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Editors
Yihai Li and Anı́bal Carlos Zottele

A New Blue Ocean

Prospects for Latin American SMEs in the Belt and
Road Initiative
1st ed. 2021
Editors
Yihai Li
Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Think Tank Foundation, Shanghai,
China

Anı́bal Carlos Zottele

China-Veracruz Studies Center, University of Veracruz, Xalapa, Mexico

ISBN 978-981-15-7686-7 e-ISBN 978-981-15-7687-4

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7687-4

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive

license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021

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Preface I
This book comes as a result of explorations in a new ield of
international economic cooperation. The economists and experts from
both China and Latin America, through full academic interchange,
reached consensus on the necessity of joint research on this topic: How
can the achievements and challenges of Chinese and Latin American
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) be distilled for the bene it
of China-Latin American win-win cooperation in the context of the new
changes brought up by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) over the past
six years. This book is entitled The New Blue Sea, as the SME-focused
cooperation in the BRI framework between the two parties, whether in
terms of actual practice or academic research, is virtually an
unchartered new territory.
As a tentative venture into the New Blue Sea, this book addresses
these basic questions: How did China come up with this idea of BRI?
How does BRI relate to countries in Latin America? What role can
SMEs, both Chinese and Latin American, play in the BRI practice? What
is the current general situation of Latin American SMEs? And what new
issues are worth considering for Latin American SMEs in the backdrop
of BRI?
These questions look quite basic, yet at this moment when
globalization seems experiencing backlashes, everyone concerned with
the economic development of developing countries will unavoidably
give serious considerations to certain aspects of these questions, albeit
to different degrees. The ancient Silk Road, by land and sea, broadened
trade channels between the East and the West, with the Manila Galleon
particularly adding weight to the maritime Silk Road. Ever since then,
global cooperation has been growing all the way to this date when the
Internet has engulfed the whole humanity. Judging by the stages of
history, globalization has demonstrated a trend of deepening on a
constant basis. BRI, following the mega-trend of historical evolution, is
now committed to uniting and synergizing the factor lows on a global
scale.
As developing economies, China and Latin American countries are
faced with common tasks of economic development and similar
challenges of transformation. That is why BRI has met with positive
response and ready participation from Latin America, with
multilayered cooperation in diverse ields growing across the board
between the two sides.
The mutual trust and increasingly close cooperation between China
and Latin America have paved the way for this book. It is here believed
that if the economic dynamics of the Latin American countries could be
addressed in conjunction with BRI, illumination will be gained for
better understanding the situation of the current world economy.
SMEs have always been a right angle to observe the economic
transformation amidst globalization. SMEs are broad in business scope
and large in number, encompassing a big spectrum of industries with
natural relevance to people’s livelihood. In both developed and
developing economies, SMEs, taking up an overwhelming proportion,
bespeak the vitality and stability of economic development. It therefore
goes without saying that any good performance of SMEs can be readily
translated into an improvement of living standards and economic
prosperity around the world.
Authors on the Chinese side have elaborated in Chapter 3 the
relationship between BRI and globalization, with special emphasis on
how this relationship can become a growing tie uniting China and Latin
America. This tie is now a basis for Chinese policies of supporting SME
development, promoting domestic economic transformation, as well as
deepening international economic cooperation.
Latin America is by no means a monolithic entity with blocks to be
put on a par with each other. Coexisting in a continent of historical
complexity and cultural diversity, Latin American countries have their
respective national conditions, different levels of economic
development, and divergent social systems. It is thus imperative that
more speci ic analysis be made when examining their economic
conditions, their SME performances, and their expectations for
globalization.
This, of course, does not exclude the rationality in identifying the
commonality of Latin American countries. In the next eight chapters,
scholars from the continent have, in this perspective of commonality,
observed what the BRI tie can offer to the Latin American SMEs, and
how it will impact the Latin American economies. Meanwhile, we have
invited economists from quite representative countries like Mexico,
Brazil, Argentina, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Chile, etc., so that their different
conditions and requirements could be seen in connection with BRI.
Including ample information and insight of all the authors in this
fascinating ield, this book not only serves as a useful reference for
readers to know more about BRI, China-Latin America relations and
their SMEs, but also provides a fresh perspective on the latest
developments of global economic cooperation and domestic economic
transformation of developing countries.
The Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Think Tank Foundation
(SASS TTF), as the sponsor and organizer of this research project, is an
institution dedicated to policy studies and international academic
exchanges. In 2018, it initiated its Latin America Program, with intent
to set up a China-Latin America interaction platform open to scholars,
entrepreneurs, of icials on both sides, thereby mobilizing multiple
resources for promoting China-Latin American cooperation. In
December 2018, SASS TTF held in Buenos Aires the widely-reported
“Latin America Symposium of the World Forum on China Studies”,
attended by local and Chinese eminent scholars, who discussed, among
others, the Belt and Road Initiative and China-Latin America
Cooperation. Numerous other cooperative events have also been
supported by SASS TTF over the past two years.
Professor Zhang Daogen and Professor Yu Xinhui, respectively the
president and party secretary of the Shanghai Academy of Social
Sciences, have consistently put Latin American studies on their priority
list, attending in person various exchange events related to Latin
America. Owing to their encouragement, Professor Wang Zhen, Vice
president of SASS, Lavinia Fan, Deputy Director of Of ice of World
Forum on China Studies, and I have been able, in a short period of time,
to build up a collaborative network of Latin American research, thus
making this book possible.
In marking the publication of this book, we should give our special
thanks to Professor Anı́bal Carlos Zottele, Director of the China
Research Center with the University of Veracruz in Mexico. As the key
partner of this book, he has for long been engaged in SME studies,
annually leading delegations to China to investigate the SME situation
and facilitate bilateral business cooperation. Our thanks should also go
to Professor Lu Junrong, Director of the Research Department of
Shanghai Center for International Economic Exchanges, and Professor
Esteban Zottele, an Argentine expert working in the University of
Changzhou in China, who jointly worked out the structure of the book.
Ms. Huang He, SASS TTF media supervisor, has made meticulous efforts
in the coordination and translation of this book. All the trustees of SASS
TTF have contributed to the publication of this book as well. Besides,
Dr. Alessandro Arduino, Co-Director of Security & Crisis Management
International Center (SCM), has helped with the publication. We owe to
them all.
Mr. Thomas Hutto, a native English speaker living in Shanghai, has
assisted in the linguistic editing of the book, making it idiomatically
readable, as none of the authors are native English users. Finally, we
also feel indebted to Mr. Jacob Dreyer, Editor with Palgrave Macmillan,
for bringing this book to the English reading community.
This publication, as an obviously collective achievement, has
witnessed the friendly intellectual encounters between Chinese and
Latin American scholars. BRI, in stressing the well-known “ ive
communications”, has always placed cultural and people-to-people
communications at the base of all cooperative work. So this book is a
living embodiment of effective communication, consensus-reaching and
deepened understanding, as advocated by BRI.
While getting the book published, the whole globe has been
struggling with COVID-19. This pandemic has caused an enormous loss
of life and material wealth with its severe repercussions still raging
around the world, economically and otherwise. In their grapple with
the deadly virus, SMEs have demonstrated their resilience, with some
of them, like those in the e-commerce, growing up impressively. This
pandemic has further sharpened the long-running debates over
globalization vs. de-globalization. While the global lockdown has forced
the international community to step back on their physical contacts for
the moment, globalization as a mega-trend is unlikely to falter. We can
expect that international cooperation, including that among SMEs, will
still rise in a robust manner, just as we believe that human progress and
prosperity cannot be defeated by the virus.
As known to all, BRI highly emphasizes the notion of
interdependence and the perspective of global common interest.
Meanwhile, Latin Americans have historically developed a broad vision,
as shown by the worldwide appeal of the Latin American culture. Jorge-
Luis Borges once said that he had a feeling that he has been living in
China. Even though he did not have any chance to tread on the Chinese
soil, his works containing Latin American thoughts have crossed vast
oceans to become popular in China. It is with a strong passion for Latin
America that I, as the editor of this book, have plunged myself into the
work.
Finally, I am pleased to announce that The University of Veracruz
plans to publish the Spanish version of this book, so that Latin
American readers will be able to know about all its BRI contents in
their mother tongue. It is believed that the information and insight of
this book will thus go to the hearts of more people around the world.
SASS TTF will keenly collect any feedback from readers, and select their
interesting topics for further research and publication. China-American
cooperation will de initely have its bumper harvest now that its
productive seeds are sown.
Yihai Li (Secretary General)
Preface II
When President Xi Jinping introduced Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) at
Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan, in September 2013, he expressed
the priority of building a community of shared destiny. This central
aspect is due to the interdependence existing between nations, which
requires developing strategies aimed at joint progress; since no country
can solve problems of a global nature by itself.
With efforts to generate an infrastructure of this magnitude, the
initiative with the greatest impact in the twenty- irst century has as its
fundamental axis the development of a multilateral system for the
resolution of agreements and con licts. In this way, the international
plane leaves behind the idea of a regime based on hegemonies to make
possible a new era of cooperation and understanding.
Considering this perspective, the analysis of the implications of this
initiative in the different regions of the global community should
emphasize the importance of the ideals that constituted it in 2013 and
that have taken on greater importance in the immediate reality. In the
case of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), the challenges are
multiple and the bene its are far-reaching.
In this framework, the book that brings us together to re lect on
relations between China and LAC from the perspective of BRI is an
integral expression of the features of two deeply heterogeneous
regions. Therefore, the documents that structure this publication
articulate three aspects that will be of great importance in the coming
years for both territories.
Firstly, the foundations, actions, and foreseeable and desired
impacts of the initiative are considered by the authors as one of the key
instruments for the development of the countries involved. Another of
the topics discussed relates to the importance and opportunities that
arise for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) as the
importance of the proposal grows and new nations sign integration
agreements. Finally, they review the public policies that are developed
in LAC and that are decisive in terms of the greater or lesser inclusion
of social actors in national projects.
However, while these analyses took shape in the articles presented,
a new situation burst onto the scene due to the COVID-19 pandemic,
which shows a peculiarity unknown to date. Its spread throughout the
planet has made it a challenge and its generalization positions all
humans against a common contingency.
None of the global con lagrations and pre-existing epidemics had
this scope. As an example, if two previous tragedies are considered as
the 1918 in luenza pandemic, caused by an outbreak of the In luenza A
virus of the H1N1 subtype, or the Second World War and its aftermath,
despite having had multiple impacts on the con iguration of the world,
these events did not sharply affect the population of entire continents.
In both cases, the habits of the community remained unscathed in the
face of misadventures.
Instead, COVID-19 has transformed collective behavior and a feeling
of vulnerability has grown, as well as the need to strictly apply various
practices of hygiene, health, and communication between people. But
this episode has different consequences for nations and societies,
depending on the resources available.
Although the incidence of cases and mortality have so far been more
signi icant in western economies, in these countries the greatest
negative impact with regard to mortality and economic aspects is that
suffered by the poorest sectors; nations with a lower degree of
development and greater indebtedness in proportion to GDP will have
the most serious consequences in the short term.
This evidence stands out not only when analyzing the pro iles of
those affected and deceased by the contingency, but also when
appreciating the extraordinary unemployment rates in low-income
sectors. In the United States and other western nations, instability and
unemployment increase with the growth of informal employment, and
precarious workers do not have access to layoff insurance; meanwhile,
prejudices and prejudices for immigrant populations are exacerbated.
On the one hand, almost all of the Latin American countries have
received different types of contributions. A case of relevance is the
support that China has provided to Venezuela, through an airlift that
includes, in addition to material assistance, the visit of medical
specialists in acute respiratory infections and mechanisms to face the
pandemic. In the same way, the RPCh has made very important
contributions to the health system of Cuba and the English-speaking
Caribbean countries.
 As can be seen, China’s proposal is to share its technology,
regardless of diverse political positions. That sharing includes the
aforementioned nations, many of which are among themselves in the
midst of ideological, economic, military con licts and present a pre-
eminent rupture of their diplomatic relations, as well as border
disputes.
The cooperation of China with the LAC countries during the
pandemic is exemplary in terms of its balance and disregard for the
prevailing political regimes in each area. This way of understanding
cooperation marks the substantial difference between BRI and the
Marshall Plan—or European Recovery Program—applied by the US in
post-war Europe, which has been contrasted on several occasions with
the Chinese proposal.
The Marshall Plan was intended to rebuild the economy of the
western European part, promote the US economy and avoid Soviet
in luence in the region. In addition, it laid the economic foundations for
the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This
factor contributed to the fracture of Europe, while in the case of BRI a
premise of peaceful cooperation is raised.
Various studies carried out by international organizations show that
the recovery from the presumed recession will have more evident
consequences in poor or peripheral countries. The inancial institutions
that regulate credits are issuing recommendations to forgive or
considerably reduce the external debt of regions that have no chance of
meeting interest and repayment of commitments.
Even disregarding the aforementioned inancial requirements,
rehabilitation times are estimated only in the long term, which
exacerbates the already existing levels of indigence. In this journey,
nuanced by the effects of a generalized economic and social crisis, it is
convenient to return to the principles of the Belt and Road Initiative.
In January 2017, in Davos, Switzerland, President Xi Jinping made a
projection of China’s economy, noting that this country is an
opportunity for the rest of the world and that it intends that other
regions also grow to accompany the well-being of their respective
societies. On that date, the leader pronounced that “No country can
progress alone.”
 In this framework, the construction of the projects will start from
negotiated common needs and with respect for self-determination and
non-interference in internal affairs between nations. As stated by the
president of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences (SASS), Zhang
Daogen, during the Latin American Symposium of the World Forum for
Chinese Studies, held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in December 2018,
China has never meddled in the internal affairs of other countries
throughout its history, because “each of them knows where their shoes
it.” That is the spirit of BRI in this regard.
Another priority policy is the inclusion of countries and companies
of lesser magnitude and degree of development. Therefore, the
proposal is aimed at accelerated growth in the laggard regions.
Currently, Chinese academic circles and state agencies are studying
alternatives to improve the social and business impact of included
projects at a regional level.
These antecedents presented by the PRC and signed by a large
number of other countries in the world, constitute the preamble of this
book, which proposes the incorporation into the international exchange
and business processes of a sector that is unfortunately marginalized in
practice: the MSMEs.
The studies on this sector of the economy in the countries included
here and the nations of LAC that do not appear in this sample, allow us
to appreciate the decisive nature of these units in terms of employment
generation. These are a large number of companies that generate a
signi icant part of GDP and that are the main mechanism for
establishing regional balances.
This horizon gives great interest to the treatment that is discussed
in various forums and publications. In this sense, inclusive growth is
unlikely without incorporating these companies as the core of national
projects.
The recent experiences of China record the expansion that its
MSMEs have developed in the area of international trade in recent
years. With the improvement of the digital system, e-commerce has
grown to occupy a prominent place in some phases of production.
Furthermore, this electronic commerce has improved competitiveness,
reducing the costs of cross-border transactions and allowing them to be
placed on an equal footing with larger companies.
 The increase in the use of this resource as the countries are joining
the initiative allows us to predict that the expansion of the supply and
demand of Chinese MSMEs will rise more than proportionally. However,
it is not only the digital commerce of products that mobilizes the
companies presented here in a positive direction, this activity includes,
in particular, commerce related to the logistics of transactions, from
goods delivery to delivery, all activities are digitized.
On the other hand, these companies are also venturing into various
service activities, promoting novel models for trade and collaborating
in the articulation of the various legal structures that characterize the
countries that are members of BRI. For this reason, they collaborate in
the offers of product trading platforms, legal advice, accounting and
consulting services, among others.
In this area, MSMEs in LAC must face various macroeconomic
situations in their respective countries, which are debated amid
different proposals; but there is a consensus in the public sector of
these nations and in the business and academic spheres regarding the
need to prioritize their activity.
As in China, MSMEs in LAC are essential agents for pluralizing the
bene its of trade, because they are the most suitable tool for job
creation, equitable income distribution and correction of regional
imbalances internally or between countries. As integrators of
productive chains, they can also improve the structure and mechanisms
of trade, contributing to achieving impacts that have a positive impact
on the quality of life and spatial distribution of the population.
Regarding the growth of cross-border e-commerce in this region, it
is highlighted that, although a smaller group of companies have taken
advantage of it, this modality does not yet show the dynamics that
Chinese companies possess. It is a long way to go to reach the high rates
of expansion of this activity, but this journey should not only consist of
improving the weak digital infrastructure that especially characterizes
a large part of the smaller cities.
Company ilings and small-scale commerce demand special
monitoring and long-term commitment in LAC, which is often uncertain
due to the lack of systematicity and the frequent displacement of the
of icials involved. For this reason, the actions carried out within the BRI
framework, articulating the different civil society organizations, are of
great importance; as are the cases of business chambers that usually
conduct the sequence of commercial efforts and identify the necessary
springs to materialize the successive stages of commercial operations.
In this sense, the member countries of the initiative can contribute to
incorporate policies for cooperation, trade, investment, and scienti ic
and technological innovation.
Another central topic is that MSMEs in LAC are characterized by
having a short life cycle; on average, they barely exceed two years of
activity. They are companies that have little information about the
environment and the market, especially regarding alternative markets.
Therefore, there are strong restrictions to advance in technological
innovation and training processes. In addition, in several of these
countries, exemplary measures related to the speed of acceptance of
the opening of new businesses and tax exemption systems have not
been designed.
In this sense, the inancing dif iculties are critical: although in most
countries there are special programs for MSMEs, private banks are
refractory to disposing the legislated resources for the use of these
ventures. The aliquots that correspond to them in the credit portfolios
are frequently recognized only by the public organisms.
In addition, the inancing problem does not only consist in the
availability of sources, the know-how at the disposal of MSMEs is of
great importance to determine the type of resource necessary for each
business, because it will depend on the ability to grow and solve the
accrued debt. It is essential to recognize which is the appropriate
product according to the stage in which the venture is, since otherwise
the inancing could become unpayable or would hinder the expansion
of the company instead of accelerating it.
A substantial mechanism to correct part of this situation is related
to the Silk Road Fund and multilateral organizations such as the Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the Asian Development
Bank (ADB). These institutions should make loans viable with those
entities that guarantee the appropriate destination of lows to the
sector, especially cooperative credit banks and regional banks, thereby
optimizing the use of resources for MSMEs.
In addition, through the Digital Silk Road, capital inancing
modalities such as crowdfunding must be incorporated. This includes
encouragement for the implementation of innovative products,
continued assistance in technology and a decrease in regulations in
international management. Meanwhile, business scales require
encouragement for the development of export consortia and
cooperatives.
Many of the aforementioned problems are dealt with in this book,
which emphasizes the opportunities that have emerged from BRI to
take advantage of two-way services for Chinese MSMEs to position
themselves abroad and for LAC companies to reciprocally do so.
Among the notable recent progress of the initiative in this region,
described by the international authors convened in this work, it should
be noted that BRI has spread to 19 countries in this area: Chile, Guyana,
Bolivia, Uruguay, Venezuela, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Costa Rica,
Panama, El Salvador, Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago, Antigua and
Barbuda, Dominica, Granada, Barbados, Cuba, and Jamaica. In addition,
a signi icant number of other countries are in negotiations for their
incorporation.
But the merit of this book is that it presents an articulation of
institutional and macroeconomic aspects, as a framework in which the
MSMEs of each country considered in relation to the development of
BRI operate. The convergence of these three factors gives the reader the
possibility of knowing the expectations about the results that will be
obtained from the incorporation of LAC into the initiative.
In these terms, the macroeconomic policies of each nation and its
capacity to stimulate economic development have, as one of the great
chapters of its history, the role of what represents, on average, more
than 90% of companies. In this context, the insertion of the Belt and
Road Initiative will be predetermined by the previous relationship,
while its degree of success will depend on how inclusive the strategies
and public policies envisaged for MSMEs are.
Therefore, this book is a notable advance in the effort of the
Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences (SASS) and the Universidad
Veracruzana (UV), Mexico, to strengthen cooperation mechanisms
between both institutions. In this area, the great purpose of the
People’s Republic of China acquires greater scope through BRI because
the most vivid expression of its objectives is to build a new era of
cooperation and understanding, including among the great themes the
friendship between the peoples of China and Latin America.
The links between both organizations recognize as immediate
antecedents the reciprocal visits of a distinguished delegation of SASS
executives led by its president, Professor Zhang Daogen, to our
University in 2018; and in 2019 the visit to the SASS authorities by a
delegation led by the president of the UV, Dr. Sara Ladró n de Guevara
Gonzá lez.
Regarding the work that is presented, I must especially thank the
esteemed professor Li Yihai, Secretary-General of the Shanghai
Academy of Social Sciences Think Tank Foundation (SASS-TTF), since
his remarkable career and great commitment was essential for the
elaboration of this document. In the same way, his work in promoting
relations between China and Latin America deserves our recognition
and admiration.
That gratitude extends to all SASS researchers and of icials who
participated as writers and collaborated in the various stages of
integrating the inal document. Of course, I cannot fail to mention the
academic colleagues from Latin America, who made possible the
understanding of the multiple and complex realities that cross our
region. Thanks also to the publishers of Palgrave Macmillan (a division
of Macmillan Publishers Limited), for their careful and ef icient work.
Finally, this relationship means for us, more than a bond of
cooperation, an invaluable meeting of friendship. Without the
enthusiasm and dedication of SASS, it would not have been possible to
carry out actions like this one. Therefore, it is an honor to be part of this
distinguished publication, in the shared effort to deepen mutual
understanding between China and LAC.
Aníbal Carlos Zottele (Director)
Abbreviations
AfCFTA African Continental Free Trade Area
AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
APEC Asia-Paci ic Economic Cooperation
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
B2C Business-to-Consumer
BIT Bilateral Investment Treaty
BRCM Belt Road Capital Management
BRI Belt and Road Initiatives
CASME China Association of Small and Medium Enterprises
CCPIT China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
CDB China Development Bank
CEBC Brazil-China Business Council
CELAC Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
CEPAL Economic Commission for Latin America
CIIE China International Import Expo
CMEC China Machinery Engineering Corporation
CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
EAP Economically Active Population
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ETDZ Economic and Technological Development Zones
eWTP Electronic World Trade Platform
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FOB Free on Board
FTA Free Trade Agreement
FTZ Free Trade Zone
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEM Growth Enterprise Market
GMA Great Metropolitan Area
ICT Information and Communication Technologies
IDB Inter-American Development Bank
IFS International Financial System
IIRSA Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of
South America
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
INDEC National Institute of statistics and census
IoT Internet of Things
ITU International Telecommunications Union
LAC Latin America and the Caribbean
MNEs Multinational Enterprises
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MSEs Micro and Small Enterprises
MSMEs Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
OBOR One Belt One Road
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
PFTZ Pilot Free Trade Zone
R&D Research and Development
SASS Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences
SEZs Special Economic Zones
SMEs Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
S-PRC Silk-road Planning Research Center
SRI Internal Revenue Service
UN United Nations
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
VR Virtual Reality
WAP Working-age Population
WTO World Trade Organization
YoY Year-on-year Percentage

Note
The terms ‘BRI’ and ‘OBOR’ have been used interchangeably in the
volume.
Contents
1 The Belt and Road Initiative and Globalization
Suyun Wang and Guilong Shen
2 China and Latin America: New Cooperation in New Era
Jingting Zhang and Guilong Shen
3 The Belt and Road Initiative and SMEs
Yuanyuan Jiang and Zhibin Hui
4 Latin American MSMEs and the Belt and Road Initiative
Esteban Zottele
5 Integration of Mexican SMEs in the Framework of the Belt and
Road Initiative
Anı́bal Carlos Zottele
6 Brazil: MSMEs Development and Prospects
Santiago Bustelo
7 Argentina: SMEs Development, Prospects, and Proposals
Nicolá s Damin
8 The Belt and Road Initiative Enhances Cooperation
Opportunities for Costa Rica and Brings Development Strategies
for SMEs
Jé ssica Vargas Madrigal
9 The Belt and Road Initiative and SMEs in Ecuador: Strategic
Perspectives for Strengthening the Bilateral Relationship and the
Mutual Bene it
Milton Reyes Herrera
10 Chile SMEs Development, Prospects, and Proposal
André s Bó rquez
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Increase in trade amounts between China and BRI participating
countries during 2015–2018 (CNY 100 million)

Fig. 1.2 Increase in active buyers of Alibaba.com from various countries

along “The Belt and Road” (Source AliResearch, Alibaba Report on Cross-
Border SME Development)

Fig. 3.1 Scale and growth trend of SMEs in China in 2011–2018

(Comprehensive relevant data from the State Administration for
Industry and Commerce of China and the National Bureau of Statistics
of China, in combination with interviews with enterprise experts
accounted and predicted using iResearch statistical model. In
particular, the composite de inition standard applies to SMEs, with
reference to indices including the number of employees, sales amount,
and total amount of assets in the Interim Provisions on the Standards for
Medium and Small Enterprises formulated by the State Economic and
Trade Commission, the State Development Planning Commission, the
Ministry of Finance and the National Bureau of Statistics. The
classi ication standard for large, medium and small-sized enterprises
set in light of the characteristics of the industries include the number of
individual and private enterprises above a certain scale.)

Fig. 3.2 Scale of cross-border e-commerce transactions in China in

2016–2020 (Source data.iimedia.cn)

Fig. 4.1 Latin America, distribution of the enterprises by size (2016)

(Source Based on Correa, Leiva and Stumpo [2018]. Mipymes y
heterogeneidad estructural en Amé rica Latina)
Fig. 4.2 Latin America, participation of enterprises in employment
(2016) (Source Based on Correa, Leiva and Stumpo [2018]. Mipymes y
heterogeneidad estructural en Amé rica Latina)

Fig. 5.1 Exports of high technology products (% of exports of

manufactured products) (Source Prepared by the author based on data
from the World Bank [2019])

Fig. 5.2 Commercial relationship between Mexico and China. Imports

and total products (thousands of USD) ( Source Prepared by the author
based on data from the Banco Mundial [2019])

Fig. 5.3 Commercial relationship between Mexico and China. Exports

and total products (thousands of USD) (Source Prepared by the author
based on data from the Banco Mundial [2019])

Fig. 5.4 Evolution of the volume of Chinese tourists entering Mexico

(thousands of people) (Source Prepared by the author based on data
from the Secretarı́a de Turismo, through the Sistema Integral de
Operació n Migratoria (SIOM) [2019])

Fig. 5.5 Evolution of the volume of Mexican tourists entering China

(thousands of people) (Source Prepared by the author based on data
from the Secretarı́a de Turismo, through the Sistema Integral de
Operació n Migratoria (SIOM) [2019])

Fig. 5.6 Chinese outbound tourism (thousands of people) (Source

Prepared by the author based on data from the Secretarı́a de Turismo,
through the Integral System of Migration Operation (SIOM) [2019])
Fig. 5.7 Characteristics of companies. Assets and annual sales (millions
of pesos) (Source Prepared by the author based on data from INEGI
[2015])

Fig. 5.8 Percentage of economic units and employed personnel

according to economic activity, 2014 (Source Prepared by the author
based on data from INEGI [2014])

Fig. 5.9 Economic units, employed personnel and gross production by

economic region of Mexico (%) (Source Prepared by the author based
on data from INEGI [2018])

Fig. 5.10 Participation of Mexican SMEs in GDP, by region (%) (Source

Prepared by the author based on data from Garcı́a-Ramı́rez [2017])

Fig. 6.1 Gross Domestic Product, year-on-year growth, 2002–2015 (%)

(Source Central Bank of Brazil)

Fig. 6.2 Basic interest rate (Selic), 2002–2015 (%) (Source Central Bank
of Brazil)

Fig. 6.3 Consumer Price Index, 2002–2015 (%) (Source Central Bank of
Brazil)

Fig. 6.4 Unemployment rate, year average, 2002–2015 (%) (Source

Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics [IBGE])
Fig. 6.5 Exports, imports, and trade balance, 2002–2015 (US$ billions)
(Source Central Bank of Brazil)

Fig. 6.6 Nominal exchange rate R$/US$, 2002–2015 (Source Ipea data)

Fig. 6.7 Nominal investment rate as a % of GDP, 2002–2015 (Source

Ipea data)

Fig. 6.8 Number of enterprises by size, 2005–2015 (Source SEBRAE

2017)

Fig. 6.9 Number of enterprises by size, 2005–2015 (%) (Source SEBRAE

2017)

Fig. 6.10 Participation of MSEs in the total number of jobs and the
remuneration paid to formal employees in private non-agricultural
enterprises, 2005–2015 (Source SEBRAE 2017)

Fig. 6.11 Distribution of micro and small enterprises by sector of

economic activity, 2005–2015 (%) (Source SEBRAE 2017)

Fig. 6.12 Total Trade, Brazil–China, 2006–2016 (US$ million) (Source

Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade [MDIC—Brazil])

Fig. 6.13 Brazil’s trade balance with China 2009–2015 (US$ million)
(Source Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade [MDIC—
Brazil])

Fig. 6.14 Exports from Brazil to China (2002–2016) (Source Ministry of

Development, Industry and Foreign Trade [MDIC—Brazil]. Elaboration:
China-Brazil Business Council)

Fig. 6.15 China’s participation in exports from Brazil to the world

between 2010 and 2014 (Source Ministry of Development, Industry and
Foreign Trade [MDIC—Brazil])

Fig. 6.16 Chinese investments in Brazil—US$ millions (2007–2015)

(Source China-Brazil Business Council)

Fig. 7.1 Companies by size, employment generation, and exports. Year

2017 (Source Own elaboration base on INDEC [National Institute of
statistics and census]. 2019 Year)

Fig. 7.2 Exporting companies by economic sector. Year 2017 (Source

Own elaboration base on INDEC [National Institute of statistics and
census]. 2019 Year)

Fig. 7.3 Exporting companies by size. Years 1997–2017 (Source Own

elaboration base on INDEC [National Institute of statistics and census].
2019 Year)

Fig. 7.4 Total Expo Argentina/Expo to China is USD. Years 2000–2019

(Source Own elaboration base on INDEC [National Institute of statistics
and census]. 2019 Year)
Fig. 8.1 Costa Rican Smes distribution by Economic sector, 2018 (Source
III national survey of micro, small, and medium enterprises, Costa Rica)

Fig. 8.2 Quantity of workers per enterprise size, 2012–2017 (Source

MEIC, based on data provided by BCCR, 2019)

Fig. 8.3 Costa rican smes fob exports by size distribution, 2016 (Source
Self-made based on information taken from MEIC)

Fig. 9.1 Main Chinese exports to Ecuador (2004–2015) (Source

TradeMap. Author Dı́az [2018: 114])

Fig. 10.1 Difference between the quantity of products exported from

large companies & SMEs (Source Prochile 2014)
List of Maps
Map 5.1 Major Chinese companies in Mexico with location map (Source
Prepared by the author from data from Secretarı́a de Relaciones
Exteriores [2016] & Dussel, Peters Enrique. Coord. [2013])

Map 5.2 Main Mexican companies in China with location map

Map 5.3 Economic units, employed personnel and gross production by

economic region of Mexico (%) (Source Prepared by the author from
data from Gobierno de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos [2001])
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Top 30 countries by trading volume of registered purchasers
on alibaba.com

Table 4.1 Classi ication of the MSMEs in Latin America with different
criteria

Table 4.2 Classi ication of the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises
(MSMEs) in Latin America basis on the number of employees

Table 4.3 Perspective of the situation of the Latin American MSMEs,

under Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

Table 5.1 Major Chinese companies in Mexico with location map

Table 5.2 Main Mexican companies in China with location map

Table 5.3 Classi ication of Mexican companies

Table 5.4 Number of companies and employed population

Table 5.5 Rate of participation of the population in the economic

activity by gender, 2017

Table 5.6 Rate of participation of women in economic activity by age

groups, 2017
Table 5.7 Proportion of positions held by women in the national
parliament of the irst 11 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean,
2018

Table 6.1 Criterion of classi ication of companies by employed persons

Table 6.2 Percentage distribution of the value added of micro and small
enterprises, 1885–2001–2011

Table 8.1 Costa rican commercial exchange with china 2010–2018

Value is in million USD

Table 8.2 Top 5 imported products from China to Costa Rican and top 5
exported products from Costa Rica To China year 2018, value is in
Million USD

Table 8.3 Percentage of contribution to GDP, by Enterprises per size,

period of 2012–2017

Table 9.1 FDI Manufacturing sector in South America 2003–2015

Table 9.2 FDI external lows from China 2005–2016 by sector

(Ecuador) in USD million

Table 9.3 Chinese credits to Ecuador (2009–2016) USD millions

Table 9.4 SMEs by income level of the entities

Table 9.5 Classi ication of SMEs according to the superintendence of

companies of Ecuador

Table 9.6 SMEs composition, percentage per activity

Table 9.7 Number, income, growing and participation of the SMEs

Table 9.8 Percentage distribution of SMEs in Ecuador by province

(2016)

Table 9.9 Funding sources

Table 10.1 Distribution of SMEs in Chile according to sector

Table 10.2 % Export distribution of SMEs by sector

Notes on Contributors
Andrés Bórquez is coordinator of the Center for Chinese Studies at
the University of Chile and researcher and lecturer at the Institute of
International Studies at the University of Chile. He has a Ph.D. in
International Politics at Fudan University and a master’s degree in
Social and Public Policy at University of Paris 1.
His research area focuses on China and Latin America relations,
speci ically on the study of strategic partnerships, China’s economic-
inancial cooperation and non-traditional economic initiatives.
Professor Bó rquez has a series of publications in academic journals,
the main ones are: Who are China’s strategic economic partners in
South America?; Exploring the non-traditional foreign investment in
Sino—Latin American relations: The Chilean case and China's Bilateral
Free Trade Agreements as strategic alignments: building of a
comprehensive cooperation network with Latin America.

Santiago Bustelo currently is a Ph.D. candidate in International

Politics at Fudan University. He holds a Master's Degree in Public
Policies, Strategies and Development at the Institute of Economics of
the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. He worked as Parliamentary
Advisor to the National Chamber of Deputies of the Argentine Republic
and as the Research Coordinator of the China-Brazil Business Council.

Nicolás Damin in Social Science at the University of Buenos Aires

(UBA). FLAUC FELLOW (2019) at Fudan Development Institute of
Fudan University. Coordinator at the Center for Argentina-China
Studies at Social Science Faculty-UBA. He was invited professor at Paris
10 Nanterre University and Invited scholar at Chicago U., Waseda U.,
HUFS South Korea, CASS, SHU, VASS, Adelaide U., Bielefeld U. among
other social sciences schools.
Dr. Damin is also Professor at the University of Buenos
Aires/University of California joint program in the seminar “Political
and Economic Relations between South America and East Asia” with Dr.
Ignacio Villagrá n, Professor at the Catholic University of Salta UCASAL
MBA in Economic Integration with Asia and Adviser of Asian
Cooperation at UCASAL.
His main research topic is East Asia-Latin America comparative
sociological studies. He is the author of two books and coordinator of
two collective books related to labor and production relations in a
political and historical sociology perspective.

Milton Reyes Herrera is Doctor in International Political Economy

(Rio's de Janeiro Federal University). He holds a master's degree in
International Relations focusing on Latin American Studies (Simon
Bolı́var Andean University of Ecuador). He is Professor and Researcher
at Security and Defense Center, and Coordinator of Chinese Studies
Center in Ecuadorean National Institute of Advanced Studies (IAEN).
Professor at Sociology Department in Ponti ical Catholic University of
Ecuador. Academic Council Member of the Sinology International
Symposium of Iberoamerican net of Sinology. Associated researcher in
Asian Paci ic Observatory of Latin American Association of Integration,
Council Board Member of International Confucian Association (ICA).
Council Board member of Latin American Strategic Studies Network on
China (LASSNAC). He has been invited researcher at Latin American
Faculty of Social Science (FLACSO) general secretariat, Costa Rica.
Publications in several languages at Latin America, Europe, and China.

Zhibin Hui, Ph.D. is a Cyberspace policy scholar, most notable for his
work in Digital Economy and Cybersecurity. He is a senior researcher
fellow of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences (SASS), where he also
serves as Director of the Center for Internet Studies. He has published
in numerous academic journals and served as chief editor of
Cyberspace Security Blue Book, Digital Economy Blue Book, Journal of
Information Security and Communications Privacy.
Yuanyuan Jiang, Ph.D. in Economics, is Deputy Director and
Associate Research Professor at Department of Industrial Economics of
the Institute of Applied Economics of the Shanghai Academy of Social
Sciences. Her research areas include regional economic development,
regional integration, and digital economy. Her recent books are The
Micro-Analysis of Regional Economy in China: A Perspective of Firm
Relocation (2013), Regional Specialization and Chinese Economic
Growth (2012).

Junrong Lu is a senior research fellow of Shanghai Academic of Social

Sciences (SASS) and is also the director of research department of
Shanghai Center for International Economic Exchanges (SCIEE), which
is an cooperated platform set up by the SASS and CCIEE. Junrong Lu
completed her Ph.D. at the Fudan University. His research focuses
industry economics and enterprise development with special emphasis
on state-owned enterprises (SOE) and he also concerned about the
public economic problem and new economic phenomenon. Junrong Lu
participate kinds of consultant projects for Local government and
enterprises as an expert, such as the reform of SOE, development of free
trade zone (FTZ), construction of Shanghai international trade center,
digital trade, etc.

Guilong Shen is the Director, Ph.D. supervisor and Research

Professor at the Institute of China Studies of Shanghai Academy of
Social Sciences. His research has mainly focused on international
investment and trade. He has conducted several projects funded by
National Of ice of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Shanghai Planning
Of ice of Philosophy and Social Sciences and Shanghai Municipal
Government. His research indings have been accepted by national and
municipal government authorities and awarded many times by
Shanghai Municipal Government for their contributions to decision
making and public policy consulting. His academic writing and analysis
have appeared in various academic journals and have been included by
Xinhua Digest and Replicated Journals of Renmin University of China.

Jéssica Vargas Madrigal currently works as Deputy Consul and

Counselor of the Consulate General of Costa Rica in Shanghai, China.
She has been in this position since 2016 when the Consulate was
established in Shanghai. She was a professor and coordinator of the
Customs Administration and International Trade Program of the Public
Management School at the University of Costa Rica. (2013–2015)
Ms. Vargas has also worked as a commercial consultant and
business facilitator for Latin American clients and buyers as well as for
Chinese companies such as AmoyDx Company and Powerchina
Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited.
Ms. Vargas holds a master's degree in International Relations
focusing on the Asia-Paci ic region and is currently a doctorate
candidate of International Law at Xiamen University. She also
performed as negotiator and advisor of the Asian and African Forum of
the Ministry of Foreign Trade of Costa Rica.

Suyun Wang born in 1990, graduated from Institute of Economics of

Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences with a Ph.D. in Economics. She is
an Assistant Professor at the Institute of China Studies, Shanghai
Academy of Social Sciences. Her research direction is international
trade and digital trade. She has published several papers in Academic
Monthly, World Economy Studies and Financial Development. She has
participated in many research projects such as the National Social
Science Fund, the Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science Planning
Project, and the Shanghai Municipal People’s Government’s Decision
Consulting Research Project, etc.
Jingting Zhang Undergraduated and postgraduated in Spanish
literature of Shanghai International Studies University (SISU), doctor in
sociology in the University of Buenos Aires (UBA), post-doctor and
lecturer in SISU. Member of the gruop of “The sociology of Emotion and
body studies” (GESEC) in the institution of Gino Germani, the University
of Buenos Aires. Member of the center of investigations and sociology
studies (CIES). She has published the book “Expresiones del trauma en
narrativas autobiográ icas de mujeres escritoras chinas (1966–1976) y
argentinas (1976–1983),” and the articles “La mú sica en las obras de
Pablo Montoya y Ge Fei”, “La enseñ anza y la aceptació n de las obras de
Cervantes en China desde mé todos multidisciplinarios” etc.

Aníbal Carlos Zottele currently works as Director of the China-

Veracruz Studies Center of the University of Veracruz, Mexico, Director
of the magazine Orientando, Mexico and Professor and researcher of
the University of Veracruz since 1977. Also works as Technical
Secretary of the Mexican Consortium of APEC Study Centers (CONMEX-
CEAPEC) and he is Honorary advisor and president of the Veracruz
Chapter of the Chamber of Commerce of Mexico in China (MEXCHAM).
He worked as Professor and researcher at the Metropolitan
Autonomous University-Azcapotzalco, Mexico and was Consultant to
the Pan American Health Organization (1985–1999) in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil.
Author and coordinator of multiple specialized publications: books,
articles, presentations, and book chapters and Lecturer of many
conferences and speaker in academic, business and public sector
events, held in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, the United States, Mexico, China,
Paraguay, Bolivia, Nicaragua, Cuba, Ecuador and the Dominican
Republic, among others.

Esteban Zottele, Ph.D. has been lived in China for more than 15
years. He works as a Professor in Changzhou University and Researcher
in the Latin American Studies Center (CELA), Representative of the
University of Veracruz and Researcher in China-Veracruz Studies
Center. He is Ph.D. on Business Administration at Renmin University of
China. He is Honor Advisor of the Mexican Chamber of Commerce in
China (Mexcham), and Honorary Labor Medal on First of May (2019) of
Jiangsu Province.
He has written many articles on China’s and Latin America
relationship, and participating in Conferences in different countries in
Latin America and Asia. His research areas are the BRI, MSMEs, Cross-
cultural Leadership and Cultural exchange.
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
Y. Li, A. C. Zottele (eds.), A New Blue Ocean
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7687-4_1

1. The Belt and Road Initiative and

Globalization
Suyun Wang1 and Guilong Shen1
(1) Institute of China Studies, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences,
Shanghai, China

In 2013, the Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward a global initiative

for “The Silk Road Economic Belt” and “The 21st Century Maritime Silk
Road” (“The Belt and Road” or “BRI” in abbreviation), thereby opening
new horizons for China and the rest of the world to seek diversi ied
economic and trade cooperation. In September 2013, President Xi
Jinping stated in his speech at Nazarbayev University of Kazakhstan: “In
order to forge closer economic ties, advance mutual cooperation and
broaden the room for development in European and Asian, we are
advised to apply innovative cooperation mode and jointly build ‘The
Silk Road Economic Belt,’ a great cause for the bene it of peoples along
‘The Silk Road.’” In October 2013, President Xi Jinping delivered an
important speech at the Indonesian Parliament: “Southeast Asia has
been an important hub of ‘The Maritime Silk Road’ since ancient times.
China is willing to strengthen maritime cooperation with ASEAN
countries, make the best of China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund
initiated by the Chinese Government, gain ground in maritime
partnership, and jointly build ‘The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road’.”
“The Belt and Road” Initiative refers to an abbreviated form of both
“The Silk Road Economic Belt” and “The 21st Century Maritime Silk
Road.” On March 28, 2015, China announced Vision and Action to
Promote Co-construction of The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st
Century Maritime Silk Road (NDRC, MOF & MOC 2015) accelerating the
construction of “The Belt and Road” is conducive to promoting
economic prosperity and regional economic cooperation among
countries along “The Belt and Road,” strengthening exchange and
mutual learning between different civilizations and contributing to the
world peace and development, bene iting people of all nations.
Thanks to unswerving development over the past six years,
countries along the “Belt and Road” witness ever-increasing trade. In
2018, China’s imports and exports “The Belt and Road” nations totaled
CNY 8.3657 trillion, up 13.3% on a YoY basis. Among them, exports
reached CNY 4.6478 trillion, up 7.9% on a YoY basis; imports reached
CNY 3.7179 trillion, up 20.9% on YoY basis, and the growth rate
outpaced the overall trade growth rate. On the basis of following the
tides of world multi-polarization, economic globalization, cultural
diversity, and social informatization, “The Belt and Road” insists on all-
win cooperation, openness and all-inclusiveness, and commits to
maintaining the global free trade system and an open world economy.

1.1 World Dividends for “The Belt and Road”

Initiative (BRI)
Peace, development, cooperation, and all-win are still the themes of the
times despite an era of complicated and turbulent international
economic relations. Under the background of economic globalization,
China and the world economy are increasingly connected. BRI upholds
the spirit of open-style and synergetic regional cooperation, follows the
principle of “Wide Consultation, Joint Contribution and Shared
Bene its,” and calls for all-inclusive globalization.

1.1.1 BRI Further Boosts the Integration Between

China’s Economy and World Economy
“Throughout reform and opening-up in the past 40 years, China’s gross
domestic product (GDP) has averaged a near double digit annual
growth rate” (Lin 2018). The so-called miracle of China’s economic
growth, which has spanned several decades, is owed to China’s
consistent national policy of opening to the outside world. China
emerged as the world’s largest exporter of goods in 2009 and became
the world’s largest trader of goods in 2013. China has transformed from
a mostly agricultural country to No.1 trading country with the world’s
second-largest total volume and the world’s highest import and export
amounts. China is a net capital exporter and ranks among the top three
globally according to utilization size of foreign capital and ranks second
according to the size of outbound investment. In recent history, China
was marginalized by the world economy in 1978, with its GDP
accounting for less than 5% of the world economy and foreign trade
size accounting for less than 0.8% of total global trade. In 2017, China’s
gross GDP exceeded CNY 80 trillion (more than USD12 trillion
converted at the average annual exchange rate), with a share of about
15% in the world economy. The size of China’s foreign trade was
USD4.1 trillion in 2017, accounting for about 11.5% of the total global
trade amount.1
In the context of economic globalization, China’s development
depends not only on its situation, but is also closely related to the
external environment. Faced with changes in the pattern of global
economic growth, China’s immediate introduction of BRI demonstrates
its irm determination to secure a peaceful development path under
new historical circumstances.
BRI takes an open and all-inclusive style. Based on China’s
development, BRI gives impetus to joint development and all-win
cooperation for countries along “The Belt and Road” and the rest of the
world. Vision and Action to Promote Co-construction of The Silk Road
Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road pointed out as
follows: “It is necessary to jointly build ‘The Belt and Road’ as it
commits to connecting Europe, Africa and Asia and surrounding
oceans, strengthening the partnerships among countries along ‘The
Belt and Road’, establishes all-round, multi-level and composite-type
connectivity network, and achieves diverse, independent, balanced and
sustainable development” (NDRC, MOF & MOC 2015). “The Belt and
Road” promotes the common development of China and other nations
rooted in China’s existing economic development model. “The Belt and
Road” aims to facilitate free and orderly low of factors, seize the
opportunities of globalization and openness, improve resource
allocation ef iciency, and intensify regional cooperation.
1.1.2 BRI Will Generate More Investment and
Trade Opportunities
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) summarizes globalization as a
process of trade, transnational investment, technological progress, and
the subsequent proliferation. Counter-globalization will suppress the
demands for global trade and investment. In this process, not only
emerging markets will be victimized, but also developed countries will
be affected and shocked.
The global trade and investment liberalization process has slowed
down signi icantly after the inancial crisis in 2008. At present, a series
of trade protection measures indicate that “counter-globalization wave”
and “re-industrialization wave” of developed countries are current
external constraints posing severe challenges to the deeply integrated
global economy. According to the data from the World Trade
Organization (WTO) since 2008, the growth of world trade has been on
the continuous decline, with the growth rate falling from 19.55% in
2011 to −2.97% in 2016. The global trade war, ignited by the United
States, further deteriorates the terms of global investment and trade,
encroaches on the global industrial chain, and brings disaster to many
small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). According to the
database of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD), due to the global economic downturn and the rise of
protectionism, the global foreign direct investment (FDI) has started to
decline since 2016.
In sharp contrast to counter-globalization, China’s construction plan
of “The Belt and Road” has injected signi icant momentum into
increasing global investment and creating trade opportunities. In
particular, the trade volume between China and BRI countries has
increased rapidly. In 2018, the trade amount between China and BRI
participating countries totaled CNY 8.3657 trillion, up 13.3% on a YoY
basis (Fig. 1.1).
Fig. 1.1 Increase in trade amounts between China and BRI participating countries
during 2015–2018 (CNY 100 million)

In November 2018, China hosted the 1st China International Import

Expo. The expo not only made clear that “China’s door will never be
closed. It will continue to open wider” but also announced to improve
investment liberalization further, create a world-class business
environment, and become a powerhouse for opening to the outside
world. To further propel investment and trade liberalization and
facilitation, “a new area of China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone” was
proposed. In December 2018, when drawing an economic blueprint for
economic 2019 on the basis of summarizing economic performance in
previous year, the Central Economic Work Conference stressed
promoting opening-up in an all-round way and relaxing control over
market access. In June 2019, Special Administrative Measures for
Foreign Investment Access (Negative List) (2019 Edition), Special
Administrative Measures for Foreign Investment Access in Pilot Free
Trade Zones (Negative List) (2019 Edition), and Catalogue of Industries
for Encouraging Foreign Investment (2019 Edition) were successively
implemented. As both “window” and “experimental ield” for China’s
further opening-up, 18 free trade pilot zones have taken shape under
the pattern of “1+3+7+1+6.” The family of pilot free trade zones
expanded from the one and only China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade
Zone in 2013 to free trade pilot zones in more than 50% of the
provinces across China to date. China vigorously gives impetus to the
development of “The Belt and Road,” implements a more proactive
opening-up strategy, launches the construction of pilot free trade zones,
and comprehensively improves the open economy.

1.2 “The Belt and Road”: New Opportunities for

Globalization
“The Belt and Road” adheres to the principle of openness and
inclusiveness. In addition to the 65 countries along “The Belt and Road,”
countries with investment and trade potential are also included. BRI
advances regional economic integration and global economic
integration through bilateral and multilateral economic, trade and
infrastructure cooperation. Construction of “The Belt and Road” is
centered on policy coordination, facility connectivity, unimpeded trade,
inancial integration and people-to-people bonds, and will rede ine
economic and trade contacts among participant nations while boosting
“inclusive globalization” and “globalization bene iting all.” BRI will
promote infrastructure construction, push forward “interconnectivity”
of economic and trade, forge closer diplomatic relations, and afford new
opportunities for the development of globalization.

1.2.1 Connectivity of Globalization

With the continued progress in BRI, its role in global development has
gained increasing attention and recognition. The globalization of BRI
emphasizes strengthening cooperation in policy coordination, facility
connectivity, unimpeded trade, inancial integration and people-to-
people exchange, and strives to achieve inclusive globalization in true
sense.
Policy coordination: Policy coordination is an essential prerequisite
for BRI participating countries to make concerted efforts for joint
construction and enjoy harmonious development. To promote policy
coordination among BRI participating countries, China continuously
beefs up the exchange and cooperation among international
organizations, the exchange and cooperation among the governments,
and matchmaking and cooperation among professional ields along
“The Belt and Road.” Policy coordination spearheads cooperation and
exchange among countries. The consensuses, reached by those
countries on cooperation, lay a necessary policy foundation for the
subsequent international trade and investment. According to the
statistics on www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn, by the end of 2018, China had signed
170 intergovernmental cooperation documents with 122 countries
across Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, and Latin America, as well as 29
international organizations.
Facility connectivity: Progress in the connectivity among BRI
participating countries is inseparable from railway construction,
highway construction, air transportation, pipeline connections, energy
facilities, port cooperation, as well as interlink of information networks
and communication facilities. In April 2019, the Of ice of National
Leading Group for Promoting the Construction of “The Belt and Road”
in April 2019 highlighted the importance of international economic
cooperation corridors and the role they play in connecting the Asia-
Europe economic circle.
Six major international economic cooperation corridors, namely
New Eurasia Continental Bridge, China-Mongolia-Russia, China-Central
Asia-West Asia, China-Indochina Peninsula, China-Pakistan, and
Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic cooperation corridors
propel the effective low and allocation of resources.
Unimpeded trade: Unimpeded trade is an important facet of BRI.
Initiative for Promoting Unimpeded Trade along “The Belt and Road,”
released on May 14, 2017, called to promote the liberalization and
facilitation of trade and investment, stimulate trade growth, invigorate
mutual investment, boost inclusive and sustainable development, and
achieve all-win cooperation among BRI participating countries on the
basis of respect for the development goals of countries. As indicated by
the data, from 2013 to 2018, imports and exports of goods between
China and BRI nations totaled USD6.46919 trillion. In 2018, China’s
trade with countries along “The Belt and Road” grew by 13.45%, which
was signi icantly higher than China’s overall foreign investment growth
rate of 7.45%.
 Financial integration: Financial integration is a cornerstone for joint
construction of BRI, which is not only a “power fuel” for construction of
“The Belt and Road,” but also the “life blood” with an impetus to
construction of “The Belt and Road.” By the end of 2018, there were 93
members of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). In addition to
amazing USD40 billion in startup capital, the Silk Road Fund increased
capital by an additional CNY 100 billion. In conjunction with
multilateral inancial cooperation, sovereign wealth funds and
investment funds of various countries explore new international
investment and inancing modes, thereby giving stable and high-quality
inancial support for the construction of “The Belt and Road.” The
Chinese Ministry of Finance and the counterparts of 27 countries
(including Argentina, Russia, Malaysia, Switzerland and the UK)
of icially approve Financing Guidelines of “The Belt and Road,” with a
view to expand investment size of various countries in the ields of
infrastructure investment, trade, and cooperation.
People-to-people bonds: People-to-people bonds lay a humanistic
foundation for the joint construction of “The Belt and Road.” Exchanges
and mutual learning enrich civilizations. In developing BRI, countries
are strengthening cooperation in the ields of cultural exchange,
educational training, tourism exchange, health care, disaster relief
assistance, and poverty alleviation. Through cultural exchange and
cooperation, the peoples of various countries enhance mutual
understanding and recognition, thereby improving public opinion and
laying the foundation for construction of “The Belt and Road.”

1.2.2 Wide Consultation, Joint Contribution, and

Shared Bene its
The construction of “The Belt and Road” effectively dedicates China’s
high-speed productivity and technological superiority in the ield of
infrastructure construction to the needs of BRI participant nations.
Based on improving infrastructure and legal compliance of the market
economy, trade and investment are leveraged to achieve effective
resource allocation and benign interaction of factor resources at the
regional level and build a global value chain that enjoys mutual
development and shared bene its. The construction of “The Belt and
Another random document with
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 By gently tapping the mold when the cast has set, it is made to
separate from the latter sufficient to permit of separating or cutting
away of the mold inside of it.
The cast, when removed and dry, is coated with white shellac
varnish. Upon its reverse side a note is scratched into it, giving the
case number, or such information as the surgeon may desire.
The author advises the addition of a small quantity of Armenian
bole to the plaster used for the cast, as it gives a less ghastly tint and
aids much by its color in the cutting away of the white mold from the
cast. Several of these casts, taken before and after operation by the
author, have been shown in the preceding chapters.
After operation and healing of the parts a second cast is made.
Hooks can be inserted into the casts, when still soft, to hang them
up by, or loops of string or wire are stuck into them, while setting for
the same purpose.
Such a collection is not only of great value to the operator, but is a
means of constant and absolute record, even to the extent of
reproduction by photography.
The necessary data in respect to the method employed in
operating, dressing, etc., is to be added to the record as generally
done with medical or other surgical causes.
Preparation of Photographs.—There are some cases of which
no other permanent record can be made, except by photograph. If
these can be obtained, the negatives are to be printed without
retouching, the prints being made on silver printing paper of the
glossy type to permit of reproduction in half-tone when desired at
some future time.
In printing such pictures, the eyes, or other part of the face not
operated on, may be obliterated by laying strips of paper next to the
negative, the part thus covered coming out white in the positive.
The photographs made of parts to be operated on should be made
as near as the normal size, for obvious reasons of accuracy and
measurement.
 This can be done by comparing the size of the part to the picture
found on the ground glass.
Cameras that do not permit of ground-glass focusing are useless
as well as uncertain. Time exposures are necessary for the best
results.
Dark backgrounds should be used to get the sharp outlines by
contrast. Too much light on the parts, such as direct sunshine, is
undesirable, as it makes the parts appear flat and lifeless; therefore
a muslin screen is of great value to graduate the intensity of the light,
and if this is not at hand, a sheet of paper will answer the same
purpose.
In printing make note of the depth of color of the parts most
desired to be shown, varying with the different parts of the face. Look
to contrast, and in pathological cases have the diseased area printed
so that it will stand out forcibly as compared to the fellow organ in
health or the normal tissue beyond its border.
To protect photographic records, they should be properly bound in
book fashion to avoid scratching, rubbing, or breaking. This not only
implies neatness and thoroughness on the part of the surgeon, but
also permits of ready reference at all times.
An index to the contents of such a book is a desirable adjunct.
 INDEX TO AUTHORS

Adamkierwicz, osteoplasty, 101.

D’Alguie, rhinoplasty, 360.
Alliot, history of reparative surgery, 5.
Allis, inhaler, 65.
von Altmann, bioblasts, 100.
Alter, partial stenosis of nares after paraffin injection, 229.
Ammon, blepharoplasty, 108.
von Ammon, rhinoplasty, 358.
Angerer, antiseptics, 38.
von Artha, blepharoplasty, 112.
Auvert, rhinoplasty, 359.

Baratoux, paraffin injections, 210.

skin grafting method, 99.
Bardeleben, antiseptics, 40.
sutureless blepharoplasty, 119.
Bardenheuer, meloplasty, 203.
rhinoplasty, 416.
Bartley, antiseptics, 37.
Bauman, antiseptics, 37.
Bayer, meloplasty, 201.
Bayer-Payr, rhinoplasty, 424.
Beck, peroxoles, 41.
Beinl, harelip clamp, 145.
Bennett, cocain, 70.
Berger, cheiloplasty, 183.
classification of lip deformities, 162.
nasal retention apparatus, 385.
rhinoplasty, 384, 424.
von Bergman, antiseptics, 38.
history of plastic surgery, 7.
operating gown, 19.
Billroth, antiseptics, 38, 40.
carcinoma of lips, 168.
combined anesthesia, 67.
Blandin, history of reparative surgery, 5.
rhinoplasty, 435, 444.
Blasius, cheiloplasty, 177.
rhinoplasty, 363, 367.
Boeckman, preparation of catgut, 32.
Bojanis, history of rhinoplasty, 3.
Bonnet, rhinoplasty, 434.
Bouillon, antiseptics, 40.
Branca, history of rhinoplasty, 3, 349.
Branca, Antonius, history of rhinoplasty, 3.
Bretz, sutureless coaptation, 48.
Brindel, facial phlebitis after paraffin injection, 226.
paraffin injection, 210.
Brœckært, antiseptic with paraffin, 218.
facial phlebitis after paraffin injection, 226.
paraffin injection, 210.
Bruns, cheiloplasty, 163, 171, 175.
Bryant, antiseptics, 39.
Buchanan, cheiloplasty, 176.
Buchholz, antiseptics, 38.
Buck, cheiloplasty, 165, 172.
Bull, epicanthus, 113.
Bünger, history of rhinoplasty, 5, 350.
Burchardt, compressing forceps, 145.
Burnett’s fluid, 41.
Burns, charpie cotton, 67.
flap method, 86.
Bürow, antiseptics, 35.
cheiloplasty, 178.
rhinoplasty, 65.
sliding flap method, 85.
Busch, rhinoplasty, 430, 433.

Carpue, history of rhinoplasty, 4.

de Cazeneuve, facial phlebitis after paraffin injection, 226.
hot-water jacket for syringe, 233.
Celsus, Aulus Cornelius, cheiloplasty, 169.
“Father of Plastic Surgery,” frontispiece.
history of plastic surgery, 1.
 skin incisions, 80, 485, 487.
Charrière, nasal prothesis, 348.
Chelius, replantation of nose, 349.
Cheyne, injection of paraffin, 210.
Clark, J. G., Kumol apparatus, 32.
Comstock, disposition of injected paraffin, 235, 236.
effect of paraffin on animals, 225.
melting point of paraffin, 241.
Condy, fluid of, 40.
Connell, injection of paraffin, 210, 230.
Copeland, history of plastic surgery, 7.
Corning, injection of oils, 209.
Costa, temperature of cocain solution, 72.
Czerny, history of plastic surgery, 6.
sterilization of silk, 30.

Dawbarn, preservation of needles, 16.

Davidsohn, care of instruments, 15.
Davy, Sir H., nitrous oxid, 67.
Debout, nasal prothesis, 348.
Delain, vaselin injections in animals, 217.
Delangre, nasal prothesis, 209.
thermoform sleeve for syringe, 233.
Delpech, cheiloplasty, 181.
history of rhinoplasty, 5.
rhinoplasty, 353.
Denonvillier, rhinoplasty, 428, 430, 438.
Dieffenbach, blepharoplasty, 104, 105, 109.
cheiloplasty, 157, 164, 173, 187.
history of reparative surgery, 5.
microstoma, 195.
rhinoplasty, 357, 372, 431, 446, 466.
Dieffenbach-Von Langenbeck, stomatoplasty, 193.
Dobousquet, skin grafting method, 99.
Downie, celloidin in protheses, use of, 228.
electrothermic syringe heater, 233.
paraffin injection on carcinoma, effect of, 235.
Dreesmann, history of plastic surgery, 7.
Duberwitsky, rhinoplasty, 356.
Dunbar, vaselin injection in animals, 217.
Dupuytren, rhinoplasty, 431, 445.

Eckstein, absorption of paraffin, 220.

encapsulation of injected paraffin, 234.
Hart-paraffin, 210.
rubber insulator for syringe, 231, 263.
Eichhoff, aristol, 41.
Engle, median cleft harelip, 148.
Erichsen, John Eric, history of plastic surgery, 6.
Eschweiler, new tissue formation after paraffin injection, 237.
oft-repeated injection, 215.
von Esmarch, antiseptics, 40.
 cheiloplasty, 158.
dropping bottle, 60.
inhaler, 60.
number of rhinoplastic operations required, 347.
Estlander, cheiloplasty, 171.
Estlander-Abbé, cheiloplasty, 166.
Ewald, thermoform sleeve for syringe, 233.
Edward-Albert, meloplasty, 199.

Fabricius, history of rhinoplasty, 3.

Fabrizi, rhinoplasty, 375.
Fahrenbach, bilateral cleft, 158.
Fehleisen, erysipelo-coccus, 56.
Feinberg, amyl nitrate inhalation, 71.
Féréol, iodoform, 42.
Fillebrown, cheiloplasty, 152.
Fisher, osteoplasty, 102.
Forque, rhinoplasty, 359.
Fourneau, stovain, 75.
Fowler, inhaler, 66.
Freeman, blunt needle for paraffin injection, 227.
early encystment of paraffin, 235.
Fricke, blepharoplasty, 108.
von Frisch, subcutaneous prothesis, 209.
Fritz-Reich, rhinoplasty, 431.
Gädeke, cocain, 70.
Garre, skin grafting method, 93.
Gärtner, care of instruments, 15.
Gauthier, cocain solution, 72.
Geley, antithermics, 57.
Gensoul, rhinoplasty, 465.
Gersuny, correction of labial defect, 185.
duration of paraffin protheses, 238.
encapsulation of vaselin, 234.
history of rhinoplasty, 8.
meloplasty, 201.
mucosa grafting, 101.
Geuzmer, cheiloplasty, 157.
Glück, antisepsis, secondary, 57.
history of plastic surgery, 6, 7.
ivory bone plates, 101.
Goris, rhinoplasty, 387.
Graefe, history of plastic surgery, 5.
rhinoplasty, 352, 374.
Gräfe, cheiloplasty, 154.
Greene, correction of coloboma, 125.
Guersant, bilateral facial cleft, 149.
Guinard, antithermics, 57.
cheiloplasty, 183.
Gutch, care of instruments, 15.
Guthrie, chloroform anesthesia, 60.
 history of plastic surgery, 7.

Haagedorn, catgut sterilization, 31.

cheiloplasty, 156, 159.
needle holder, 78.
needles, 77.
von Hacker, rhinoplasty, 391, 436, 438.
Hahn, history of plastic surgery, 7.
Hainsley, cheek compressor, 161.
Halban, subcutaneous prothesis, 209.
Hamilton, injection of paraffin, 210.
Hänel, quantity of cocain injection, 72.
Hare, respiratory forgetfulness, 64.
Hartman, skin grafting method, 97.
Hasselmann, unilateral facial cleft, 149.
Hawley, ethyl chlorid, 68.
Heath, adhesive plaster dressing, 161.
injection paraffin, 210.
Helferich, history of plastic surgery, 6.
rhinoplasty, 382, 397.
von Helmont, total rhinoplasty, 350.
Hertel, chronic irritation of tissue after paraffin injection, 236.
Heuter, artificial mouth, 196.
rhinoplasty, 365.
stomatoplasty, 196.
Heydenreich, history of plastic surgery, 7.
Hill, injection of paraffin, 210.
secondary diffusion of paraffin, 253.
von Hippel, history of plastic surgery, 7.
Hirschberg, skin-grafting method, 107.
Hoffacker, replanting of nose, 349.
Holden, blindness following paraffin injection, 225.
Hübscher, skin-grafting method, 94.
Hurd, blindness following paraffin injection, 225.

Israel, meloplasty, 202.

rhinoplasty, 402.

Jackson, ether anesthesia, 63.

Jakimowitsch, history of plastic surgery, 7.
Jäsche, cheiloplasty, 174.
Jennesco, stovain anesthesia, 75.
Joberi, history of reparative surgery, 5.
Juillard, mask, 66.
Jukuff, disposition of injected paraffin, 235.
safety of vaselin injection, 218.

Kalle, iodol, 41.

Karg, cause of skin pigmentation, 100.
Kapsammer, paraffin injection, pulmonary embolism after, 224.
subcutaneous prothesis, 209.
Karewski, hot-water jacket for syringe, 233.
 subcutaneous prothesis, 210.
Keegan, rhinoplasty, 356, 380.
Kersten-Mathieu, needle forceps, 77.
Koch, antiseptics, 35, 38.
Kocher, catgut sterilization, 31.
Kofman, death following paraffin injection, 224, 260.
Kolle, blepharoplasty, 113.
care of hands, 18.
cheiloplasty, 185, 187, 188.
classification of facial deformities, 276.
classification of nasal deformities, 212.
danger of injecting liquid paraffin, 241.
drop syringe, 265, 266.
electric tattooing needle, 487.
electrothermic paraffin heater, 244.
hyperplasia and fibromatosis after paraffin injection, 256.
malposition of ears, correction of, 139.
nasal chisel and mallet, 453.
otoplasty, 124, 135, 137.
paraffin mixture for injection, 243.
rhinoplasty, 437, 440, 452, 454, 456, 458, 465.
stomatoplasty, 195.
Kolle-Pravaz, syringe, 72.
Koller, cocain, 70.
König, cheiloplasty, 156.
rhinoplasty, 390, 439.
Koomas, history of rhinoplasty, 4, 352.
Kossman, preparation of catgut, 32.
Kraske, antisepsis, 35.
meloplasty, 201.
Krause, history of skin grafting, 6.
Krause, F., rhinoplasty, 398.
skin-grafting method, 91.
Kronig, preparation of catgut, 32.
Krymoff, cocain solution, sterilized, 70.
Kuhnt, otoplasty, 123.
Kümmel, care of instruments, 15.
Küster, iodoform collodium, 45.
rhinoplasty, 423.
Küster-Israel, rhinoplasty, 384.

Labat, rhinoplasty, 255, 363.

Laborderie, skin grafting, 99.
von Lair, history of plastic surgery, 7.
Lake, paraffin injection, 210.
Landreau, rhinoplasty, 360.
von Langenbeck, blepharoplasty, 108.
cheiloplasty, 179.
history of plastic surgery, 5.
rhinoplasty, 359, 362, 388, 419, 430, 433.
von Langenbeck-Wolff-Sedillot, cheiloplasty, 153.
Langenbuch, antiseptics, 39.
Langer, polyotia, 138.
Larger, cheiloplasty, 182.
Larrey, history of rhinoplasty, 5.
Leiser, collapse after paraffin injection, 224.
Lentenner, flap method, 86.
Lilienthal, Z. O., aseptic plaster, 47.
Linhart, rhinoplasty, 363, 466.
Lisfranc, history of rhinoplasty, 5.
rhinoplasty, 253.
Littlewood, fixation of elbows in cheiloplasty, 153.
Lister, J., antiseptics, 34, 35.
catgut preparation, 31.
history of antisepsis, 5.
protective silk plaster, 47.
Love, antiseptics, 39.
Lusk, Z., skin-grafting method, 96.
Lynch, subcutaneous prothesis, 210.
Lynn, history of rhinoplasty, 4.

Maas, antiseptics, 35, 40.

cheiloplasty, 156, 159.
MacEwen, history of reparative surgery, 7.
osteoplasty, 101.
Maisonneuve, rhinoplasty, 368.
Malgaigne, cheiloplasty, 154.
history of plastic surgery, 2.
Malpighian, skin layer of, 89.
von Mangold, cartilaginous support in rhinoplasty, 405.
Martin, nasal prothesis, 348, 388.
Mathieu, nasal prothesis, 248.
Mayo, saline injection in protheses, 275.
Mendel, injection of fibrolysin, 197, 488.
Merling, beta eucain, 74.
Meyer, Willy, sterilizer, 24.
vaselin injection in animals, 217.
Michel, time required to replace injected mass, 238.
Mikulicz, use of iodoform, 42.
Mintz, blindness following paraffin injection, 226.
Mirault-Bruns, cheiloplasty, 155.
Mongitore, history of rhinoplasty, 3.
le Monier, history of reparative surgery, 5.
Monk, correction of malposed ears, 139.
rhinoplasty, 450.
Morgan, antiseptics, 40.
cheiloplasty, 180.
Morris, prothesis for cheek, 207.
Morton, ether anesthesia, 63.
time required to replace injected paraffin, 238.
Mosetig-Moorhof, history of plastic surgery, 8.
Moszkowicz, injection of vaselin harmless, 210.
pulmonary embolism after paraffin injection, 224.
thermoform sleeve for syringe, 233.
Mule, history of plastic surgery, 8.
Mutter, history of plastic surgery, 5.
rhinoplasty, 429, 433.

Nélaton, cheiloplasty, 152.

rhinoplasty, 364, 400, 406, 433.
Nélaton, Ch., rhinoplasty, 420, 425.
Neumann, rhinoplasty, 413.
Nicoladoni, history of plastic surgery, 7.
Nieman, cocain, 70.
Noyes, clamp in otoplasty, 127.
von Nussbaum, hair transplanting, 102.
history of plastic surgery, 7.

Oberst, meloplasty, 198.

Ollier, ether, safety of, 64.
history of plastic surgery, 7.
osteoplasty, 101.
rhinoplasty, 417.

Paget, heating paraffin syringe needle, 232.

melting point of paraffin, 241.
Pancoast, history of reparative surgery, 5.
Paquel, antiseptics, 40.
Pare, Ambroise, history of reparative surgery, 4.
Parker, paraffin injection, 210.
Parkhill, otoplasty in macrotia, 135.
Pavoni, B., history of rhinoplasty, 3.
Petrali, rhinoplasty, 359.
Pfannenstiel, embolism from paraffin injection, 209.
pulmonary embolism from paraffin injection, 224.
Pflugh, hot-water jacket for syringe, 233.
von Pfohlspundt, history of rhinoplasty, 3.
Phillippeaux, history of plastic surgery, 6.
Plessing, blepharoplasty, 106.
Poncet, history of plastic surgery, 7.
osteoplasty, 101.
Porter, Poplar sawdust dressing, 48.
Pozzi, rhinoplasty, 456.
Pozzi-Haagedorn, needle holder, 78.
Pravaz, syringe, 72.
Preidesberger, rhinoplasty, 398.

Quinlan, injection of paraffin, 210.

paraffin heater, 232.

Rancke, antiseptics, 40.

Redard, care of instruments, 15.
Regnier, skin grafting in cheiloplasty, 180.
Reverdin, catgut, preparation of, 32.
history of skin grafting, 6.
skin-grafting method, 89, 107.
Ricard, history of reparative surgery, 5.
Richerand, cheiloplasty, 168.
Richter, nasal prothesis, 348.
Riedinger, history of plastic surgery, 7.
Roe, classification of nasal deformities, 212.
rhinoplasty, 457, 469.
Rose, cheiloplasty, 151.
classification of harelips, 147.
stomatoplasty, 196.
Roser, otoplasty, 120.
Rotter, rhinoplasty, 393.
Roux, history of reparative surgery, 5.

Schaffer, catgut sterilization, 31.

Schede, antiseptics, 38.
Schimmelbusch, dropping bottle, 60.
folding mask, 61.
rhinoplasty, 394.
Schleich, cocain solution, 71, 275.
Schultz, W., antisepsis, 37.
Schwartze, fracture of ear cartilage, 120.
otoplasty for microtia, 134.
Schweininger, hair transplanting, 102.
Sebileau, diffuse fibromatosis after paraffin injection, 256.
Sedillot, cheiloplasty, 164.
rhinoplasty, 383, 432.
Senn, history of rhinoplasty, 7.
osteoplasty, 101.
Serre, history of reparative surgery, 5.
meloplasty, 199.
rhinoplasty, 366, 445.
Simon, cheiloplasty, 160.
Smith, skin-grafting scissors, 89.
Smith, Harmon, drop syringe, 267.
heating needle of syringe, 232.
nontoxic effect of paraffin, 235.
paraffin heater, 246.
paraffin injection, 210.
redness of skin after paraffin injection, 248.
safety of vaselin injection, 218.
tissue replacement of paraffin, 235.
Sobieranski, vaselin injections in animals, 217.
Socin, tinfoil dressing in skin grafting, 90.
Spicer, diffusion of paraffin, 254.
injection of paraffin, 210.
Sprague, sterilizer, 26.
Staffel, meloplasty, 206.
Stein, safety of vaselin injections, 218.
subcutaneous protheses, 209.
tissue replacement by paraffin, 235.
vein puncture, avoidance of, in paraffin injection, 227.
Steinhausen, rhinoplasty, 412.
Steinthal, rhinoplasty, 377, 406.
Straume, vaselin injection in animals, 217.
Stubenrath, vaselin injections in animals, 217.
Susrata, history of rhinoplasty, 2.
Sylvester, resuscitation method, 63.
Syme, cheiloplasty, 177.
rhinoplasty, 367.
Szymanowski, history of reparative surgery, 5.
restoration of auricle, 129.
rhinoplasty, 363, 366, 375, 386, 447.

Taddie, vaselin injection in animals, 217.

Tagliacozzi, Kaspar, history of rhinoplasty, 3.
harness, 87.
rhinoplasty, 371.
Teale, cheiloplasty, 185.
Terrier, ethyl bromid, 67.
Thiersch, history of skin grafting, 6.
gauze compress dressings, 90.
skin-grafting razor, 93.
skin grafting in cheiloplasty, 180.
rhinoplasty, 381.
Thompson, rhinoplasty, 435.
Thorndike, mandibular cleft, inferior, 157.
Trendelenburg, cheiloplasty, 174.
median cleft with rhinophyma, 147.