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9M5 Perimeter and Area Advanced
9M5 Perimeter and Area Advanced
ADMATHS
SECTION: GEOMETRY
PERIMETER FORMULAE
1. SQUARE:
𝑎
= 4𝑎
2. RECTANGLE
ℓ
3. TRIANGLE:
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
𝑐
𝑎
b
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Perimeter of triangle = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
4. CIRCLE:
Circumference of circle = 𝜋 × 𝑑
= 𝜋𝑑
𝑟 𝑟
𝑑
OR
Circumference of circle = 𝜋 × 2𝑟
= 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑 = diameter
𝑟 = radius
AREA FORMULAE
1. SQUARE:
𝑎
2. RECTANGLE
ℓ ℓ = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑤 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑤
Area of rectangle = ℓ × 𝑤
3. TRIANGLE
ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1
Area of 𝛥 = ×𝑏×ℎ ℎ = perpendicular height
2
𝑏×ℎ
= 𝑏 = base
2
4. CIRCLE
𝑟 𝑟 = radius
Area of circle = 𝜋𝑟 2
Example 1
8 𝑐𝑚
𝐵 𝐶
Solution
Suppose 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚
∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 82 (Pythagoras)
2𝑥 2 = 64
𝑥 2 = 32
𝑥 = √32 𝑐𝑚
Example 2
15 𝑐𝑚
ℎ
13 𝑐𝑚
𝑃 5 𝑐𝑚 𝐵 𝐶
Solution
ℎ2 = 132 − 52 (Pythagoras)
First determine the
perpendicular height of the
= 169 − 25 triangle by using Pythagoras.
= 144
∴ ℎ = 12 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝐶 2 = 152 − 122
= 225 − 144
= 81
∴ 𝑃𝐶 = 9 𝑐𝑚
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 4 𝑐𝑚
𝑏 × ℎ 4 × 12
∴ Area 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 = = = 24 𝑐𝑚2
2 2
𝑏
𝐵
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
where 𝑠 =
2
It is used when the lengths of the 3 sides of a triangle are given, but not the
perpendicular height.
Example 3
5,4 𝑐𝑚 5,4 𝑐𝑚
𝐵 8 𝑐𝑚 𝐶
(a) Calculate the area of 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 to the nearest 𝑐𝑚2
by using Heron’s formula.
Solution
5,4 + 5,4 + 8
(a) 𝑠=
2
18,8
=
2
= 9,4
= √9,4(1,4)(4)(4)
= √210,56
= 14,5106. . . .
≈ 15 𝑐𝑚2
©2022 AdMaths 9M5
9/22
5,4 5,4
4 T 4
𝐵 4 𝑇 4 𝐶
𝐵𝑇 = 𝑇𝐶 = 4𝑐𝑚 (isosceles 𝛥)
𝐴𝑇 2 = 5, 42 − 42 (Pythagoras)
= 13,16
∴ 𝐴𝑇 = √13,16
≈ 3,6𝑐𝑚
𝑏×ℎ NOTE
Area 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
2 If we use 𝑨𝑻 ≈ 𝟑, 𝟔:
8 × 3,6
8 × √13,16 Area ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
= 2
2
= 14,4 𝑐𝑚2
= 14,5106. . .
Slightly inaccurate!
≈ 15 𝑐𝑚2
• Remember, rather use the surd form or the decimal form before
rounding, for better accuracy.
MEDIAN:
• A median of a triangle joins the vertex with the midpoint of the opposite
side (and is not necessarily perpendicular to the opposite side).
•
•
•
Centroid
• The centroid of a triangle divides the median in the ratio 2: 1
Centroid
𝑃 𝐴𝑆: 𝑆𝑃 = 2: 1
⦁
𝑆
𝐴
𝑧 𝑦
𝐵 𝐶
Medians of 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with lengths 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧
4
Area 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = √𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑥)(𝑚 − 𝑦)(𝑚 − 𝑧)
3
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
where 𝑚 =
2
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
𝐵 𝑄 𝐶
Example 4
Given: 𝜟 𝑨𝑩𝑪 with 𝐷, 𝐸 and 𝐹 the midpoints of the sides 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐶
respectively. 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟗 𝒄𝒎; 𝑪𝑬 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒎 and 𝑨𝑭 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒄𝒎
𝐷
𝐸
𝐵 𝐹 𝐶
Solution
9 + 17 + 18
𝑚=
2
44
=
2
= 22
4
∴ Area 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 = √22(22 − 9)(22 − 17)(22 − 18)
3
4
= √22(13)(5)(4)
3
4
= √5720
3
4
= × 75,6306. . . .
3
≈ 100,8 𝑐𝑚2
©2022 AdMaths 9M5
14/22
EXERCISE 1
8,1 𝑐𝑚 11,4 𝑐𝑚
4,5 𝑐𝑚
𝐵𝐹 = 9 𝑐𝑚
𝐷 𝐹
𝐵 𝐶
𝐸
Calculate the area of 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶.
SEMI-CIRCLES
2𝜋𝑟
1. The formula for the arc length of a semi-circle = = 𝜋𝑟
2
𝜋𝑟 2
2. The formula for the area of a semi-circle =
2
Example 5
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
𝐴 𝑀 𝐵 𝑃
Calculate, in terms of 𝜋, the ...
Solution
(a) 𝑟2 = 𝑟3 = 1 𝑐𝑚
⦁ + ⦁ + +
4 2 1 1
= 8𝜋 𝑐𝑚
1
=
− − −
4 2 11
1
1
2 1
4
= 5𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
Example 6
𝑃
8 𝑐𝑚
𝑂
𝐵 6 𝑐𝑚 𝐶
Solution
𝐴𝐶 2 = 82 + 62 (𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠)
= 64 + 36
∴ 𝐴𝑂 = 𝑂𝐶 = 5 𝑐𝑚 𝑑 = 5 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝑂 = 2,5 𝑐𝑚 ∴ 𝑟 = 2,5 𝑐𝑚
2𝜋(2,5) 𝑑 = 2,5 𝑐𝑚
Perimeter of semi-circle on 𝑂𝐶 = = 2,5 𝜋 𝑐𝑚
2
𝑟 = 1,25 𝑐𝑚
2𝜋(1,25)
Perimeter of semi-circles on 𝐴𝑃 and 𝑃𝑂 = [ ] × 2 = 2,5 𝜋 𝑐𝑚
2
∴ Total perimeter = 8 + 6 + 2,5 𝜋 + 2,5 𝜋
= 14 + 5𝜋 = 29,71 𝑐𝑚
EXERCISE 2
7 𝑐𝑚
11 𝑐𝑚
4 𝑐𝑚
2. ̂ = 90∘ .
Given: 𝛥𝑇𝑀𝑁 with 𝑀
𝑀𝑇 = 10 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑇𝑁 = 26 𝑐𝑚. 𝑀𝑂 = 3 𝑂𝑁.
The semi-circles with diameters 𝑀𝑂 and 𝑂𝑁 are drawn.
𝑇 10 𝑐𝑚 𝑀
26 𝑐𝑚
𝑂
𝑁
Determine the perimeter of the figure formed by the solid lines.
(Write the answer in terms of 𝜋.)
HOMEWORK
𝐻 𝐽
12 𝑐𝑚
𝑀 𝐾
29 𝑐𝑚
20 𝑐𝑚
𝑄 𝑥 𝑅 4 𝑐𝑚 𝑇
Determine the....
3.1 value of 𝑥
3.2 area of 𝛥 𝑃𝑄𝑅
4. In the diagram the line 𝐴𝐶 divides the area of rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐸 in the
ratio 3: 5.
𝐴 𝐵
𝐹 𝐶
𝐸 𝐷
𝑃 𝐴 𝑆
𝑄 𝑇 𝑅
• • •
10 𝑐𝑚
7.2
Centre of circle.
14 𝑐𝑚