PROJECT REPORT

COURSE CODE: CE-161

COURSE: ENGINEERING SURVEYING

FACULTY: MR. UMAR ZAHID SB

Group information: -
SRNO NAME: - REGISRATION NUMBERS:
: -
1 NUMAN KHAN UW-23-CE-BSC-005
2 MUBASHIR HABIB UW-23-CE-BSC-037
3 MUHAMMAD HANAN UW-23-CE-BSC-024
4 AWAIS SHAHID UW-23-CE-BSC-011

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE)
PROBLEM STATEMENT
NTRODUCTION:
Levelling is a part of reviewing, the object of which is to lay out
or confirm or quantify the level of determined guides relative
toward a datum. It is generally utilized in geodesy and map
making to gauge vertical situation concerning an upward
datum, and in development to quantify level contrasts of
development relics.

It is the most generally utilized strategy for evening out. In this

technique, estimations are noticed straightforwardly from
evening out instrument. In view of the perception focuses and
instrument positions direct evening out is separated into
various sorts as follows simple leveling, differential leveling, fly
leveling, profile leveling, precise leveling and reciprocal leveling.

Following that, levelling overviews are utilized to design

expressways, rail lines, trenches, sewers, and water supply
frameworks, as well as decide the volume of earthworks,
orchestrate development projects as indicated by expected
heights, and break down waste qualities. Beside that, the most
critical thing for staff to comprehend is the hypothesis as well as
the common sense. This is on the grounds that evening out
exactness is basic in site arrangement, establishment, and
consequently quality affirmation.
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this job is to know about the levelling in
surveying and the equipment used to perform levelling.
Different terms used in levelling will be discussed. Different
types, parts and functions of levels will be studied as well.
DEFINITIONS:
1. Levelling
The art of determining the relative heights of different points on
or below the surface of the earth is known as levelling. Thus,
levelling deals with measurements in the vertical plane.
2. Level Surface
Any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth
is said to be a level surface. Such a surface is obviously curved.
The water surface of a still lake is also considered a level
surface.
3. Level Line
Any line lying on a level surface is called a level line. This line is
normal to the plumb line (direction of gravity) at all points.
4. Horizontal Plane
Any plane tangential to the level surface at any point is known
as the horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to the plumb line
which indicates the direction of gravity.
5. Horizontal Line
Any line lying on the horizontal plane is said to be a horizontal
line. It is a straight line tangential to the level line.
6. Vertical Line
The direction indicated by a plumb line (the direction of gravity)
is known as the vertical line. This line is perpendicular to the
horizontal line.
7. Vertical Plane
Any plane passing through the vertical line is known as
the vertical plane.
Definition
Datum -This is an arbitrary level surface to which the heights of
all points are referred. This may be the National Datum
(Australian Height Datum) or local datum point established on a
construction site.
Mean sea level (MSL) - The average (mean) height of the sea
between High and Low tides
Reduced Level (RL) - A distance recorded as a Height Above or
below the datum. This height is in metres
Benchmark - A benchmark in everyday language is a point of
reference for a measurement. In surveying a benchmark is
specifically any permanent marker placed by a surveyor with a
precisely known vertical elevation (but not necessarily a
precisely known horizontal location). Designed to be used for
many projects.
A Temporary benchmark (TBM)- Benchmark usually placed for
a particular project. Not designed to be a reference for other
projects or for long term use.

Back-sight-A sight taken to a benchmark or temporary

benchmark. (first sight taken afler setting)
Intermediate sight- These are the sights taken at nominated
position, known as stations. The sights are then converted to
reduced levels.
Foresight-This is the last sight taken before the instrument is
moved during a traverse.
Outline of Apparatus
Auto level:
Used by land surveyor to establish points in the same horizontal
plane. It is used in surveying and building with a vertical staff to
measure height differences and so transfer, measure and set
heights.
The automatic level is set above a tripod accurately to a leveled
condition using footscrews.

Fig(1.1)
b) Levelling rod:
A graduated wooden or alluminium rod, used with a levelling
instrument to determine the difference in height between
points above a datum surface

Fig(1.2)
c) Adjustable leg-tripod:
Surveyor's tripod is a device used to support any one of a
number of surveying instruments, such as automatic level.
This tripods are more common in the construction world,
especially outdoors because of generally uneven surfaces.
 Fig(1.3)
(d)Spirit Level:
An instrument designed to indicate whether a surface is
horizontal or vertical. Used in different type of instruments
carry by surveyors.

Fig(1.4)
Rise and Fall method -
PRACTICAL: SERIES LEVELLING
PROCEDURE.
a) Let A and B be the two point and the level is set up between
A and B anywhere in the ground. A is a point of known
elevation, TBM1 = 13.922 m.
b) The telescope is directed towards A and reading vertically
held staff at point A. This is B.S reading = 1.230 m.
c) The telescope is directed on the staff at point B. The F.S
reading is 1.345 m.
d) Then move level at any stable ground between next point B
and C.
e) Repeat the procedure b) and c). Also take reading for B.S and
F.S.
f) Repeat the procedure until the unknown point. Then close
the reading to TBM1.
ANALYSIS DATA.
• Give the formula for calculation of arithmetic checking and
use the collection data calculates arithmetic checking.
• Show step for calculate the correction of reduce level.
ARITHMETIC CHECKING
EBS - EFS = 2R - EF = URL-IRL 18.339 m-16.760 m 1.982m-0.403
m = 15.501 m-13.922 m 1.579 m 1.579 m = 1.579 m
MISCLOSURE
15.501 m-13.922 m + 1.579 m
MISCLOSURE LIMIT
(±5 √n) mm, n = number of positions alat = 5√12 17.321 mm -
17.3211579.000 + 17.321
CORRECTION
-1.579/n-1.579/12-0.1315 m (ADJ) -0.1315x20.2630 m
(ADJ BACAAN KE-2
Discussion:
In this field work, the reduce level of the Bench Mark (BM) 1 is
given which is 100.000m. Therefore, the reading of the
backsight (BS) and the reading of the foresight (FS) are
measured and recorded through the levelling process. This
process is repeated for 10 times by shifting the auto level from
one point to another point at the sne,
Afler obtaining the field data, we used both methods which are
the height of collimation method and rise and fall method to
calculate the reduce level of each station. For rise and fall
method, the sum of the back-sights minus the sum of the
foresights is equal to the sum of the rises minus the sum of the
falls, and is also equal to the last reduced level minus the first
reduce level. While for the height of collimation method, the
sum of the back- sights minus the sum of the foresights is equal
to the last reduce level minus the first reduce level
However, in this data, the final reduce level is less than the
initial reduce level. Thus, there are some of the errors occurred
during the levelling process. In this case, we can use error
distribution method to adjust the reduce level result.
After we calculated the reading, the enor of disclosure is -
0.0008 and the maximum allowable error of closure is +/-
39.799mm. Thus, our levelling is acceptable.
To distribute the error, the correction is calculated according to
the number of the
instrument setups. The correction per setup is +0.0008 and is
shown in the table provided in the adjusted data section.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, we manage to obtain the data needed by using
the leveling equipment provided by our lecturer. We did this
fieldwork twice because the error of misclosure in our first set
of data was too large. Hence, we had decided to redo this
fieldwork. Even though we had to spend more time, but in the
end we managed to obtain a set of data with acceptable range
of error of misclosure.
After identifying the errors are in an acceptable range, we did
adjustments to the data obtained by distributing the errors. We
used both rise and fall method and height of collimation
method to calculate the reduced level of each staff station.
Then, we are able to complete our fieldwork report with this
complete set of data.