environment processing environment

The UK’s non-domestic HVAC

market: £1.35 billion in 2006
at a growth rate of around 3-
4% between 2007 and 2010
Air Conditioning http://www.heatingandventilating.net/ne
ws/news.asp?id=4536&title=4%25+grow

Industry
th+in+UK+HVAC+industry+by+2010

Energy use & CFCs & global warming

energy efficiency

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1.5 Air conditioning system
- Components

http://www.carrieraircon.co.uk/index.php/product_solutions/

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1.5 Air conditioning system
- Components

The main components of air conditioning

systems may be classified according to their
functions as:

 Conditioning: heating/cooling coils,

humidifiers/ dehumidifiers, filters;

 Distributing & extracting: fans, ducts,

diffusers, grilles;

 Controlling: dampers, automatic controls.

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1.5 Air conditioning system
- A typical summer AC system/cycle

E
O M S

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1.5.2 Centralised air systems

Air handling unit

Refrigerator, boiler

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1.5.2 Centralised air systems

Packaged air conditioning system (unit)

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1.5.4 Local systems
- Window sill air conditioner

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1.5 Air conditioning system
- A typical winter AC system/cycle

10 kW

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1.5.1 Classification of air conditioning systems

Configurations for multi-room buildings or large space?

… Air conditioning

Configurations

Centralised Partially centralised

Local systems
air systems air/water systems
(or refrigerant)

Centralised air system Fresh air

+
Local air conditioning device Recirculation air

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 http://eto.carrier.com/litterature/Brochure/14417-CB-06-2005.pdf

1.5.2 Centralised air systems

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1.5.2 Centralised air systems

Air conditioning

Centralised Partially centralised

Local systems
air system Air/water systems

Single duct Dual duct

Constant Variable
air volume air volume

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1.5.2 Centralised air systems
- Constant volume

Air handling unit (AHU)

 Single supply duct

 Constant volume
 Simple & common
 Single temperature control
 Reheat & energy wastage
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1.5.2 Centralised air systems
- Variable air volume

Air handling unit (AHU)

 VAV variable air volume (single supply duct)

 Complex & efficient control, use of a damper and variable speed fan
 Less reheat & energy saving
 Very common in larger office buildings
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1.5.2 Centralised air systems
- Dual duct

Hot deck 28-30oC

Cold deck 14-16oC

 Two supply ducts (dual duct)

 A mixing box to adjust the balance of hot and cold air
 Uncommon in new buildings, but were in common use
15~20 years ago.
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1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems

Air conditioning

Centralised Partially centralised

Local systems
air systems air/water systems
(or refrigerant)

Centralised air handling system Fresh air

+
Local air conditioning device Recirculation air

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 1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Why

(Same volumetric flow)

(By Jonas Akesson)

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1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Why

(By Jonas Akesson)

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 1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Others

Air conditioning

Centralised Partially centralised

Local systems
air system air/water systems

Induction Chilled ceiling Cooled surfaces Unitary

Fan coils
(coils without fan) /chilled beams (floors/slabs) heat pump

Local air conditioning device

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1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Fan coil (floor-mounted)

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 1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Fan coil (ceiling cassette)

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1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Fan coil (ducted)

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1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Fan coil

CIBSE B2 pp4-43

Fan coils

Fresh air supply

configurations

Distributed from
Distributed from
a central AHU
a central AHU to Distributed from Drawn through
and introduced
stub ducts fitted a central AHU to an outside wall
into the space
with dampers fan coil by the fan coil
separately via
located near the inlet plenums room unit itself
conventional air
fan coil inlets
terminal devices

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1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Induction

 The conditioned fresh air enters the unit at a relatively high

speed. This incoming air drags or induces room air to enter
the unit. The mixed supply and room air then passes over a
hot coil or a cold coil depending on whether there is a
demand for heating or cooling. The conditioned air enters
the room through an upper grille.
Some units are two pipe units having a single coil. Heated or chilled
water is sent through this coil as required.
Fan coil units are fitted with heating and cooling coils like the
induction units but the air movement through them and mixing of
9/27/2013supply and room air is generated
Air Conditioning Technology: using1aIntroduction
fan and not the 36
momentum of the air.
1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Chilled ceiling

 Chilled ceilings and beams are a low maintenance method of

cooling a room. There are no internal fans or filters that could
break down or need cleaning.
 Typically, up to 60% of Chilled Ceiling cooling output is achieved
through this Radiant Exchange mechanism. The surface
temperature of a chilled ceiling would normally be in the range
of 15°C to 18°C. This would provide a very pleasant radiant
cooling effect to people in that room with minimal air
movement.
 There is a risk of condensation.
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1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Passive chilled beams

 A chilled beam contains a linear finned coil. Warm room air

rises to the ceiling and enters the top of the beam . It is then
cooled by contact with the cold coil. The cool air descends into
the room through outlet slots on the underside of the beam. It
can be seen that chilled beams cool a room entirely by
convection.
 As the cooling output of a chilled beam increases, say by
reducing the water flow temperature through the device, there
is a possibility that the beam will create uncomfortable cold
down draughts.
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 1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Passive chilled beams

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1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Active chilled beams

 The conditioned fresh air is supplied through ducting within the

beam itself. The fresh air leaves the supply ducting through slots
or nozzles with sufficient velocity that drags (induces) warm room
air into the beam and through the cooling coil reducing its
temperature. The supply and chilled room air mix and enter the
room via outlet slots on the underside of the beam. The velocity
with which the air leaves the inclined slots is sufficiently high to
project it horizontally into the room above the occupied space. In
this way cooler airstreams can be used without creating a cold
draught in the occupied zone.
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1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Comparison of fan coil and chilled beam

Chilled beams

(By Jonas Akesson)

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1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Comparison of fan coil and chilled beam

By Jonas Akesson

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1.5.3 Partially centralised air/water systems
- Displacement ventilation

• 18°C supply air

• No short circuit between
cool and warm air
• Energy saving
• May be combined with
chilled ceiling/passive
chilled beam

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1.5.4 Local systems

Air conditioning

Centralised Partially centralised

Local systems
air system air/water systems

Variable
Window sill Multi split
refrigerant flow
air conditioners Split systems systems
split systems

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1.5.4 Local systems
- Window sill air conditioner

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1.5.4 Local systems
- Multi-split system

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