Unit I History III E-Notes

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E-NOTES
CLASS & SECTION : B.A.LL.B /BBA LL.B IV Semester

SUBJECT NAME : History III
SUBJECT CODE : BA.LLB 208
UNIT- 1
Europe from 1740-1815

Industrial Revolution in England
The Industrial Revolution in England was a period of significant economic, technological, and
social change that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century. Here are
some key points about the Industrial Revolution in England:
Time Period:
The Industrial Revolution in England is generally considered to have started in the late 18th
century, around the mid-1700s, and continued into the mid-19th century.
Agricultural Revolution:
Before the Industrial Revolution, there was an Agricultural Revolution that increased food
production and led to a population boom. Advances in agricultural techniques and machinery
allowed for increased efficiency in farming.
Textile Industry:
The textile industry played a crucial role in the early stages of industrialization. Inventions
such as the spinning jenny, water frame, and power loom revolutionized textile
manufacturing. Factories replaced home-based production, leading to increased output and
efficiency.
Steam Engine:
The development of the steam engine, particularly James Watt's improvements, was a pivotal
technological advancement.Steam engines were used in factories, mines, and transportation,
transforming the way work was done and accelerating industrial processes.
Coal and Iron:
The availability of abundant coal and iron ore in England played a crucial role in the
Industrial Revolution.Coal powered steam engines, providing energy for machinery, while
iron was used in construction and manufacturing.
Transportation Revolution:
The construction of canals and later the development of the railway system improved
transportation of goods and raw materials, facilitating trade and economic growth.
Factory System:
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The factory system emerged, replacing traditional cottage industries. Large-scale factories
centralized production, leading to increased productivity. The division of labor became more
specialized, with workers focusing on specific tasks.
Urbanization:
Industrialization led to rapid urbanization, as people moved from rural areas to cities in search
of work in factories. Cities expanded quickly, leading to challenges such as poor living
conditions, overcrowding, and inadequate sanitation.
Economic Changes:
The Industrial Revolution brought about a shift from agrarian economies to industrial and
manufacturing-based economies.Capitalism and the market economy became dominant, with
a focus on profit and competition.
Social Impact:
The working conditions in early factories were often harsh, with long hours, low wages, and
little concern for worker welfare. Labor movements and the push for workers' rights gained
momentum as a response to these conditions.
Technological Innovations:
Besides the steam engine, numerous technological innovations occurred during this period,
including improvements in machinery, the development of the telegraph, and advancements in
metallurgy.
Impact on Global Trade:
England's industrialization had a profound impact on global trade, as the nation became a
major exporter of manufactured goods.
These points provide a broad overview of the key aspects of the Industrial Revolution in
England, marking a transformative period in history that shaped the modern industrialized
world.
The French Revolution: Reasons, Girondins and Jacobins, The Directory
The French Revolution: Reasons

The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical political and social
change in France. Several factors contributed to the outbreak of the revolution. Here are key
reasons, outlined point-wise:
Economic Inequality:
The French society was characterized by extreme economic inequality. The nobility and
clergy enjoyed privileges and exemptions from taxation, while the majority of the population,
particularly the peasantry, faced heavy taxation and economic hardships.
Financial Crisis:
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France faced a severe financial crisis due to extravagant spending, costly wars, and a
regressive tax system. The government was burdened with debt, and attempts to reform
taxation were met with resistance from the privileged classes.
Enlightenment Ideas:
Enlightenment philosophers advocated for principles of equality, liberty, and fraternity. These
ideas influenced the French populace and contributed to a growing desire for political and
social change.
Bourgeoisie Discontent:
The bourgeoisie or the middle class comprised of merchants, professionals, and educated
individuals. They resented the privileges of the nobility and sought greater political influence.
Impact of American Revolution:
The success of the American Revolution against British rule inspired the French to seek
similar liberties and fueled the spirit of revolution.
Weak Leadership:
The monarchy, particularly under Louis XVI, was perceived as weak and indecisive. The
monarchy's inability to address economic issues and implement reforms led to a loss of
confidence among the people.
Social Injustice:
The feudal system, with its rigid social hierarchy and privileges for the nobility, was seen as
unjust. The common people resented their lack of political representation and sought to
dismantle the old order.
Food Shortages:
Widespread crop failures and food shortages, coupled with high bread prices, led to increased
social unrest. The working class and urban poor struggled to afford basic necessities.
Estates-General and National Assembly:
The convening of the Estates-General in 1789 became a catalyst. The Third Estate (common
people) broke away and formed the National Assembly, signaling a challenge to the absolute
power of the monarchy.
Storming of the Bastille:
The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, symbolized the people's rejection of royal
authority. It marked the beginning of widespread popular revolt and is celebrated as Bastille
Day, a national holiday in France.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen:
The National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,
asserting fundamental rights and principles that reflected Enlightenment ideals.
Radicalization and Reign of Terror:
The revolution became increasingly radical, leading to the execution of King Louis XVI, the
rise of radical political factions, and the Reign of Terror, characterized by mass executions
and political violence.
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These factors collectively contributed to the eruption of the French Revolution, a complex and
transformative period in French and world history.
The French Revolution: Girondins and Jacobins
During the French Revolution, the political landscape was marked by the presence of various
factions, two of the prominent ones being the Girondins and the Jacobins. Here's a point-wise
breakdown of the Girondins and Jacobins:
Girondins:
Political Beliefs:
The Girondins were moderate republicans who initially favored a constitutional monarchy and
opposed the radical measures proposed by the more radical factions.
Geographical Support:
The Girondins were mainly supported by regions outside of Paris, particularly in the
provinces. They represented the interests of the bourgeoisie in the provinces.
Foreign Policy:
Initially, the Girondins advocated for a more moderate approach in foreign policy, opposing
war with other European monarchies. They preferred diplomatic solutions to conflicts.
Role in the Legislative Assembly:
The Girondins had a significant presence in the Legislative Assembly, one of the
revolutionary governing bodies established after the National Assembly.
Conflict with Jacobins:
The Girondins clashed with the more radical Jacobins over issues such as the fate of the
monarchy, the declaration of war on European powers, and the level of radicalism in the
revolution.
Downfall:
The Girondins lost power and influence as the revolution radicalized. They were eventually
overthrown by the more radical factions, including the Montagnards (a group within the
Jacobins).
Jacobins:
Political Beliefs:
The Jacobins were more radical republicans who eventually advocated for the establishment
of a republic and the abolition of the monarchy.
Geographical Support:
The Jacobins had strong support in Paris and were associated with radical elements of the
urban working class. They were influential in the political clubs, especially the Jacobin Club.
Foreign Policy:
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Jacobins were more inclined toward a revolutionary and expansionist foreign policy. They
supported the idea of spreading revolutionary ideals to other countries and were more willing
to engage in war to defend the revolution.
Role in the National Convention:
The Jacobins became a dominant force in the National Convention, which replaced the
Legislative Assembly. They played a key role in shaping the course of the revolution.
Leadership:
Prominent leaders of the Jacobins included Maximilien Robespierre, Georges Danton, and
Jean-Paul Marat. Robespierre, in particular, became a leading figure during the radical phase
of the revolution.
Role in the Reign of Terror:
The Jacobins were associated with the radical measures of the Reign of Terror, a period
marked by mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution.
End of the Jacobin Rule:
The Jacobins eventually fell from power as internal conflicts and paranoia set in. Maximilien
Robespierre and many other Jacobin leaders were arrested and executed during the
Thermidorian Reaction, marking the end of the radical phase of the revolution.
These factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, represented different ideological and political
positions during the French Revolution and played pivotal roles in shaping the course of the
revolution.
The French Revolution: The Directory

The Directory was a period in French history that followed the radical phase of the French
Revolution. It lasted from 1795 to 1799 and was marked by a more conservative and moderate
approach to governance. Here's a point-wise overview of the Directory:
Formation:
The Directory was established in 1795 following the Thermidorian Reaction, which led to the
fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the end of the radical Jacobin rule.
Government Structure:
The Directory was a five-member executive committee, known as the Directory, which held
executive power. It was supported by two legislative bodies: the Council of Ancients and the
Council of Five Hundred.
Moderation and Reaction:
The Directory aimed to restore political stability and moderation after the radical excesses of
the Reign of Terror. It represented a reaction against the extremism of the Jacobin rule.
Economic Reforms:
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The Directory pursued economic reforms to stabilize the economy, which had been severely
impacted by the revolutionary turmoil. Efforts were made to restore order to finances and
commerce.
Foreign Policy:
The Directory faced external threats from monarchies in Europe, leading to military conflicts.
The French army, under generals like Napoleon Bonaparte, achieved both defensive and
expansionist victories during this period.
Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte:
General Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as a prominent figure during the Directory. His military
successes, particularly in Italy and Egypt, increased his popularity and influence.
Political Instability:
Despite attempts at moderation, the Directory was marked by political instability and
corruption. There were frequent changes in government, and the regime faced challenges from
both royalists and radicals.
Coup of 18 Fructidor (1797):
To prevent a royalist resurgence, the Directory executed a coup in 1797, known as the Coup
of 18 Fructidor. It resulted in the expulsion of royalist deputies from the Councils and the
consolidation of power by the Directory.
Coup of 18 Brumaire (1799):
The Directory's internal conflicts and external threats led to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte,
who orchestrated the Coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799. This event marked the end of the
Directory and the establishment of the Consulate, with Napoleon as First Consul.
Legacy:
The Directory is often seen as a transitional and turbulent phase in French history, sandwiched
between the radical phase of the Revolution and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte's
authoritarian rule.
Constitutional Changes:
The Constitution of 1795 was established during the Directory, providing for a bicameral
legislature and executive power vested in the five Directors.
The Directory, while attempting to bring about a more stable and moderate government,
ultimately proved to be an ineffective and tumultuous period that paved the way for the rise of
Napoleon Bonaparte and the end of the French Revolution.
Napoleonic Era and Europe
The Napoleonic Era, spanning from Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power in 1799 to his defeat
at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, had a profound impact on Europe. Here are key points about
the Napoleonic Era and its influence on the continent:
Napoleon's Rise to Power:
After the Coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799, Napoleon became the First Consul of France,
consolidating power and eventually declaring himself Emperor in 1804.
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Military Campaigns:
Napoleon's military campaigns were extensive, including victories in Italy, Austria, and
Prussia. He established a vast French Empire, reaching its height in 1810.
Napoleonic Code:
Napoleon implemented legal reforms, including the Napoleonic Code (Code Napoléon), a
comprehensive legal system that influenced civil law codes in many countries.
Expansion of French Influence:
Through military conquest and alliances, Napoleon expanded French influence across Europe,
establishing satellite states and weakening traditional powers.
Continental System:
Napoleon imposed the Continental System, an economic blockade against Britain, aiming to
isolate and weaken the British economically. However, it led to economic hardships for other
European nations.
Peninsular War:
The Peninsular War (1808-1814) in the Iberian Peninsula, particularly Spain and Portugal,
proved challenging for Napoleon. Guerrilla warfare and local resistance weakened French
control.
Invasion of Russia (1812):
The invasion of Russia ended disastrously for Napoleon. The Russian winter and scorched-
earth tactics led to the virtual destruction of the Grande Armée, marking a turning point in his
fortunes.
Downfall and Exile:
Napoleon's defeat in the Battle of Leipzig (1813) and the subsequent campaigns led to his
abdication and exile to the island of Elba in 1814.
Hundred Days:
Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815 and returned to France, leading a brief period known as
the Hundred Days. This culminated in the Battle of Waterloo, where he was decisively
defeated by British and Prussian forces.
Exile to Saint Helena:
After his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena in the
South Atlantic, where he died in 1821.
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815):
The Congress of Vienna was convened to restore stability and redraw the map of Europe after
Napoleon's defeat. It aimed to establish a balance of power and prevent future conflicts.
Restoration of Monarchies:
The Congress of Vienna led to the restoration of monarchies in several European states,
attempting to roll back the revolutionary and Napoleonic changes.
Legacy of Napoleonic Wars:
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The Napoleonic Wars profoundly reshaped Europe. Nationalism was fueled, and the spread of
the Napoleonic Code and ideas of the French Revolution influenced legal and political
systems.
Impact on Art and Culture:
Napoleon's rule had a lasting impact on art, architecture, and culture, influencing the
Romantic movement and leaving a legacy in monumental structures like the Arc de Triomphe.
Revolutionary Ideas Spread:
Despite his eventual defeat, the spread of Napoleonic ideas, such as nationalism and the
principles of the French Revolution, continued to shape European political developments in
the 19th century.
The Napoleonic Era left an indelible mark on Europe, shaping political, legal, and cultural
landscapes and influencing the course of history in the 19th century.
The Treaty of Paris, 1814, The Vienna Settlement, 9 June1815

The Treaty of Paris, 1814
The Treaty of Paris of 1814 marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the first abdication of
Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor of the French. The treaty was signed on May 30, 1814, and
involved representatives of the major European powers. Here are key points about the Treaty
of Paris in 1814:
Negotiating Parties:
The main negotiating parties were representatives of France, Great Britain, Austria, Russia,
and Prussia.
Objective:
The primary objective of the treaty was to establish the terms for peace and to reshape the
map of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon.
Territorial Changes:
The treaty redrew the boundaries of several European states. France retained its 1792 borders,
which meant the restoration of territories annexed by Napoleon during his conquests.
Restoration of Monarchies:
The Treaty of Paris aimed at restoring the pre-Napoleonic order and the legitimacy of
monarchies. The Bourbon monarchy was restored in France with Louis XVIII as king.
Status of Napoleon:
Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, a relatively lenient exile that allowed him to retain
the title of emperor with sovereignty over the small island.
Compensations and Adjustments:
The treaty involved compensations and adjustments for various states. For example, the
Netherlands was created as a buffer state, Belgium and Luxembourg were added to the
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Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Austrian Netherlands (modern Belgium) was transferred
to Austria.
Colonial Restorations:
In the colonial context, France was allowed to retain its colonies, except for some significant
exceptions. In the Caribbean, Guadeloupe and Martinique were returned to France, but Britain
retained Trinidad and Tobago.
Return of Prisoners of War:
The treaty included provisions for the return of prisoners of war held by the various
belligerents.
Congress of Vienna:
The Treaty of Paris in 1814 set the stage for the more comprehensive Congress of Vienna,
which convened later in 1814 and continued into 1815. The Congress aimed to create a stable
and lasting European order after the Napoleonic Wars.
Conservative Principles:
The Treaty of Paris reflected the conservative principles of the post-Napoleonic period,
emphasizing the restoration of legitimate rulers and the status quo before the French
Revolution.
Duration of Peace:
The peace established by the Treaty of Paris in 1814 was relatively short-lived. Napoleon's
escape from exile on Elba and the subsequent Hundred Days led to the resumption of
hostilities until the final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
The Treaty of Paris in 1814, while attempting to restore stability to Europe, was a prelude to
the more comprehensive diplomatic efforts undertaken at the Congress of Vienna to reshape
the continent in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars.
The Vienna Settlement, 9 June1815
There appears to be a slight confusion in your question. The Vienna Settlement, also known as
the Congress of Vienna, took place from September 1814 to June 1815. It aimed to reorganize
Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and establish a balance of power among the major
European powers. The final act of the Congress of Vienna was signed on June 9, 1815. Here
are key points related to the Vienna Settlement:
Congress of Vienna:
The Congress of Vienna was a diplomatic conference held in Vienna from September 1814 to
June 1815, involving representatives of major European powers.
Objective:
The primary goal of the Congress was to restore stability to Europe after the disruption caused
by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
Participants:
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Representatives from Austria, Russia, Prussia, Great Britain, and other European states
attended the Congress. Key diplomats included Klemens von Metternich of Austria, Tsar
Alexander I of Russia, and Viscount Castlereagh of Britain.
Territorial Adjustments:
The Congress made significant territorial adjustments to redraw the map of Europe. The
principle of legitimacy was emphasized, restoring the pre-Napoleonic rulers to their thrones.
Balance of Power:
The Congress aimed to establish a balance of power to prevent the dominance of any single
state and to maintain peace and stability.
Buffer States:
To create a buffer against French aggression, the Kingdom of the Netherlands was
established, incorporating Belgium and Luxembourg.
Compensations:
Compensations were provided to various nations to account for territorial losses. Prussia
gained territory in the Rhineland, while Austria received control over Lombardy and Venetia.
Switzerland’s Neutrality:
Switzerland's neutrality and independence were recognized, and its borders were adjusted to
reflect its status as a neutral buffer state.
Creation of the German Confederation:
The German Confederation was established to replace the dissolved Holy Roman Empire. It
was a loose association of German states under Austrian leadership.
Declaration on the Slave Trade:
The Congress issued a declaration condemning the slave trade, marking an early international
effort against the transatlantic slave trade.
Final Act of the Congress:
The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna was signed on June 9, 1815. It formalized the
agreements reached during the Congress and solidified the new European order.
Impact on Europe:
The Vienna Settlement successfully restored order to Europe and maintained peace for several
decades. It set a precedent for multilateral diplomacy and negotiations to address international
issues.
It's worth noting that while the Vienna Settlement achieved its immediate goals, the peace it
established was not permanent. The Napoleonic era ended definitively with the defeat of
Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, a few days after the signing of the Final
Act of the Congress of Vienna.
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Unit I History III E-Notes

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Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies

CLASS & SECTION : B.A.LL.B /BBA LL.B IV Semester

Europe from 1740-1815

The French Revolution: Reasons, Girondins and Jacobins, The Directory

The French Revolution: Reasons

The French Revolution: The Directory

The Treaty of Paris, 1814, The Vienna Settlement, 9 June1815

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