Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Download PDF) Automotive Technology A Systems Approach 7Th Edition Jack Erjavec Full Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) Automotive Technology A Systems Approach 7Th Edition Jack Erjavec Full Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) Automotive Technology A Systems Approach 7Th Edition Jack Erjavec Full Chapter PDF
https://ebookmass.com/product/todays-technician-classroom-manual-
for-automotive-brake-systems-seventh-edition-ken-pickerill/
https://ebookmass.com/product/microbiology-a-systems-
approach-7th-edition-marjorie-cowan-heidi-smith/
https://ebookmass.com/product/comparative-criminal-justice-
systems-a-topical-approach-7th-edition-ebook-pdf/
https://ebookmass.com/product/successful-project-management-7th-
edition-jack-gido/
Focus on Personal Finance, 7th Edition : An Active
Approach to Help You Develop Successful Financial
Skills Jack R. Kapoor
https://ebookmass.com/product/focus-on-personal-finance-7th-
edition-an-active-approach-to-help-you-develop-successful-
financial-skills-jack-r-kapoor/
https://ebookmass.com/product/understanding-health-policy-a-
clinical-approach-7th-edition-thomas-bodenheimer/
https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-pdf-for-microbiology-a-
systems-approach-4th-edition/
https://ebookmass.com/product/process-technology-systems-1st-
edition-ebook-pdf/
https://ebookmass.com/product/managing-and-using-information-
systems-a-strategic-approach/
AUTOMOTIVE
TECHNOLOGY
A Systems Approach
7th Edition
Jack Erjavec
Rob Thompson
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 3
Careers in the Automotive Basic Theories and Math 40
Industry 1 Objectives 40 | Matter 40 | Energy 43 | Volume 46 |
Objectives 1 | The Automotive Industry 1 | Job Force 48 | Time 50 | Motion 50 | Work 53 | Waves
Classifications 10 | Related Career Opportunities 13 | and Oscillations 57 | Light 61 | Liquids 62 | Gases 64 |
Training for a Career In Automotive Service 15 | ASE Heat 66 | Chemical Properties 68 | Electricity and
Certification 16 | ASE Tests 17 | ASE Education Electromagnetism 71 | Key Terms 74 | Summary 74 |
Foundation Program Accreditation 18 | Key Terms 18 | Review Questions 76
Summary 18 | Review Questions 19
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 2 Automotive Systems 78
Workplace Skills 21 Objectives 78 | Historical Background 78 | Design
Objectives 21 | Seeking and Applying for Evolution 80 | Body Shapes 81 | The Basic Engine 83 |
Employment 21 | Accepting Employment 28 | Engine Systems 85 | Electrical and Electronic
Working as a Technician 31 | Communications 32 | Systems 89 | Heating and Air-Conditioning
Solving Problems and Critical Thinking 34 | Systems 91 | Drivetrain 93 | Running Gear 96 |
Professionalism 36 | Interpersonal Relationships 37 | Hybrid Vehicles 98 | Alternative Fuels 99 | Key
Key Terms 38 | Summary 38 | Review Questions 38 Terms 99 | Summary 100 | Review Questions 101
iii
iv CONTENTS
Section 2 ENGINES235
CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 11
Automotive Engine Lower End Theory
Designs and Diagnosis 235 and Service 297
Objectives 235 | Introduction to Engines 235 | Engine Objectives 297 | Short Block Disassembly 298 | Cylinder
Classifications 237 | Engine Measurement and Block 302 | Cylinder Block Reconditioning 303 |
Performance 244 | Diesel Engines 248 | Other Crankshaft 307 | Crankshaft Inspection and
Automotive Power Plants 254 | Engine Rebuilding 309 | Installing Main Bearings and
Identification 256 | Engine Diagnostics 257 | Evaluating Crankshaft 312 | Piston and Piston Rings 316 | Installing
the Engine’s Condition 267 | Noise Diagnosis 269 | Pistons and Connecting Rods 321 | Installation of
Key Terms 272 | Summary 272 | Review Camshaft and Related Parts 324 | Crankshaft and
Questions 273 | ASE-Style Review Questions 274 Camshaft Timing 324 | Oil Pump Service 327 | Installing
the Oil Pump 328 | Key Terms 330 | Summary 330 |
CHAPTER 10 Review Questions 330 | ASE-Style Review
Engine Disassembly Questions 331
and Cleaning 275
Objectives 275 | Removing an Engine 275 | Engine CHAPTER 12
Disassembly and Inspection 282 | Cleaning Engine Upper End Theory
Parts 284 | Crack Detection 288 | In-Vehicle Engine and Service 333
Service 289 | Cylinder Head 291 | Key Terms 294 |
Objectives 333 | Camshafts 333 | Cylinder Head 338
Summary 294 | Review Questions 294 |
| Intake and Exhaust Valves 340 | Variable Valve
ASE-Style Review Questions 295
Timing Systems 345 | Cylinder Head
Disassembly 353 | Inspection of the Valve Train 357 |
Inspection of Camshaft and Related Parts 360 |
CONTENTS v
Servicing Cylinder Heads 361 | Valve Stem Seals 363 Key Terms 398 | Summary 399 | Review
| Assembling the Cylinder Head 364 | Key Terms 366 | Questions 399 | ASE-Style Review Questions 400
Summary 366 | Review Questions 367 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 367 CHAPTER 14
Lubricating and
CHAPTER 13 Cooling Systems 402
Engine Sealing Objectives 402 | Lubrication System 402 | Flushing
and Reassembly 369 the System 410 | Cooling Systems 410 | Cooling
Objectives 369 | Torque Principles 369 | Gaskets 372 System Diagnosis 419 | Inspection of Cooling
| Specific Engine Gaskets 375 | Adhesives, Sealants, System 421 | Testing for Leaks 425 | Cooling System
and Other Sealing Materials 378 | Oil Seals 382 | Service 429 | Key Terms 438 | Summary 439 | Review
Engine Reassembly 383 | Installing the Engine 394 | Questions 439 | ASE-Style Review Questions 440
Secti on 3 ELECTRICITY442
CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 18
Basics of Electrical Starting and Motor
Systems442 Systems549
Objectives 442 | Basics of Electricity 443 | Electrical Objectives 549 | Basics of Electromagnetism 550 |
Terms 445 | Ohm’s Law 449 | Circuits 453 | Circuit Starting Motors 553 | Starting System 556 | Starter
Components 456 | Key Terms 468 | Summary 468 | Motor Circuit 557 | Control Circuit 562 | Starting
Review Questions 468 | ASE-Style Review System Testing 563 | Key Terms 573 | Summary 573
Questions 469 | Review Questions 574 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 575
CHAPTER 16
General Electrical System CHAPTER 19
Diagnostics and Service 471 Charging Systems 577
Objectives 471 | Electrical Problems 471 | Electrical Objectives 577 | Alternating Current Charging
Wiring Diagrams 475 | Electrical Testing Tools 477 | Systems 578 | AC Generator Operation 583 | Voltage
Using Multimeters 483 | Using Lab Scopes 493 | Regulation 584 | Current Trends 588 | Preliminary
Testing Basic Electrical Components 497 | Checks 591 | General Testing Procedures 595 | AC
Troubleshooting Circuits 501 | Testing for Common Generator Service 600 | Key Terms 601 |
Problems 505 | Connector and Wire Repairs 510 | Summary 601 | Review Questions 601 | ASE-Style
Key Terms 517 | Summary 517 | Review Review Questions 602
Questions 517 | ASE-Style Review Questions 518
CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER 17 Lighting Systems 604
Batteries: Theory, Objectives 604 | Automotive Lamps 604 |
Diagnosis, and Service 520 Headlights 607 | Headlight Switches 613 | Automatic
Objectives 520 | Basic Battery Theory 520 | Battery Light Systems 615 | Headlight Service 618 |
Hardware 523 | Battery Ratings 524 | Common Types Headlight Replacement 621 | Basic Lighting System
of Batteries 525 | Lead-Acid Batteries 526 | Servicing Diagnosis 625 | Rear Exterior Lights 627 | Interior
and Testing Batteries 530 | Jump-Starting 543 | Key Light Assemblies 638 | Key Terms 642 |
Terms 546 | Summary 546 | Review Questions 547 | Summary 642 | Review Questions 642 | ASE-Style
ASE-Style Review Questions 548 Review Questions 643
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER 55 APPEndix A
Air-Conditioning Diagnosis Decimal and Metric Equivalents 1843
and Service 1807 APPEndix B
Objectives 1807 | Service Precautions 1807 | General Torque Specifications 1844
Refrigerant Safety Precautions 1808 | Initial System GlossARy 1845
Checks 1810 | Diagnosis 1812 | Performance
Testing 1814 | Leak Testing 1819 | Emptying the
System 1822 | General Service 1823 | Recharging the
System 1832 | Climate Control Systems 1836 |
Summary 1839 | Review Questions 1840 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 1841
xii P h oto S equence S
Photo Se quenceS
PS 1 Repairing Damaged Threads with a Tap���110 PS 30 Removing and Replacing a Fuel
PS 2 Using a Micrometer�����������������������������������114 Injector on a PFI System�������������������������998
PS 3 Changing the Oil and Oil Filter�������������������210 PS 31 Installing and Aligning a Clutch Disc�����1200
PS 4 Typical Procedure for Inspecting, PS 32 Removing and Replacing a CV Joint
Removing, Replacing, and Adjusting Boot�������������������������������������������������������1266
a Drive Belt�������������������������������������������������219 PS 33 Disassembling a Single Universal
PS 5 Typical Procedure for Cleaning a Battery Joint�������������������������������������������������������1276
Case, Tray, and Cables �����������������������������222 PS 34 Reassembling a Single Universal
PS 6 Conducting a Cylinder Compression Joint�������������������������������������������������������1277
Test�������������������������������������������������������������261 PS 35 Measuring and Adjusting Backlash
PS 7 Checking Main Bearing Clearance with and Side-Bearing Preload on a Final
Plastigage �������������������������������������������������314 Drive Assembly with a Shim Pack���������1295
PS 8 Installing a Piston and Rod Assembly�������322 PS 36 Measuring and Adjusting Backlash and
Side-Bearing Preload on a Final Drive
PS 9 Using Form-In-Place Gasket Maker ���������381
Assembly with Adjusting Nuts���������������1296
PS 10 Replacing a Timing Belt on an
PS 37 Checking Transmission Fluid Level
OHC Engine���������������������������������������������385
on a Vehicle without a Dipstick �������������1385
PS 11 Adjusting Valve Lash�������������������������������388
PS 38 Changing Automatic Transmission
PS 12 Using a Cooling System Pressure Fluid and Filter���������������������������������������1388
Tester�������������������������������������������������������427
PS 39 Typical Procedure for Disassembling
PS 13 Performing a Voltage Drop Test���������������488 a Warner 13-56 Transfer Case���������������1441
PS 14 Soldering Two Copper Wires Together ���515 PS 40 Typical Procedure for Reassembling
PS 15 Conducting a Battery Load Test �������������536 a Warner 13-56 Transfer Case���������������1443
PS 16 Parasitic Draw Testing�����������������������������540 PS 41 Dismounting and Mounting a Tire on
PS 17 Voltage Drop Testing of a Starter a Wheel Assembly���������������������������������1473
Circuit ��������������������������������������������������������� 568 PS 42 Measuring Front and Rear Curb
PS 18 Removing a Multifunction Switch �����������632 Riding Height�����������������������������������������1507
PS 19 Flashing a BCM���������������������������������������689 PS 43 Measuring the Lower Ball Joint
Radial Movement on a MacPherson
PS 20 Typical Procedure for Replacing a Strut Front Suspension �������������������������1512
Power Window Motor �����������������������������721
PS 44 Removing and Replacing a
PS 21 Typical Procedure for Grid Wire Repair���729 MacPherson Strut ���������������������������������1517
PS 22 Preparing a Snap-on scan tool to PS 45 Replacing Inner Tie-Rod on a Rack
Read OBD II Data �����������������������������������767 and Pinion ���������������������������������������������1567
PS 23 Diagnosis with a Scan Tool ���������������������774 PS 46 Removing an Air Bag Module ���������������1602
PS 24 Testing an Oxygen Sensor�����������������������806 PS 47 Typical Procedure for Performing
PS 25 Using a Scope to Test a Distributorless Four-Wheel Alignment with a
Ignition System ���������������������������������������871 Computer Wheel Aligner�����������������������1620
PS 26 Removing a Fuel Filter on an EFI PS 48 Typical Procedure for Bench
Vehicle�����������������������������������������������������941 Bleeding a Master Cylinder�������������������1661
PS 27 Checking Fuel Pressure on a Fuel PS 49 Removing and Replacing Brake
Injection System �������������������������������������946 Pads�������������������������������������������������������1720
PS 28 Checking Current Ramping to the Fuel PS 50 Inspect/Test a Wheel-Speed
Pump�������������������������������������������������������952 Sensor with Scope���������������������������������1763
PS 29 Typical Procedure for Testing Injector PS 51 Evacuating and Recharging an A/C
Balance ���������������������������������������������������992 System with a Recycling and
Charging Station �����������������������������������1833
Preface
vehicles than in previous years, basic maintenance for in today’s hybrid vehicles. There is a comprehensive
those vehicles has been included. look at torque vectoring systems, which are becom-
Section 2, which contains the chapters on engines, ing more common on all types of vehicles.
has been updated to include more coverage on the lat- The suspension and steering systems section
est engine designs and technologies. There is more has increased coverage on electronic controls and
coverage on the theory, diagnosis, and service to alloy systems. This includes the new designs of shock
engines and overhead camshaft engines. There are absorbers and four-wheel steering systems. Chap-
also discussions on the latest trends, including variable ter 49 has been updated to include the latest tech-
valve timing and lift and cylinder disabling systems. A niques for performing a four-wheel alignment.
discussion of light-duty diesel engines and those The Brakes section has also been updated to reflect
engines used in hybrid vehicles is also part of the entire current technology. This includes the latest antilock
section. brake, stability control, and traction control systems.
It is nearly impossible to work on modern cars and Heating and air-conditioning systems are cov-
trucks without a solid understanding of basic electric- ered in Section 9. The content in Chapters 54 and 55
ity and electronics as contained in Section 3. As a includes hybrid systems, R-1234yf components and
result, little has been deleted from those chapters while service, as well as future refrigerants.
new information has been added to keep up with cur-
rent technology. Coverage of all the major electrical
systems has been increased to include new technolo-
gies. This includes high-voltage systems, new exterior
Organization and
lighting systems, adaptive systems (such as cruise
control), semi-autonomous and autonomous driving
Goals of this Edition
technologies, and many new accessories. The rest of This edition is still a comprehensive guide to the ser-
the section has been brought up to date with addi- vice and repair of our contemporary automobiles. It is
tional coverage on body computers and the use of lab still divided into nine sections that relate to the spe-
scopes and graphing meters. cific automotive systems. The chapters within each
The entire Engine Performance section (Section 4) section describe the various subsystems and individ-
has been updated from the introductory chapters to ual components. Diagnostic and service procedures
those that deal with overall engine performance testing. that are unique to different automobile manufacturers
The layout represents the approach taken by most also are included in these chapters. Because many
experienced technicians. It is hoped that students will automotive systems are integrated, the chapters
be able to grasp a global look at these systems and can explain these important relationships in great detail. It
become better diagnosticians. The revision of the sec- is important to note that all of latest ASE Education
tion covers the individual engine performance systems, Alliance standards are addressed in this edition.
their operation, and how to test them with current diag- Effective diagnostic skills begin with learning to
nostic equipment. Added emphasis on diagnostics was isolate the problem. The exact cause is easier to pin-
the main goal of the revision of the rest of this section. point by identifying the system that contains the
Included in this section are three chapters that problem. Learning to think logically about trouble-
deal with some of the dynamic aspects of the auto- shooting problems is crucial to mastering this essen-
motive industry. Chapter 28 is dedicated to gasoline, tial skill. Therefore, logical troubleshooting techniques
diesel, and other fuels. It also covers the operation are discussed throughout this text. Each chapter
and service of light-duty diesel engines, including describes ways to isolate the problem system and
their injection and emission control systems. Due to then the individual components of that system.
the increasing number of hybrid and electric vehicles This systems approach gives the student import-
on the road, this edition has an entire chapter dedi- ant preparation opportunities for the ASE certifica-
cated to hybrid vehicles in addition to the information tion exams. These exams are categorized by the
that appears in various chapters. Chapter 36 focuses automobile’s major systems. The book’s sections
on currently available electric and fuel cell vehicles. are outlined to match the ASE test specifications
Sections 5 and 6 cover transmissions and drive- and competency task lists. The review questions at
lines. All of the chapters in these sections have been the end of every chapter give students practice in
updated to include more coverage on electronic con- answering ASE-style review questions.
trols. There is also more coverage on six-, seven-, and More importantly, a systems approach allows stu-
eight and ten-speed transmissions, automatic manual dents to have a better understanding of the total vehi-
transmissions, new differential designs, and electronic cle. With this understanding, they have a good chance
automatic transmissions and transaxles. In addition, for a successful career as an automotive technician.
there is complete coverage on the transmissions used That is the single most important goal of this text.
P reface xv
Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge and thank the following dedicated and knowledgeable educators
for their comments, criticisms, and suggestions during the review process:
ENGINE
DISa SSEMBL
Y aND series of features that will ease the teaching and learning processes.
CLEaNING
and
removal
rs the
ter cove , it ends
this chap however made
ost of engine.
Objectives
M installatio
n of an
e of com
mon repa
irs that
in a vehi
can be
cle. it also
cov-
of
IVES with som it is still
general
cleaning
OBJECT e for removal. engi ne while and d so
le. to an bly pres ente
an engin a RWD vehic c disassem erial is g, but
Prepare e from a
FWD and
onents.
ers basi . the mat rebuildin
●●
an engin basic comp
ponents engine s when
a
Remove e into its od the com only to idual part disas-
●●
the engin priate meth lies not
Separate the appro that it app cem ent of indiv plete
●●
e parts using the repla y. com k and
Clean engin truction of the part. is also to necessar ne bloc
●● e while it ild is not the engi 12.
for the cons to an engin tota l rebu mbly of s 11 and
services
common and asse in chapter
Each chapter begins with the purpose of the chapter, stated in a list of objectives.
Perform sembly are covered
Engine
●●
le. head
in a vehic cylinder
ing an n it and theforarea
Remov the engine, clea
ice infor
mation
the
from a
removing the serv the engi
ne
Before , check all pre-
it Also e for removing adhere to
Both cognitive and performance objectives are included in the lists. The objec-
around you equip-
procedur Make sure tools and tools
correct le have the
r vehic to hand
particula Make sure you In addition an engi
ne
job
cautions ired for the will need
, you
ment reque special tools ) and a jack
and som re 10–1
crane (Figu
hoist or
Three Cs:
Concern,
Cause, Cor
MOTIV
E
rection
age : 89,110
REPAIR
RO: 144
ORDER
84 tives state the expected outcome that will result from completing a thorough
study of the contents in the chapters.
H AUTO inox Mile
el: Equ
ALL TEC Chevrol
et Mod ng oil
concern,
methods
0 Make: s engin
e is leaki s for this
ble cause
Year: 201 Custome
r state
a week
ago mine possi 275
: changed er to deter concern.
Concern Oil was in this chapt
you learn necessary to corre
ct the
History: use what be
concern, what steps will
customer and
Given this concern,
osing the
of diagn
installed�
placed
in
e engines,
chai
compres n tensioner
sed befo
To do this, it can be
the unit
ger
must be
is
eze the
CHAP
TER 1
connect
0 • E
ngin
e boos
the
sem
bly a
ter, and
n the seali ignition coil
ng surfa
nd Cl
eanin
EGR hose
g 293
s
assembli to
The Three Cs
the plun tens
ger is com ioner� After tightenin ces for the es
retaining and exha Now install g the bolts valve
pressed, ust man the
clip is a ifolds exhaust man to spec
New in the previous edition and updated for this edition is the feature called The
the plun insta ifold gask -
ger in plac lled to hold In-Line ets
tensione e� Once Eng
r ines Posi
ing clip is installed, the the piston
num tion the
is remo retain- sprocket ber 1 is at
ved� (s) acco TDC Then crankshaft
For engi
the timin rding to align the so that
engine nes adjust g chain or belt specifications camshaf
t
front covewith timing chai the
fold with valve clearancand tensione Now install
the cove r gasket ns, posi r
tightened new gaskets, e Install the If necessary,
Three Cs. The Three Cs, meaning the concern, cause, and correction, are used
r
new seals With clean engi onto the cove tion a new
ne oil, r, clamps to specificationsmaking sure intake mani-
install
the
for the
front lubricate then install and hose its
cone gask camshaft posi cover and cran and install Install brackets Install the wirin bolts are
key slot et and seala tion sensors kshaft Now ing, and the cylinder to the man g harness
head ifold
nt
appropria in the cranksha material into
Put som
e sili- ing harn the ignition coils cover, therm
ess, and Connect ostat hous
according te tool, insta ft pulley Thenthe woodruff cylinder insta ll the -
to spec ll the
pulley , usin and heat head Connect the harness engine’s wir-
reason or cause of the concern, and how to correct the problem. The chapter
gasket Install and insta in-
and front r intake man a V-type engi switch nega tive batte the drive ll the air
fold Then and rear ifold, posi ne has to the belt(
tighten , insta seals tion a new run for ON posi ry cable Turns) and recon-
them to ll the manifold for the lowe nect
about
2 seconds
tion to
allow the ignit
the uppe spec ’s retai r ions the fuel ion
r manifold ifications ning boltsmani- more timefor signs of Then chec pum
Install Now, do and s Corr leak k the fuel p to
the elec the wiring harn the sam
e for Now, ect all fuel age Repeat con-
trical conn ess brac ant, and refill the engi leak this two
ectors kets and bleed ne’s cool s before proc or
reader is presented with a shortened repair order (RO) and customer concern.
0 Mak E
Concern e: Che
: Custome et Mod vrol
History: r states el: Equ REPAIR
engine inox Mile
After review Oil was
changed is leaki
ng oil age: 89,1 ORDER
was comin ing the vehicle a week 10
histor
tighten. g from the oil drain y, the techn
ago RO: 144
ician inspe 84
plug, the
Within the chapter, information regarding the concern’s possible causes and
Cause: technician cted the
tried to vehicle
tighten and confi
Correct Confirmed the plug. rmed
ion: oil leak, The plug the oil leak. Notin
Replaced found strip was notice g
oil pan ped drain ably loose that the leak
to corre plug and would
ct strip threads not
ped drain
plug threa
ds Refi
corrections are provided. Finally, at the end of the chapter, the cause and correc-
lled with
oil
in es
• Eng
ION 2
SECT
380
tion to the scenario are presented to the reader, with rationale notes about any
special considerations regarding the diagnosis and repair. In many of The Three
bolt
sure the
RTV, make
When applying
13–2 9
FIGU RE encircled.
on are
holes
material RTV
gasket ained in
of RTV er cont gets
a bead red rubb � If any
Applying The uncu the eyes
13–2 8
Cs scenarios, the details are taken from real-world situations. We hope this
FIGU RE Caution! irritates clean
. silicone gasketing flush with inues,
a valve cover (RTV) FIP silicone ediately cont
anizing ly used eyes, imm If the irritation
ture vulc t common nt, which in your
tempera are the mos eyewash�
Room bic seala RTV water or or�
products RTV is an aeropresence of air as
sealing ucts in the such see a doct
prod ens y parts
gasket cures or hard stationar It cann
ot
means
it seal two 8) and oil pansin fuel sys- locking
feature will be useful in providing a real-world look at how vehicles are presented
used to et or ings, and tion
can be re 13–2 te ves, bear h vibra
ps (Figu or exhaust gask rs that deno hold slee ect to muc between
water pum as a head in a variety
of colo ral purpose; used to subj be used not on
for gene red is for mostly places ded to
be used comes Black is nuts in are inten rigid castings
,
screw sealers
only
tems RTV application ons; and the cor- of sealants
er applicati Always use Anaerobichined surfaces anaerobic
the prop for special ne seala
nts
s Use
irements the mac
blue is perature requ RTV silico mely resis- stamping
ication flexible ified
Instructors often tell us that shop safety is their most important concern. C
autions
city
torque lace gaskets used for
form-in-p mate rials are are
lants
These eting
They
ic Sea as gask
Anaerob as well These
syste
locking and each ms are offer
thread ed by
However, call the syste many man
thing most of m by ufacturer
thes a diffe
safety concerns.
of the
enough change
approach full high beam for glare When
beams ing vehicle or When the syste , the system
will a
headlamp turn off Mos vehicle’s tailla m detects an
s to adju t of mps, the
A cam st abou these syste high
FIGU RE module era and/or a t every 40 millisms allow the
system. 20–2 8 A photo (Figure
at the
front of
light sens econds
or
cell for
an autom light, its
20–29) the insid are located
The sens e rear in
atic lighti
ng between intensity and or analyzes view mirroa
High-Bea moveme the color of r
systems vehicle lights
cally turnsm Detectio are desi and othe nt to disti the
n sour nguish
according the high This system ces gned to r light
Shop Talk
ignore sour
referred to cond -beam head also automati non-vehic ces The
to as a itions lights - ular light
itors the camera) A light on or
When light in on the sensor (commonoff
it is front of rearview ly
high beam dark enough, the vehicle (Figumirror mon-
detects s on the syste re 20–2
the head They will stay m will
switc
8)
that time lights or on until h the
lights of , the high beam taillights of the sens
or
anot
The abse the other vehic s are switched her car At
switch nce of le are off until
back to those lights no longer dete the
the chan high beam causes
the syste cted
changes ge from low s The m to
to the light to high system also
Customer Care
tion of causes �
in the ing g so the erratic
opera-
eyes of without caus cell mus system� The
other drive - t always photo-
rs an outs be expo
ide sed to
properly� light to func
tion
Top view
ology 1/2-inch
Te c h n
om otive square
drive
• Aut
ION 1 hole
SECT
122
socket
9/16-inch
FIGU RE
5–34
Various
sizes of
line wren
ches
ches.
for signs of
9/16-inch
head bolt
in automotive technology. The customer care tips were written to encourage pro-
fessional integrity. They give advice on educating customers and keeping them
all wren across
Inspect Keep same
damage� g out 9/16 inch t is the
TOOL CARE wear or clean by wipin
wrenches ends with
a flats of the corre
The size head or nut.
ct socke
satisfied.
during to use
fasteners are available
positionstly used on e axle
d wren
ch sockets d bolts Som d
stable-en one fixed are mos Eight-point re-heade
re-heade
Wrench
An adju
ch) has ing can rounded nuts or squa mblies use squa
re
le-End cent wren open on squa mission asse that
Adjustab ly called a cres The wrench scre w that trans rese rvoir a squa re hole
This
able jaw and the fluid a socket has handle and
(common adjusting type
one mov ing a helical Because this it is plugs in side of socket
jaw and rotat , The top on the size of the hole indi-
sted by lower jaw s head re lug
a squa drive hole The , and so on)
be adju to teeth in the y grip a bolt’ ld be used
d firml shou accepts is the , ½ inch One han-
is mate does not le wrenches nece ssary re hole inch, 3 ⁄8 inch wrench r-quality
ch y squa et
of wren slip Adjustab it is absolutel sure on the lug (¼ of the sockset On bette
n handle drive size re drive
lug
likely to and only whe
Tool Care
ng pres in a
the turni cates the the sockets ball in the squa ball holds
carefully to put all of all This
dle fits a spring-loaded the socket nt of sock
et
Be sure in
handles, depression assortme
fixed jaw a le An
chets a fits into et to the hand n in Figure 5–36 called
Some,
s and Rat sockets combine
d with
ded in the sock handles is show are ratcheting swivel drive
Socket ic ld be inclu the
les
(ratchet) socket hand long arms with
a
and metr nsions shou to turn Not all , are simply
of US
A set le and exte et allows you in the other bars
ratchet
hand ratch and tighten breaker
set The with force you to
your tool one direction which allows resetting the
in ,
socket without force removing and y situations,
direction a bolt without d it In
man
easier
to
en have turne r, faster, and es it is
The Tool Care feature discusses proper use and care of common tools so that
or loos
after you h safe etim
wrench wrench is muc ch In fact, som
et of a
a sock any other wren work
that will consists ets
use than ch set
wrench et wren
sock
the only c sock el-shaped or nut
ral barr bolt
The basi le and seve nd a end
hand and arou ed like a box- ts ratchets.
ratch et over tment of
et fits it is shap 6, 8, or 12 poin An assor
xvii
xviii F eatures of t h e T e x t
CHAP
TER 2
3 • E
lect rical
Acce
n and diag
ssori
nostic
ophone
es
715
Using Service Information
Inspectio for the micr
es
USING procedur be found in
the
on�
INFORMATION est, it
r’s requ such
d the drive tion,
understoothe desired func system
em has out radio
The
the syst by carrying on the near the
technician. The source of information varies from printed material to online mate-
responds stations located e up
ging the ophones can recogniz
as chan the micr em
through activation syst sequences
works e numeric to the
The voic power
driver commands and ceiver sends micro-
0 and the gation
to 2,00 atics trans mbly, navi
The telem ophone asse display and lays
micr to the r The disp
telephone s signals the transceive other using
is extremely important. We have included a feature that points the student in the
capacitan n to change opho to
l A micr signals
modulatiovoltage signa ducer to send t the out-
electrical sensitive trans it to adap micro-
ronic circu A wireless
a vibration and an elect iver le,
nt, the rece mitter In a vehic nt
equipme transducer to ume
radio trans in the instr
l. put of the contains a locat ed asse mbly
steering
whee
phone
also may be the map light
ophone
Performance Tips
tes, tion by
r the pin res such act informa- mines itude coordina data
4. Ente d, featu , cont cle’s direccompares the sen-
connecte and receiving available and long itors the vehi essor gyro
Once ing often that mon The proc llites and data
audio,
call send saging are velocity ng sate ory or to
text mes angular C glob H A Pal positioni d in its mem
tion, and from the informati
T E R on 4 6 store DVD exact
System for the sor to the a designated
CD s p e n s i rmine the
• S uor
deteo n S y ssimultane-
ivation ems allow used to are used
Voice Act
with tems
rol syst accessories found on ods are both the loca
-
1495
or cont e in addi
-
Two meth vehicle, and n which detects satellite
activation ation of som mands are a a
Voice
and oper e com activ ation is loca tion of GPS navigatio waves from g the
voic e is g radio ed by measurin
control mands
The Voic
but can
be
ously One vehicle usin
controls rmin
voice com al manual phone operation systems tion of the tion is dete
norm ation posi
tion to ly used for cell Voice activ ond with The curre
nt
can resp Once
This feature introduces students to the ideas and theories behind many perfor-
common othe r cont rols
on
Sway barr’s voice andr’s questions
used
e the drive
bushing
the drive
recogniz response to
FIGU RE ers in
answ46–1
bushings. 8 The
cente r sectio
n of a sway
bar rides
in
Bushin (A)
This feature is used throughout the chapters and tells the student where to go in
Rub ne-b them this
absorbers Rough road isting of the road shock with petro ber bushings ased lubricant Only rubber
condition bushings
than norm will cause the s gen- the bush leum-based should should
bushings al This caus suspensioand/or bad shoc ings to lubri not be be
es n to k deteriora cants Thes lubricated
to hard , shortening theirmore heat to move more te e will caus
e
en the life Exce buildup in
harder, rubb
they brea er and as ssive heat the Perform
Worn k, crac the
k, or fall bushings beco s
tend
ance
sion partssuspension
TIP
the text for prerequisite and additional information on the topic.
to bushings apart me Man y
can lead change technicia
positions may allow ns
tire wea to vibrations (Figure suspen- replace
stock
r, ,
ing nois and poor ride wheel alignmen46–19) This bushings
made of
rubber
bush
e
an indic when traveling handling
and t problems materials. high-grad with hard ings
Ofte , er
bushings
ation of
a worn on a rough surfan, a clunk- that rubb These bushings e polyuretha
bushing er do not ne
should
be repla Worn or
ce will
be handling, bushings do have the
ced steering and tend give
damaged These
bushings response, and to improve
steer on can ride cont
FWD vehic also help to rol.
les. reduce
torque
Photo Sequences
and bat-
r related man-
generato refer to the
DTCs: ys d
system related Alwa w its prescribe ,
ctric ity charging or follo t systems
• Ele more ent sens charts and
ION 3 orming tery curr s On mos a scan
SECT re perf wing r’s DTC e code d with
594 tion befo Use the follo d ufacture steps for thos be monitore e spec
ified
le solu ic
the simp edures is susp
ecte diagnost ge output can within the rang ns before
look for diagnostic proc n a problem the volta voltage is
not ectio
k all conn
involved n procedure whe tool If
the turer, chec em, the
inspectio es for man ufac tests syst
procedur by the g with other d charging g the duty
8 for the cing drive
Indicator
100A
image of what to look for when they perform these procedures. This was a pop-
driver
A1 Warning
circuit
ELF it
unit ilizer circu
5V stab roller)
B+
A2
A3 (CAN cont
Fast CAN r
transceive
B– dash
Under
fuse box
E24
E11 CAN
/
E15 CAN low ECM
ELF high PCM
input L
FAR
C signal
signal
signal B10
B13
B18
Procedures
3 1 r
2 4 IG Generato
B
r
Rectifier Regulato
ing
Field wind
m.
ing syste
PhOT d charg
O SEQ -controlle
u c for a PCM
This feature gives detailed, step-by-step instructions for important service and
ENCE A schemati
398
19–3
Changing FIGU RE
automatic
Transm
ission flu
id and filt
er
P38– 4
and remoSupport the pan
remove ve the remainingwith one hand
pan into the pan. Pour bolts P38–
Key Terms
the drain the fluid to 5 Inspe
indication ct the resid
pan. in the
Then remos of transmissi ue in the pan
for P38–
the pan ve the old pan on problems. 6 Unbo
clean with gaske lt the filter
a lint-free t and wipe mission. from the
rag. trans-
P38– 7
gasket Compare the repla
and
make sure filter with
for this
the
nts
cement
right ones the replaceme old ones to
applicatio are the
n.
P38– 8
tighten Install the new
the
tions. Then attaching filter and
bolts to
Each chapter ends with a list of the terms that were introduced in the chapter.
These terms are highlighted in the text when they are first used, and many are
sealing lay the specifica- P38– 9
new gaske
surface
of the pan. t over the mission. Install the pan
specificatiInstall and tightonto the trans
1388 -
and pour ons. Then loween the bolts
to
sion. Run new fluid into r the vehicle
new fluid the engine to the transmis-
vehicle. , then turn it circulate the
Check for off and
fluid leaks raise the
ste m s 849
gniti on Sy
6 • I
TER 2
CHAP
OR DER
Correc tion REPAIR
Concer n, Cause, RO: 186
04
Summary
MOTIV Mileage g
H AUTO Model:
Focus while drivin a P0351–
and finds re, and a
ALL TEC
it died
r states s for DTCs misfi
Ford Custome he check inder 1 of
8 Make: k no-start Using a
scan tool a P0301–cylall four coils; none he
d in, cran misfire,
Year: 200 Car towe but does
not start. dom cylinder s for spark
from
After locati
ng the fuse
: e cranks nction, a P0300–ranrelated, he checkthe same fuse.
Concern confirms the engin it malfu may be ignition red by n
ician ry circu art are powe coils) blow
The techn primary/seconda ing the no-st nds all four coils 29 (ignit
ion
ber 1 coil,
coil
ignition inder 3 misfire.
Think am he fi d and fuse onnected num Spark
wiring diagr 3 store
P0303–cyl . Examining a and P030 blew again
Disc internally
P0301, shorted
which spark P0300, engine and fused number 1 coil e
blown. P0351, ent, engin
finds it is Found fuse, cran
ked Foun res pres
e started No misfi
Replaced fuse and engin DTCs
Highlights and key bits of information from the chapter are listed at the end of
Cause: cleared
replaced original k plugs,
spar cally con-
plugs look 1 coil and electroni
number used in istor
Replaced normally hing device trans es
ion: operating switc is an NPN age surg it
Correct ●● The
systems high-volt circu
trolled it carries systems, the
y circu e ibutor,
secondar s On som gh a distr
●● The
spark plug ion coil, throu
each chapter. This listing is designed to serve as a refresher for the reader.
S
TERM to the the ignit tion of
KEY runs from k plugs to the posi s and
to the spar related
Air gap ) g is directly pulse generator ly used
-plug (COP ion timin ft Magnetic t wide elec-
Coil-over ●● Ignit ksha the mos an
(DIS) the cran t sensors are They generate kshaft
Coil pack system cran
ignition Hall-effec tion sensorstimes during c switch-
Direct engine
posi in troni
al at certa ers the elec
Dwell trical signThis signal trigg ion timing
e em
Heat rang tance rotation to control ignit with an EI systgns:
reluc ce
Inductive ing devi equipped different desi
nes are two
Misfiring y’s engi are primarily cylinder
it ●● Toda h there coil- per- r
Primary
circu
for whic ded coil and compute
ions, the Based on
Reach double-en d ignit
Review Questions
r-controlle s sensors optimum
e
Reactanc circuit ●● In
compute t from numerou rmines the
y inpu r dete ule to acti-
Secondar receives , the compute ignition mod ise time
spark
an prec
Waste this data and signals it at the
to the firing time secondary circu al
ARY ge
high voltaure in the vate the or sign
SUMM supplies needed
shaft sens the coils
system the air-fuel
mixt , the cam ence
ignition systems r when to sequ
●● The to ignit
e
●● In
some pute
plugs electri- the com ne
spark chambers onnected it informs ides engithe
● Poor bustion two intercsecondary circu injectors al prov
com grounds m has and fuel or sign information to
present can alsocircuit and a
on syste C H to the ft sens
● The
igniti
on thea primary allow low voltageA P Ttes E Ra 2 5 The cranksha kshaft position
●way its: referencesupplies EMI or •●● D e t cran ft
caltocircu
check Thisecrea
coilnois aidl e and cranksha
for circuit volta
tions make up the end-of-chapter review questions. Different question types are
r, scan ked with d statemen
● Mos
t com winding tool,
lab scop a voltm a The
en sens
ors is not ts abou
mechani puter-controlle e, and eter, norm true? t zirco-
cal devi d actu
GMM between al operating
mands
from the ces that conv ators are elec b If the
0 and 1
volt
range
for an
These compute ert the tro- sens O2 S is
actu
switches, ators are r into mec output com and 500 or’s voltage togg
used hanical - millivolts, les
control it is oper between 0
nents,
and vacuum to open and action c The
voltage ating norm volts
tem’s requ operate valve flow to othe close sign
chapter objectives are used as the basis for the review questions.
be good measurin is an open reasons, monitor red rang
r except test may e
resistanc or bad The g acro Base a defe ___ fail for
e read same is ss, an open coul d ctive upst all of thes
e
would
indicate ings Across true for very d sensor
circuits
ream or
downstre
a some low-
ators can short
● Actu b a leak
things, am oxyg
scope be accu this ing exhaust en
rately c fuel
tested contamin
with a d ignit ants
REVI lab ion syst
EW Q 3 A defe em misf
UEST ctive IAT ire
Short IONS following sens
Answer problems or or circuit
a hard , except may caus
1 OBD engine ___ e the
II syst b rich starting
List three ems use seve or lean
of them ral mod c impr air-fu
2 List
the four es of oper oper conv el ratio
ation
In any chapter that relates to one of the ASE certification areas, there are ten
two mos of an output scan tool to es that 1 Tech
t common What control nicia
True or modes are the names the a volta n A says that
for cont ge-produ an
False rolling outpof the that an cing sens oxygen sens
1 True uts? oxygen or Tech or can
Who is be
or correct? sensor is a nicia
increase False? A bad a Tech thermistorn B says
in the refer grou nician sensor
ence voltand can caus b Both A
ASE-style review questions that relate to that area. Some are quite challenging
ge to a e an A and
sensor c Tech B
nician
d Neith B
er A nor
B
el sp
ar
ar
ct ro
is
electric k plug shell on the lower en
de , e ce
d of the de
nter ele s
ctro F eatures of t h e T e x t
is dis is ste th de
n coil by the , there ound ele below electro
ected, erefore th and a gr ed directly een these two nt sizes and
ng is dir the system Th y changing pa cond- ion p betw many differe
se is posit
Metric Equivalents
in all
k plugs with a continu have a single distribu- an air ga in gines
it ms , There is plugs come e different en
ary circu butor syste changing path circuits, ar k od at
tri y y Sp
to acco
m m with a
While dis th a continuall ral secondar designs
ailable
are av and 18 mm
wi ve plugs
circuit have se th spark , 16 mm
,
older
stems ging pa tomotive 12 mm, 14 mm tly found on
less sy ch an Au when
an un Size r of mos seals,
ch with diamete k plugs are
P lu gs r ga p across spark
wh ich
thread
The 18 -m
an
m spar a tapered se
d have o a ta
at that
at in
pered se -mm plugs ca
the cylin n
der
Throughout the text, all measurements are given in UCS and metric increments.
Spark
ai es int in
ide th e crucial uses an arc or ell; a engin
ed pr operly, -m m , and 16 relies on a th l
tighten e 12-mm, 14 at Al
gs prov e coil ca a steel
sh
t seat th r head
Spark plu ltage from th k plug are a heat
con- head
Th
d seat
or a fla in the cylinde ell that
hig h vo a sp ar ac ts as the ta pe re its bo re te r sh
e of have a
th
ain parts insulator, wh
ich ulated
in
sket to
seal in aped ou tallation and
The m one ins The shell hex-sh ins
core or ctrodes, shell steel ga gs have a ch for (16 or
ceramic d a pair of ele nded on the s-tight plu et wren 5 - or 11 /16-inch
Supplements
s in a ga spark a sock /8 at has
a
an
ductor; the other grou d electrode llation in the modates g has a a tapered se and
an d re an ins ta accom A 12-mm plu g wi th sketted,
core co g be plu
th e ceramic threads for plu r material may d removal x, a 14-mm d 14 -mm ga ) hex on the
holds s to ce ) he an m
bly and ha 0) The insula co nia -enhan 18 mm m m ) hex,13
-in ch (206 m in Ford V8
m ed, zir rability (16 rta
asse
(Figure
26–1
ck-glaz ased du
5 / -inch ve a /16 used on ce hex on the
engine plugs ha
8
or a bla ide for incre th corrosion gs,
18-mm e 16-mm plu9 -inch or /8-in used in an
ch
silicate
5
ov wi
alumina insulator to pr ay be coated event th
e
shell Th may have a 16 ould never
/ be e
m s that pr g, or vic
ceramic gth The shell material head en gines, re d plug sh gasketted plu
en d/or pe a
rode is ell A ta ned to use
The Automotive Technology package offers a full complement of supplements:
and str e material an e cy linder ele ct sh
nc to th nter r- sig
resista m seizing top of the ce ca ble Cu en gine de e 26–11) sp ark
fro g of
threads inal post on ark plu ugh a versa (F
igur teristic to the
A term r the sp g, thro charac
design 2) This refers
point fo nter of the plu er electrode portant at the
ecting ce nt One im h (Figure 26 ntact surface
–1
the conn through the e tip of the ce rode is sur- Reach ac co
rent flo
ws
ar cs from th e center elect aled to the gs is the re ell from the
d Th se plu sh
resisto
r an ctrode ulator and is seals h of th
e
Tech Manual
nd ele Th es e len gt
ou ic ins
to the gr by the ceram ss seals g out of the
d and gla
rounde with copper m leakin
r ses fro
insulato stion ga
t combu
preven
Instructor Resources
The Instructor Resources (on CD and companion website) for the seventh edition
include the following components to help minimize instructor prep time and
engage students:
●● PowerPoint—Chapter outlines with images, animations, and video clips for
each textbook chapter.
●● Computerized Test Bank in Cognero—Hundreds of modifiable questions for
exams, quizzes, in-class work, or homework assignments in an online platform.
●● Image Gallery—Access to hundreds of images from the textbook that can be
used to easily customize the PowerPoint outlines.
●● Photo Sequences—Each of the Photo Sequences from the textbook are pro-
vided within PowerPoint for easy classroom projection.
●● End-of-Chapter Review Questions—Word files of all textbook review ques-
tions are provided for easy distribution to students.
●● Instructor’s Manual—An electronic version of the Instructor’s Manual pro-
vides lecture outlines with teaching hints, answers to review questions from
the textbook, and answers to Tech Manual questions, as well as guidelines for
using the Tech Manual. A correlation chart to the current ASE Education
Foundation Standards provides references to topic coverage in both the text
and Tech Manual.
●● ASE Education Foundation Correlations—The current ASE Education
Foundation Automobile Standards are correlated to the chapter and page
numbers of the core text and all relevant Tech Manual job sheets.
●● Job Sheet Template—For instructors who develop their own job sheets, a
template is provided to help with their formatting.
CHAPTER
1
CAREERS IN THE
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
automotive industry.
● Explain how computer technology has changed the Each year millions of new cars and light trucks are
way vehicles are built and serviced. produced and sold in North America (Figure 1–1).
● Explain why the need for qualified automotive The automotive industry’s part in the total economy
of the United States is second only to the food
technicians is increasing.
industry. Manufacturing, selling, and servicing these
● Describe the major types of businesses that employ vehicles are parts of an incredibly large, diverse, and
automotive technicians. expanding industry.
● List some of the many job opportunities available to Forty years ago, America’s “big three” automakers—
people with a background in automotive General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company,
and Chrysler Corporation—dominated the auto indus
technology.
try. This is no longer true. The industry is now a global
● Describe the different ways a student can gain industry (Table 1–1). Automakers from Japan, Korea,
work experience while attending classes. Germany, Sweden, and other European and Asian
● Describe the requirements for ASE certification as countries compete with companies in the United
States for domestic and foreign sales.
an automotive technician and as a master auto
Several foreign manufacturers, such as BMW,
technician. Honda, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan, Toyota,
and Volkswagen, operate assembly plants in the
United States and Canada. Automobile manufacturers
have joined together, or merged, to reduce costs
and increase market share. In addition, many smaller
1
2 S E C T I O N 1 • A u t o m o t i v e Te c h n o l o g y
TABLE 1–1 FACTS ABOUT THE PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT- AND MEDIUM-DUTY TRUCKS SOLD IN
NORTH AMERICA (ALL FIGURES ARE APPROXIMATE).
Country
Manufacturer Owned by Common Brands of Origin Annual Sales
BMW AG Shareholders 53% and BMW, Mini, and Germany 350 thousand
Family 47% Rolls-Royce
Chrysler Group Fiat 59% and UAW 41% Chrysler, Dodge, and Italy and 2.2 million
Ram North America
Daimler AG Aabar Investments 8%, Kuwait Bentley, Daimler Trucks Germany 478 thousand
Investments 7%, Renault-Nissan 3%, & Buses, Mercedes-
and Shareholders 81% Benz, and Smart
Fiat S.P.A. Family 30% and Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Italy 33 thousand
Shareholders 70% Chrysler, Ferrari, Fiat,
Lancia, and Maserati
Ford Motor Family 40% and Ford and Lincoln North America 2.4 million
Company Shareholders 60%
Fuji Heavy Ind. Ltd. Shareholders 81%, Toyota 16%, Subaru Japan 647 thousand
Suzuki 2%, and Fuji 1%
Honda Motor Co. Shareholders 80%, Japan Trustee Acura and Honda North America 1.5 million
Bank 8%, and Master Trust Bank and Japan
of Japan, Moxley & Co., and JP
Morgan Chase 4% each
Hyundai Motor Co. Shareholders 74%, Hyundai Hyundai and Kia Korea 1.3 million
Mobis 21%, and Chung
Mong-Koo 5%
CHAPTER 1 • Careers in the Automotive Industry 3
Country
Manufacturer Owned by Common Brands of Origin Annual Sales
Mazda Motor Corp. Shareholders 80%, Japan Trustee Mazda Japan 289 thousand
Bank and Chase Manhattan 5%
each, and Master Trust of Japan,
Mitori Bank Corp., and Ford
Motor Co. 4% each
Mitsubishi Motors Shareholders 71% and Mitsubishi Japan 103 thousand
Corp. 29%
Nissan Motor Corp. Shareholders 52%, Nissan and Infiniti Japan 1.6 million
Renault SA 44%, Nissan 1%,
and Daimler 3%
Porsche Auto Volkswagen AG Porsche Germany 55 thousand
Holding
Tata Motors Tata 35%, Indian Banks 14%, Jaguar, Rover, and India 128 thousand
and Shareholders 50% Tata
Toyota Motor Corp. Shareholders 85%, Toyota 9%, Daihatsu, Isuzu, Lexus, Japan 2.4 million
and Others 6% Scion, Telsa, and
Toyota
Volkswagen AG Porsche 54%, Lower Saxony 20%, Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Germany 500 thousand
Qatar Holding 17%, and Lamborghini, and
Shareholders 10% Volkswagen
Through the years, these concerns have provided automobile. Because of these controls, today’s
the impetus for design changes. One area that has automobiles use less fuel, perform better, and run
affected automobile design the most is the same cleaner than those in the past. The number of elec
area that has greatly influenced the rest of our tronically controlled systems on cars and trucks
lives, electronics. Today’s automobiles are sophis increases each year. There are many reasons for the
ticated electronically controlled machines. To pro heavy insurgence of electronics into automobiles.
vide comfort and safety while being friendly to the Electronics are based on electricity and electricity
environment, today’s automobiles use the latest moves at the speed of light. This means the opera
developments of many different technologies— tion of the various systems can be monitored and
mechanical and chemical engineering, hydraulics, changed very quickly. Electronic components have
refrigeration, pneumatics, physics, and, of course, no moving parts, are durable, do not require periodic
electronics. adjustments, and are very light. Electronics also
An understanding of electronics is a must for all allow the various systems to work together, which
automotive technicians (Figure 1–2). The needed increases the efficiency of each system, and there
level of understanding is not that of an engineer; fore the entire vehicle.
rather, technicians need a practical understanding of The application of electronics has also led to the
electronics. In addition to having the mechanical success of hybrid and electric vehicles (Figure 1–3).
skills needed to remove, repair, and replace faulty or A hybrid vehicle has two separate sources of power.
damaged components, today’s technicians also Those power sources can work together to move
must be able to diagnose and service complex elec the vehicle or power the vehicle on their own.
tronic systems. Today’s hybrid vehicles are moved by electric motors
Computers and electronic devices are used to and/or a gasoline engine. Hybrid vehicles are com
control the operation of nearly all systems of an plex machines and all who work on them must be
4 S E C T I O N 1 • A u t o m o t i v e Te c h n o l o g y
The Need for Quality Service The Need for Ongoing Service
The need for good technicians continues to grow. Electronic controls have not eliminated the need for rou
Currently there is a great shortage of qualified tine service and scheduled maintenance (Figure 1–5).
automotive technicians. This means there are, and In fact, they have made it more important than ever.
will be, excellent career opportunities for good But electronic systems can automatically make adjust
technicians. Good technicians are able to diag ments to compensate for some problems, a computer
nose and repair problems in today’s automobiles cannot replace worn parts. A computer cannot tighten
(Figure 1–4). loose belts or change dirty coolant or engine oil. Simple
Car owners demand that when things go wrong, problems such as these can set off a chain of unwanted
they should be “fixed right the first time.” The events in an engine control system. Electronic controls
primary reason some technicians are unable to fix a are designed to help a well-maintained vehicle operate
particular problem is simply that they cannot find efficiently. They are not designed to repair systems.
the cause of the problem. Today’s vehicles are Electronic systems are based on the same princi
complex and a great amount of knowledge and
ples as a computer. In fact, these systems rely on
understanding is required for good diagnostic skills. computers to control the operation of a component or
Today’s technicians must be able to identify and system. Instead of a keyboard, automotive electronic
solve problems the first time the vehicle is brought systems rely on sensors or inputs. These send infor
into the shop. mation to the computer. The computer receives the
inputs and through computer logic causes a compo
nent to change the way it is operating. These con
trolled outputs are similar to your computer screen or
printer.
Each automobile manufacturer recommends that
certain maintenance services be performed accord
ing to a specific schedule. These maintenance pro
cedures are referred to as preventive maintenance
(PM) because they are designed to prevent prob
lems. Scheduled PM normally includes oil and filter
changes; coolant and lubrication s ervices; replace
ment of belts and hoses; and replacement of spark
plugs, filters, and worn electrical parts (Figure 1–6).
If the owner fails to follow the recommended
maintenance schedule, the vehicle’s warranty might
■■ Horn operation
75,000 MILES OR 84 MONTHS
■■ Ball joints and dust covers (Same as 15,000 miles and 18 months) Plus:
■■ Drive shaft boots ●● Check power-steering fluid
■■ Drive axle play ●● Inspect:
■■ Water drain for A/C ■■ Drive belts
■■ Engine air filter ■■ Engine valve clearance
■■ Steering linkage and boots Additional items for special operating
■■ Re-torque drive shaft bolt conditions
■■ Tighten nuts and bolts on chassis (Same as 6,000 miles and 6 months)
not cover problems that result. For example, if the ● Fuel evaporative control
engine fails during the period covered by the war ● Emission control system sensors
ranty, the warranty may not cover the engine if the
owner does not have proof that the engine’s oil was The Federal Emissions Performance Warranty
changed according to the recommended schedule covers the catalytic converter(s) and engine control
and with the correct oil. module for a period of 8 years or 80,000 miles
(129,000 km). If the owner properly maintains the
Warranties A new car warranty is an agreement by
vehicle and it fails an emissions test approved by
the auto manufacturer to have its authorized dealers
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), an
repair, replace, or adjust certain parts if they become
authorized service facility will repair or replace the
defective. This agreement typically lasts until the vehi
emission-related parts covered by the warranty
cle has been driven 36,000 miles (58,000 km), and/or
at no cost to the owner. Some states, such as
has been owned for 3 years. However, some manu
California, require the manufacturers to offer addi
facturers offer warranties that cover some systems as
tional or extended warranties.
long as 100,000 miles (161,000 km) or 10 years.
The manufacturers of hybrid vehicles typically
The details of most warranties vary with the man
have a warranty on the vehicle’s battery that covers
ufacturer, vehicle model, and year. Most manufac
8 to 10 years and up to 100,000 miles (161,000 km).
turers also provide a separate warranty for the
This is important because the batteries may cost
powertrain (engine, transmission, and so on) that
thousands of dollars.
covers these parts for a longer period than the basic
All warranty information can be found in the vehi
warranty. There are also additional warranties for
cle’s owner’s manual. Whenever there are questions
other systems or components of the vehicle.
about the warranties, carefully read that section in
Often, according to the terms of the warranty, the
the owner’s manual. If you are working on a vehicle
owner must pay a certain amount of money called
and know that the part or system is covered under a
the deductible. The manufacturer pays for all repair
warranty, make sure to tell the customer before pro
costs over the deductible amount.
ceeding with your work. Doing this will save the cus
Battery and tire warranties are often prorated, which
tomer money and you will earn his or her trust.
means that the amount of the repair bill covered by the
warranty decreases over time. For example, a battery
with a 72-month warranty fails after 60 months. The Career Opportunities
original price of the battery is divided by 72 and the
Automotive technicians can enjoy careers in many
cost per month is then multiplied by the months remain
different types of automotive businesses (Figure 1–7).
ing in the warranty period. Some warranties are held by
Because of the skills required to be a qualified techni
a third party, such as the manufacturer of the battery or
cian, there are also career opportunities for those who
tires. Although the manufacturer sold the vehicle with
do not want to repair automobiles the rest of their
the battery or set of tires, their warranty is the responsi
lives. The knowledge required to be a good techni
bility of the maker of that part.
cian can open many doors of opportunity.
There are also two government-mandated war
ranties: the Federal Emissions Defect Warranty and
Dealerships New car dealerships (Figure 1–8) serve
the Federal Emissions Performance Warranty. The
as the link between the vehicle manufacturer and the
Federal Emissions Defect Warranty ensures that the
customer. They are privately owned businesses. Most
vehicle meets all required emissions regulations and
dealerships are franchised operations, which means
that the vehicle’s emission control system works as
the owners have signed a contract with particular
designed and will continue to do so for 2 years or
auto manufacturers and have agreed to sell and ser
24,000 miles. The warranty does not cover problems
vice their vehicles.
caused by accidents, floods, misuse, modifications,
The manufacturer usually sets the sales and ser
poor maintenance, or the use of leaded fuels. The
vice policies of the dealership. Most warranty repair
systems typically covered by this warranty are:
work is done at the dealership. The manufacturer
● Air induction then pays the dealership for making the repair. The
● Fuel metering manufacturer also provides the service department
● Ignition at the dealership with the training, special tools,
equipment, and information needed to repair its
● Exhaust
vehicles. The manufacturers also help the dealer
● Positive crankcase ventilation ships get service business. Often, their commercials
8 S E C T I O N 1 • A u t o m o t i v e Te c h n o l o g y
5
YEAR
NEW VEHICLE
5 YEARS
LIMITED WARRANTY
6 0,0 0 0
7
YEAR
7 YEARS ANTI-PERFORATION
WARRANTY
UN L I M I T ED
10
YEAR
10 YEARS POWERTRAIN
LIMITED WARRANTY*
1 0 0,0 0 0
HYBRID BATTERY
WARRANTY*
L I F E T I ME
stress the importance of using their replacement Independent Service Shops Independent shops
parts and promote their technicians as the most (Figure 1–9) may service all types of vehicles or
qualified to work on their products. may specialize in particular types of cars and
Working for a new car dealership can have many trucks, or specific systems of a car. Independent
advantages. Technical support, equipment, and the shops outnumber dealerships by six to one. As the
opportunity for ongoing training are usually excellent. name states, an independent service shop is not
At a dealership, you have a chance to become very associated with any particular automobile manu
skillful in working on the vehicles you service. How facturer. Many independent shops are started by
ever, working on one or two types of vehicles does not technicians eager to be their own boss and run
appeal to everyone. Some technicians want diversity. their own business.
Service Technician
A service technician (Figure 1–13) diagnoses vehicle
problems, performs all necessary tests, and compe
tently repairs or replaces faulty components. The
skills to do this job are based on a sound understand
ing of auto technology, on-the-job experience, and
continuous training in new technology as it is intro
duced by auto manufacturers.
Individuals skilled in automotive service are called
technicians, not mechanics. There is a good reason
for this. Mechanic stresses the ability to repair and
service mechanical systems. While this skill is still
very much needed, it is only part of the technician’s
FIGURE 1–12 Large fleets usually have their own overall job. Today’s vehicles require mechanical
preventive maintenance and repair facilities and knowledge plus an understanding of other techno
technicians.
logies, such as electronics, hydraulics, and pneu
matics.
Job Classifications A technician may work on all systems of the
car or may become specialized. Specialty tech
The automotive industry offers numerous types of nicians concentrate on servicing one system
employment for people with a good understanding of the automobile, such as electrical, brakes
of automotive systems. (Figure 1–14), or transmission. These specialties
FIGURE 1–13 A service technician troubleshoots problems, performs all necessary diagnostic tests, and competently repairs
or replaces faulty components.
CHAPTER 1 • Careers in the Automotive Industry 11
Service Advisor
The person who greets customers at a service cen
ter is the service advisor (Figure 1–15), sometimes
called a service writer or consultant. Service advi
sors need to have an understanding of all major sys
tems of an automobile and be able to identify all
major components and their locations. They also
must be able to describe the function of each of
those components and be able to identify related
components. A good understanding of the recom
mended service and maintenance intervals and pro
cedures is also required. With this knowledge they
are able to explain the importance and complexity
of each service and are able to recommend other
services.
A thorough understanding of warranty policies
FIGURE 1–14 Specialty technicians work on only one
vehicle system, such as brakes. and procedures is also a must. Service advisors
Shop Foreman
The shop foreman is the one who helps technicians
with more difficult tasks and serves as the quality
control expert. In some shops, this is the role of the
lead tech. For the most part, both jobs are the same.
Some shops have technician teams. On these
teams, there are several technicians, each with a dif
ferent level of expertise. The lead tech is sort of the FIGURE 1–15 A service advisor’s main job is to record the
shop foreman of the team. Lead techs and shop customer’s concerns.
12 S E C T I O N 1 • A u t o m o t i v e Te c h n o l o g y
Service Manager
The service manager is responsible for the operation
of the entire service department at a large dealership
or independent shop. Normally, customer concerns
and complaints are handled by the service manager.
Therefore, a good service manager has good people
skills in addition to organizational skills and a solid
automotive background.
In a dealership, the service manager makes sure
the manufacturers’ policies on warranties, service
procedures, and customer relations are carried out.
The service manager also arranges for technician
training and keeps all other shop personnel informed FIGURE 1–16 A parts counterperson has an important role
and working together. in the operation of a store or dealership.
CHAPTER 1 • Careers in the Automotive Industry 13
and supplies, and maintaining contact with vendors. Warehouse distributors serve as large distribu
An understanding of automotive terminology and tion centers. WDs sell and supply parts to parts
systems and good organizational skills are a must wholesalers, commonly known as jobbers.
for parts counterpersons. Jobbers sell parts and supplies to shops and
This career is an excellent alternative for those do-it-yourselfers. Jobbers often have a delivery
who know about cars but would rather not work on service that gets the desired parts to a shop shortly
them. Much of the knowledge required to be a tech after it ordered them. Some parts stores focus
nician is also required for a parts person. However, a on individual or walk-in customers. These busi
parts specialist requires a different set of skills. Most nesses offer the do-it-yourselfers repair advice,
automotive parts specialists acquire the sales and and some even offer testing of old components.
customer service skills needed to be successful pri Selling good parts at a reasonable price and offer
marily through on-the-job experience and training. ing extra services to their customers are the
They may also gain the necessary technical knowl characteristics of successful parts stores. Many
edge on the job or through educational programs jobbers operate machine shops that offer another
and/or experience. To better understand the world source of employment for skilled technicians. Job
of the parts industry refer to Figure 1–17, which bers or parts stores can be independently owned
defines the common terms used by parts personnel. and operated. They can also be part of a larger
national chain (Figure 1–19). Auto manufacturers
have also set up their own parts distribution sys
Parts Manager tems to their dealerships and authorized service
The parts manager is in charge of ordering all replace outlets. Parts manufactured by the original vehicle
ment parts for the repairs the shop performs. The manufacturer are called original equipment man-
ordering and timely delivery of parts is extremely ufacturer (OEM) parts.
important for the smooth operation of the shop. Opportunities for employment exist at all levels
Delays in obtaining parts or omitting a small but cru in the parts distribution network, from warehouse
cial part from the initial parts order can cause frus distributors to the counter people at local jobber
trating holdups for both the service technicians and outlets.
customers.
Most dealerships and large independent shops
keep an inventory of commonly used parts, such as
Marketing and Sales
filters, belts, hoses, and gaskets. The parts manager Companies that manufacture equipment and parts
is responsible for maintaining this inventory. for the service industry are constantly searching for
knowledgeable people to represent and sell their
products. For example, a sales representative work
Related Career ing for an aftermarket parts manufacturer should
have a good knowledge of the company’s products.
Opportunities The sales representative also works with WDs, job
bers, and service shops to make sure the parts are
In addition to careers in automotive service, there being sold and installed correctly. They also help
are many other job opportunities directly related to coordinate training and supply information so that
the automotive industry. everyone using their products is properly trained
and informed.
Parts Distribution
The aftermarket refers to the network of businesses
Other Opportunities
(Figure 1–18) that supplies replacement parts to Other career possibilities for those trained in auto
independent service shops, car and truck dealer motive service include automobile and truck recy
ships, fleet operations, and the general public. clers, insurance company claims adjusters, auto
Vehicle manufacturers and independent parts body shop technicians, and trainers for the various
manufacturers sell and supply parts to approximately manufacturers or instructors for an automotive train
a thousand warehouse distributors throughout the ing or educational program (Figure 1–20). The latter
United States. These warehouse distributors (WDs) two careers require solid experience and a thorough
carry substantial inventories of many part lines. understanding of the automobile. It is not easy being
14 S E C T I O N 1 • A u t o m o t i v e Te c h n o l o g y
Raw materials
Independent Auto/truck
part manufacturers manufacturers
Those interested in a career in auto service can Mentoring Program This program is not the most
receive training in formal school settings—secondary, common program, but it can be one of the most
postsecondary, and vocational schools; and techni valuable. In a mentoring program, you experience
cal or community colleges, both private and public. the duties and responsibilities of a technician while
you have someone who is successful to use as an
expert. Your mentor has agreed to stay in contact
Student Work Experience with you, to answer questions, and to encourage
There are many ways to gain work experience while you. When you have a good mentor, you have
you are a student. You may already be involved in someone who may be able to explain things a little
one of the following; if not, consider becoming differently than the way things are explained in
involved in one of these programs. class. A mentor may also be able to give real life
16 S E C T I O N 1 • A u t o m o t i v e Te c h n o l o g y
examples of why some of the things you need to postsecondary schools. Students in the program
learn are important. apply what they learned in their 2-year program and
learn to diagnose and service BMW products. BMW
Cooperative Education and Apprenticeship says this program is the most respected and intense
Programs These programs are typically 2 years in training program of its kind in the world. For more
length. One year is spent in school and the other in information go to http://www.bmwstep.com.
a dealership or service facility. This does not mean
that 1 solid year is spent in school; rather in a coop
erative program you spend 8 to 12 weeks at school, The Need for Continuous Learning
and then work for 8 to 12 weeks. The switching Training in automotive technology and service does
back and forth continues for 2 years. Not only do not end with graduation nor does the need to read
you earn an hourly wage while you are working, you end. A professional technician constantly learns and
also earn credit toward your degree or diploma. keeps up to date. In order to maintain your image as
Your work experiences are carefully coordinated a professional and to keep your knowledge and skills
with your experiences at school; therefore, it is up to date, you need to do what you can to learn
called a cooperative program—industry cooperates new things. You need to commit yourself to lifelong
with education. Examples of this type of program learning.
are the Chrysler CAPS, Ford ASSET, GM ASEP, and There are many ways in which you can keep up
Toyota T-Ten (in Canada these are called T-TEP) with the changing technology. Short courses on
programs. specific systems or changes are available from the
An apprenticeship program combines work manufacturers and a number of companies that offer
experiences with education. The primary difference formal training, such as Federal Mogul, NAPA, AC
between the two programs is that in an apprentice Delco, and local parts jobbers. There are also many
ship program students attend classes in the evening online sources available, from companies like those
after completing a day’s work. During this rigorous listed above to many that specialize in technician
training program, you receive a decent hourly wage training. It is wise to attend update classes as soon
and plenty of good experience. You start the pro as you can. If you wait too long, you may have a
gram as a helper to an experienced technician and difficult time catching up with the ever-changing
can begin to do more on your own as you progress technologies.
through the program. In both cases, while you work In addition to taking classes, you can learn by
you get a chance to practice what you learned in reading automotive magazines or the newest edi
school. tions of automotive textbooks. A good technician
takes advantage of every opportunity to learn.
Part-Time Employment The success of this expe
rience depends on you and your drive to learn.
Working part-time will bring you good experience,
some income, and a good start in getting a great
ASE Certification
full-time position after you have completed school. The National Institute for Automotive Service
The best way to approach this is to find a position Excellence (ASE) has established a voluntary certi
and service facility that will allow you to grow. You fication program for automotive, heavy-duty truck,
need to start at a right level and be able to take on and auto body repair technicians along with parts
more difficult tasks when you are ready. The most specialist certifications. In addition to these pro
difficult challenge when working part-time is to keep grams, ASE also offers individual testing in the areas
up with your education while you are working. Many of automotive and heavy-duty truck parts, service
times work may get in the way, but if you truly want consultant, alternate fuels, advanced engine perfor
to learn, you will find a way to fit your education mance, and a variety of other areas. This certification
around your work schedule. system combines voluntary testing with on-the-job
experience to confirm that technicians have the skills
Postgraduate Education A few manufacturer pro needed to work on today’s more complex vehicles.
grams are designed for graduates of postsecondary ASE recognizes two distinct levels of service
schools. These programs train individuals to work capability—the automotive technician and the mas
on particular vehicles. For example, BMW’s Service ter automotive technician. The master automotive
Technician Education Program (STEP) is a scholar technician is certified by ASE in all major automotive
ship program for the top graduates of automotive systems.
CHAPTER 1 • Careers in the Automotive Industry 17
To become ASE certified, a technician must pass Systems, Light Vehicle Diesel, Engine Machining,
one or more tests that stress system diagnosis and Alternative Fuels, Collision Repair, or as a Parts
repair procedures. The eight basic certification areas Counterperson or a Service Consultant. Go to: www.
in automotive repair follow: ase.com for more information.
1. Engine repair As mentioned, ASE certification requires that you
have 2 years of full-time, hands-on working experi
2. Automatic transmission/transaxle ence as an automotive technician. You may receive
3. Manual transmissions and drive axles credit toward this 2-year experience requirement by
4. Suspension and steering completing formal training in one or a combination
5. Brakes of high school or post–high school education, short
technical courses, and cooperative or apprentice
6. Electrical systems ship programs.
7. Heating and air conditioning In 2012, ASE began offering ASE Student Certifi
8. Engine performance (driveability) cation tests. These are computer-based tests avail
able in the spring and fall each year for students
After passing at least one exam and providing
enrolled in any automotive technology program. Tests
proof of 2 years of hands-on work experience, the
are available for automotive, collision repair and refin
technician becomes ASE certified. Retesting is nec
ishing, and medium/heavy-duty truck. Each certifica
essary every 5 years to remain certified. A technician
tion is valid for 2 years from the date taken.
who passes one examination receives an automo
tive technician shoulder patch. The master automo
tive technician patch is awarded to technicians who
pass all eight of the basic automotive certification ASE Tests
exams (Figure 1–21).
ASE also offers advanced-level certification in ASE tests are designed to check your understanding
some areas. The most common advanced certifica of how automotive systems and components oper
tion for automobile technicians is the L1 or Advanced ate as well as your ability to diagnose problems and
Engine Performance. Individuals seeking this certifi determine the correct repairs. Certification tests
cation must be certified in Electricity and Engine Per contain between 40 and 75 multiple-choice ques
formance before taking this exam. Another advanced tions. Question types include the following:
certification is the Electronic Diesel Engine Diagnosis ● Direct, most likely, or completion questions
Specialist (L2). To receive this certification, a techni
cian must be currently certified in one of the ASE ● Technician A/Technician B questions
Diesel Engine areas and one of the ASE Electrical/ ● Except or least likely questions
Electronic Systems areas.
The questions are written by a panel of technical
ASE also offers specialist certifications. For exam
service experts, including domestic and import vehi
ple, you can become certified in Undercar–Exhaust
cle manufacturers, repair and test equipment and
parts manufacturers, working automotive technicians,
and automotive instructors. All questions are pre
tested and quality checked on a national sample of
technicians before they are included in the actual test.
Many test questions force the student to choose
between two distinct repair or diagnostic methods.
Examples of these questions are included at the end
of each chapter.
When taking ASE-style tests, first read the entire
question to determine what the subject or intent of
the question is about. Next, try to eliminate possible
choices based on your knowledge and experience
and choose the answer that seems the most likely.
Technician A/Technician B questions can be treated
FIGURE 1–21 ASE certification shoulder as two separate True/False questions; is Technician
patches worn by (left) automotive technicians A correct? Yes or No. Is Technician B correct? Yes or
and (right) master automotive technicians. No. Once you have answered all the questions, you
18 S E C T I O N 1 • A u t o m o t i v e Te c h n o l o g y
ASE Education
Foundation Program
Accreditation
While each automotive program is different, most
share some similarities. Many high school pro
grams and many post-secondary schools have
been evaluated and are accredited by the ASE
Education Foundation. To become accredited by
the ASE Education Foundation, a program must
show documentation of what is covered in the
program and the amount of time spent in each of FIGURE 1–22 A sign showing an automotive program is
the ASE areas. The programs must also pass an ASE certified.
onsite evaluation. Accredited programs display
the sign shown in Figure 1–22. This means the standardization, all of the core skills taught in each
school is teaching the competencies and to the and every certified program is the same. More
standards prescribed by ASE. Because of this information can be found at www.asealliance.org.
11. To be successful, today’s automotive technician 14. Technician A says battery warranties are often
must have ___. prorated. Technician B says some warranties
a. an understanding of electronics have a deductible. Who is correct?
b. the ability to repair and service mechanical a. Technician A
systems b. Technician B
c. the dedication to always be learning some c. Both A and B
thing new d. Neither A nor B
d. All of the above 15. Wholesale auto parts stores that sell aftermar
12. A technician must have a minimum of ___ ket parts and supplies to service shops and the
year(s) of hands-on work experience to get ASE general public are called ___.
certification. a. warehouse distributors
a. 1 b. mass merchandisers
b. 2 c. jobbers
c. 3 d. freelancers
d. 4 16. Ongoing technical training and support is avail
13. An experienced technician who passes all eight able from ___.
basic ASE automotive certification tests is certi a. aftermarket parts manufacturers
fied as a(n) ___.
b. auto manufacturers
a. automotive technician
c. online resources
b. master automotive technician
d. All of the above
c. service manager
d. parts manager
CHAPTER
WORKPLACE SKILLS
2
T
OBJECTIVES his chapter gives an overview of what you
should do to get a job and how to keep it. The
● Develop a personal employment plan.
basis for this discussion is respect—respect for
● Seek and apply for employment.
yourself, your employer, fellow employees, your
● Prepare a resume and cover letter.
customers, and everyone else. Also included in
● Prepare for an employment interview.
this discussion are the key personal characteris-
● Accept employment.
tics required of all seeking to be successful auto-
● Understand how automotive technicians are
motive technicians and employees.
compensated.
Understand the proper relationship between
Seeking and Applying
●
Employment Plan
An employment plan is nothing more than an honest
appraisal of yourself and your career hopes. The plan
should include your employment goals, a timetable
for reaching those goals, and a prioritized list of
potential employers or types of employers. You may
need to share your employment plan with someone
while you are seeking employment, so make sure it is
complete. Even if no one else will see it, you should
be as thorough as possible because it will help keep
you focused during your quest for employment.
Think about the type of job you want and do
some research to find out what is required to get that
21
22 S E C T I O N 1 • A u t o m o t i v e Te c h n o l o g y
FIGURE 2–1 Check the employment or career sections of websites for businesses that are looking for technicians.
relate to the job you are seeking. For instance, if you them in a resume, and tell them to your potential
practice every day at your favorite sport so that you can employer. Do not put the responsibility of figuring
make the team, you may want to describe yourself out who you are on the employers—tell them.
as being persistent, determined, motivated, and Figure 2–2 is an example of a basic resume for
goal-oriented. Another example is if you have ever an individual seeking an entry-level position as a
pulled an all-nighter to get an assignment done on technician.
time, it can mean that you work well under pressure
and always get the job done. Another example would Putting Together an Effective Resume Follow
be if you keep your promises and do what you said these guidelines while preparing and writing your
you would do, you may want to describe yourself as resume:
reliable, a person who takes commitment seriously.
● Make sure your resume is neat, uncluttered, and
Identifying your skills may be a difficult task, so
easy to read.
have your family and/or friends help you. Keep in
mind that you have qualities and skills that ● Use quality white paper.
employers want. You need to recognize them, put ● Keep it short—one page is best.
Jack Erjavec
1234 My Street
Somewhere, OZ 99902
123-456-7890
Work Experience
2015–2017 Somewhere Soccer Association (Assistant coach)
●● Instructed and supervised junior team
●● Performed administrative tasks as the Coach required
2013–2017 Carried out various odd jobs within the community
●● Washing and waxing cars, picking up children from school, raking leaves, cutting grass
Education
Somewhere Senior High School, graduated in 2017
Somewhere Community College, currently enrolled in the Automotive Technology Program
Extracurricular Activities
2014–2017 Active member of the video game club
2016–2017 Member of the varsity soccer team
References
Available upon request.
FIGURE 2–2 A sample of a resume for someone who has little work experience.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
“May God bless your plans! Here is my girl, Jean. She has known
loneliness and sorrow too long. She needs happiness. How happy
she will be with your love! She will feel her youth, which she had
forgotten. Jean, you may tell her that you love her.”
Then she added in lower tones—for Paule was coming nearer—
and he did not hear her words:
“I give you my last, my dearest child.”
Tall and erect, Paule came across the courtyard and joined them
under the shadow of the chestnuts. Her black dress made her look a
little formal as she greeted the young man. He had risen and gone to
meet her. A slight flush heightened her color, while her dark eyes
lighted up. She kissed her mother:
“I have just come from the farm. We shall have the butter and
eggs to-morrow.”
Madame Guibert gazed at them both with motherly eyes. She
rose from the basket-chair where she had been sitting.
“I am going in to see about dinner. You will excuse me, Jean.
How lovely it is this evening. You have not been out all day, Paule.
You should have a walk together before the sun sets. Go as far as
the Montcharvin wood and come back. Come back soon, my
children!”
She could not resist calling them her children. She watched them
go down the chestnut avenue side by side with rapid steps.
“How tall she is!” she said to herself. “He is only half a head taller
than she. And he is very tall. A fine couple!”
They disappeared behind the trees. Slowly and with a heavy
heart the old lady went in to her house, and as she prepared herself
for this last sacrifice she repeated to herself:
“My darling little Paule, and I have lost her! May you be happy.
You have deserved it for your dear care of me. Be happy—it is all I
ask of God.”
Above the Vimines road, a path cut off by a screen of poplars
from Forezan’s steep slopes skirts the fields and leads to
Montcharvin farm. Paule and Jean followed it, the girl walking in
front.
“Let us go as far as the ash-wood,” she said. “We shall be able to
see the sunset reflected on the mountains through the trees.”
He stopped. “No, let us stay here, will you not?” And he pointed
to the old felled tree-trunk which served as a bench. She had never
sat there since her last walk with Marcel. Thinking of this, she
hesitated. She had no idea what Jean had to say to her. Little
accustomed to thinking of her own affairs and resigned to her destiny
as a penniless girl, she never gave love or marriage a thought. She
believed she had stifled forever the feelings which had once caused
her so much suffering, and kept jealous watch over the heart for
which no one asked. She consented to sit down. For a moment they
were silent, side by side.
The sun had disappeared behind the nearby mountains. Round
them they were conscious of the peace of evening falling over the
land, like a holy presence. At their feet the ripe cornfields waved
gently. Further away the trees in the wood gathered their leaves
together and sought calm repose. On the horizon the cliffs of Mount
Revard, still touched by the sunlight, shone with bright pinks and
violets. The happy omen in this peace of nature increased Jean’s
emotion. He looked at the girl beside him and was happy at the
thought of what he was about to say to her.
She remembered with painful clearness the words which Marcel
had spoken to her on this same tree-trunk on the evening before he
left for Africa.
“Paule,” she could hear in the voice that was for ever hushed, “do
not be anxious, you will be happy some day.” Since Jean’s return
she accepted her life bravely and without bitterness. She felt a kind
of stoical happiness which satisfied her after so many blows. Was
that the happiness Marcel had meant? In this peaceful hour, the
vague longing for joy of another kind rose up in her. Still, she did not
know that the time had come.
Jean made up his mind to speak.
“I have been speaking to your mother, Paule, of my plans for the
future,” he said.
She looked at him.
“Your leave is up already? You are going away again soon?”
“I am not going back to the regiment.”
In her surprise she waited for his explanation.
“I am going to resign.”
“You, Jean! Oh, that is a mistake. You are not thirty yet, you have
the Legion of Honor and you are giving up your career! What would
Marcel have thought?”
“Marcel would have agreed with me—because I shall serve
France in another way, which will not be less useful. From being a
soldier I shall become a colonist. I have written to your brother
Étienne, who finds his work at Tonkin too much for him. I am going to
join him.”
“Oh,” she said. “How glad they will be out there! They know what
good friends you and Marcel were. You will tell them about him as
you have told us. You will see my nephew and my niece. You will
know them before I do.”
The shadows were falling over the plain and began to climb the
mountain slopes. Over Lake Bourget far away, hung a violet haze,
mingling itself by degrees in the pink and gold of the sky. Evening
was enveloping still nature like a blessing.
Jean rose and stood before the girl.
“Your brothers would be much happier if they knew my other
plan.” And lowering his eyes to the ground, he added more gently:
“It is a plan infinitely dear to me. Your mother knows what it is.”
He looked at her and saw with surprise that she suspected
nothing. He admired this forgetfulness of self, and gravely, with deep
tenderness, brought out the decisive words at last:
“Paule, I love you. Will you be my wife and go out there with me?”
She rose in her turn, unable to speak and deathly pale. Her
heaving bosom showed the tumult of her heart.
He continued: “I love you, Paule. Did you not know it? Did you
not guess it? When I came back from Algiers I found you so brave—
and so beautiful. Oh, don’t say no! During the crossing of the
Sahara, I remember, Marcel often told me, when we were talking
about Savoy, that you were your mother’s comfort. Whenever I was
looking for something to stir up my energy, some picture to cheer me
and arouse my courage, I thought of you. I know I have always loved
you, since the time we were children, when I laughed at your long
black hair. My happiness lies in your hands, Paule. Will you not give
it to me?”
She made no reply. She was so pale that it seemed as if the
blood had left her veins. He took her hand, which she did not
withdraw. He waited, confident and calm, his heart swelling with
hope.
She gazed at the peaceful countryside unseeingly. The summits
of Mount Revard ceased to reflect the sunset glow. All nature was
wrapped in the shadow which precedes sleep.
Was not this the happiness that Marcel had predicted for her, on
this very spot, during a similar sunset?
As she continued silent, Jean was racked with intolerable
anguish. In an altered voice he repeated for the third time.
“Paule, I love you. Why do you not speak? Answer me, I beg
you.”
Gently the girl released her hand.
“No, no, I cannot,” she said.
Sobs choked her voice, and she fled towards the house.
Then he felt the night fall even upon his heart. He hated the life
he had once adored and envied Marcel dead on the African sands,
Marcel wrapped in infinite peace.
CHAPTER VIII
MADAME GUIBERT
On the veranda Madame Guibert was waiting for the return of
“her children.” Her arms were crossed on the iron balustrade; hidden
in one of her hands she held a rosary, the beads of which she told
while her lips murmured the Ave Maria. A peace as deep as that
which had fallen over the land now reigned over her tear-stained
face.
She saw Paule come back sobbing distractedly and tried in vain
to stop her.
“Paule, what is the matter? Tell me,” she called. But the girl
passed her without a word and fled to her room.
Madame Guibert turned to follow her. Then she changed her
mind, threw a shawl round her shoulders, and descended the steps.
With trembling feet, summoning all her strength, she went up the
avenue and posted herself near the open gate which looked on to
the road.
“He cannot have passed yet,” she thought. “Paule came back so
quickly.”
By the light of the setting sun she scanned the deserted road. All
round her she heard nothing but the never-ceasing, strident sound of
the crickets and the occasional flutter of a heavy chestnut-leaf blown
down by the wind. After a few minutes of suspense, she saw the
young man’s shadow on the path which skirts the Montcharvin
meadows. He walked along with his head bowed, and his body
stooping listlessly. As he came nearer she read easily the expression
of sadness in his face. So absorbed was he in his sorrow that he did
not notice her standing to his right beside the stone column. As he
passed her, she called to him:
“Jean!”
Surprised to hear his own name he turned round and saw the old
lady smiling sweetly at him. He took off his hat and came up to her.
“I am so unhappy,” he said simply, as if he were telling his
troubles to his own mother. Madame Guibert held out her hand to
him.
“Jean, give me your arm. Let us go in, night is coming on and it is
getting cold.”
He gave her his arm, answering in dull accents: “Madame
Guibert, you know that I must not come in any more. But I will take
you back as far as the door.”
The golden splashes of twilight sought to blend with the thick
trunks of the chestnuts. Daylight was fighting obstinately with
darkness. Slowly and silently the pair walked over the gravel of the
avenue. At the foot of the steps, as he was going to bid her good-bye
she said:
“Come in with me. I want to talk to you. Paule is not in the
drawing-room.”
He tried to resist, then gave way indifferently and followed
Madame Guibert. He was like a condemned man, who does not
believe in the chaplain’s consolations and yet listens to him.
When he had shut the door she turned to him and taking his two
hands looked at him steadily with her clear eyes.
“She has refused to be your wife?”
“She ran away in tears.”
“Jean, my dear Jean, you did not understand.”
Her affectionate words soothed his pain, but also had the effect
of softening his resolution, and he was ready to burst into tears.
“I am sure she does not love me,” he said. “I love her so much.”
She let go his hands and leaned against the table, seeming to
collect her thoughts. What she was making up her mind to say was
so serious. Could she answer for her daughter’s heart? Was she
indeed sure that she herself quite understood? She looked at the
young man whom she wished to have for her son, and remembered
how loyal and brave he had been in the past. Above all she thought
of Paule’s loving nature and her life in the days to come. Reassured,
she smiled at Jean and spoke at last.
“You are quite wrong, Jean. Paule loves you.”
He shook his head. “Oh, no, Madame, do not trouble yourself to
find explanations. Let me go away.”
“Do you think mothers can no longer guess their daughter’s
secrets?”
She paused and then spoke out her thoughts.
“Paule loves you. Did you not understand that she was sacrificing
herself for me?”
“For you?” he repeated. “How so?”
He looked attentively at Madame Guibert. His youth rebelled at
the thought of defeat and already he was full of a new hope. Still she
was not surprised that he had not guessed her meaning. She
answered almost apologetically:
“Did you not tell her that you were leaving for Tonkin?”
“Yes, I did.”
“She did not want to go away from me, Jean. And that is why she
left you in tears. But she loves you. Did not her tears tell you that?”
At last his own selfishness was clear to him, and he stood
stupidly before the woman whose existence he had forgotten. He
had been preparing to leave her in loneliness and yet a few minutes
ago she had said nothing when he had asked her for the gift of her
last child.
Madame Guibert repeated, as he maintained his silence: “She
did not wish to leave me all alone.” And with a faint smile she added,
“Does that surprise you, Jean?”
He was still silent, trying to master the feeling that was
overwhelming him. The old lady went on in her gentle, resolute
voice:
“She was wrong, Jean. She loved me before she loved you. She
loves you best to-day and does not yet know it. She has been my joy
and my strength. You will see later what her devotion can be. She
has devoted herself to me to the verge of sacrificing herself. But I do
not wish it. God does not wish it.”
She saw that the young man was almost in tears and she took
his hand again.
“She is looking back, and in life we must look forward. Fathers
and mothers must live for their children, not the other way. It is the
natural law. It is the divine will. Do not mourn, Jean. She will be your
wife. I am going to send her to you. But you must promise me you
will cherish and protect her always and make her happy. My little
Paule deserves it so much.”
Jean could not keep back his tears any longer. And these were
sacred tears, stirred at the sight of such a miracle of abnegation. His
deep and respectful admiration embraced both mother and daughter,
so worthy of one another in their forgetfulness of their own
happiness. And he himself, blinded by his love, had not guessed that
this love, cruel as the gods of old, demanded a great sacrifice, an
offering of atonement in the sorrow of the noblest of hearts!
With an impulsive movement he bent over the hand which he
held in his and placed his lips on it.
“I should like to kneel to you,” he murmured. “May you be blessed
above all women!”
“Oh, what are you saying, Jean?”
He continued: “But I cannot accept your sacrifice. We will stay in
France near you. Paule shall never leave you.”
Madame Guibert had already left him. She went to the end of the
drawing-room, opened a door, and turning round on the threshold as
she went out said, “Wait here for me.”
She crossed her own room and entered her daughter’s
noiselessly. Through the open window the dying light of day came in,
with the perfume of the garden, and was reflected with the trees in
the mirror. In the afterglow, she saw Paule, sitting huddled up at the
foot of her bed, crying her heart out for her lost happiness. She had
lost it of her own free will, and not through weakness; but could she
not see it now from afar, like the promised land which she should
never enter? She plunged herself into the flood of that love which
none had known or could ever know, that joyous love of old which
she had thought suppressed for ever and which she now felt welling
forth again to her sorrow—plunged herself so deep that she seemed
almost to taste the savor of death upon her lips. She was awakened
from her misery by her mother’s kiss upon her hair.
“Paule,” said Madame Guibert, “why are you crying? You must be
brave in your happiness, as you have been in your trials.”
The girl had already risen and under cover of the growing
darkness, which partly hid the signs of her sorrow, she began at
once to defend herself.
“You don’t know what happened, Mother. I do not love him. Only
... his offer was so unexpected, so strange, that I was a little startled.
It is the first time, Mother, you know.... But I don’t love him, I assure
you.... I cannot do more than I have done.”
Her mother was looking at her with infinite love, as if she were
measuring the extent of this devotion which would not confess itself
and persisted in denial, even to despair.
“Come with me, Paule,” she said at last. “Jean has not told you
everything—Or you left too soon. He did not have time to tell you,
dear, that when you go I am going with you.”
As flowers after a heavy shower sparkle in the sunlight which
changes their rain-drops to precious stones, so now this tearful face
lighted up. Paule threw her arms round her mother’s neck. If
Madame Guibert had any doubts about Paule’s secret, this quick
change would have enlightened her.
“Mother, is that true? How happy we shall be out there! ... I love
you.”
Madame Guibert smiled, fully aware that these three immortal
words were not meant for her.
“I knew it well,” she murmured softly, fondling her daughter’s
cheek as she used to do when she was but a tiny child. Moved to
tears she was thinking of the blossoming of this happiness to which,
by a providential chance, she had been allowed to contribute, and
under her breath she thanked God, who had answered her prayer.
Shyly and without looking at her mother, Paule asked: “Has he
gone?”
“He is here.”
The girl blushed, but the darkness hid her. The golden lights were
already fading from the mirror.
“Let us go and find him,” said Madame Guibert.
She lead Paule by the hand into the drawing-room.
“Jean,” she said, “here is your wife!”
She joined their hands. But they did not look at each other yet. A
similar emotion filled their hearts. Jean was the first to raise his eyes.
The tears Paule had shed, if they lessened the beauty of her
features, took away the pride of her expression and in its place
brought a humbler, more touching look. He loved her all the more for
her womanly weakness.
“I may be certain of my happiness?” were his first words.
With a sigh she answered, “Oh, yes....”
“Paule, I love you,” he said.
She repeated after him in a voice that was scarcely audible: “I
love you, Jean.”
She looked at him in her turn and they smiled at each other. But
immediately her eyes went to her mother, and, the joy of her heart
confirmed, she said:
“Mother is going to Tonkin with us. We will all be together out
there except my sister Marguerite, the nun.”
Now Jean understood the last argument Madame Guibert had
used to test her daughter’s heart. And although he had doubts about
this journey and instinctively suspected the generous falsehood, he
pretended to rejoice with the two women.
“My children, my dear children,” Madame Guibert cried. “God has
given us great happiness. May His blessing be upon you, upon your
new home, upon your family! Jean, kiss your bride.”
The young man’s lips touched a cheek that was still wet. Thus
their first kiss was mingled with sadness, as if to symbolize their
union for life, in sorrow and in joy.
Madame Guibert had gone to the end of the drawing-room, and
was looking at Marcel’s photograph; but at this late hour it was more
in memory than in the portrait that she could see her son’s features.
Jean and Paule came up to her.
“How happy Marcel would be,” said the young man. “I think now
he knew my heart before I did myself.”
And the girl was thinking of her brother’s words: “Don’t be
anxious, you will be happy some day.” Could he, who bore the fatal
sign upon his brow and walked towards death with a sure step, have
read the future then, with eyes that saw into another world? Was it
his detachment from this life that enabled him to understand the
affinity of souls and the secret of destinies? Paule’s sisterly devotion
was glad to have Marcel associated with her own love.
The glowing struggle of the daylight with the dusk was over. Day
was dead.
“I must go,” murmured Jean to his fiancée. And immediately she
felt sad. Already all her thoughts were with her future husband and
this first separation was a cause of grief.
“It is very late,” Madame Guibert broke in. “Stay with us, Jean.
You must dine with us—you are not hard to please. Afterwards you
can go back to Rose Villa.”
He hesitated a minute.
“I cannot,” he said. “My uncle would be anxious. I was rude to
him just now on the road and I don’t wish to cause him fresh
annoyance.”
He told Paule of M. Loigny’s unaccomplished official mission.
“Come back with him to-morrow for luncheon, then,” continued
Madame Guibert. “Tell him that the garden will play its part in the
fête. We shall have our loveliest flowers on the table. They will
entertain him. Then we will all go and celebrate your engagement at
the village church.”
As Jean left Le Maupas he found darkness in the oakwood.
Joyfully and in no haste he descended the wooded hillside, as
though it were the plain straight path of his well-ordered life in the
days to come; the same hillside that Marcel had once mounted
running, with the fire of love in his heart and the savor of danger
upon his dry lips.
That night Paule was late in getting to sleep. She welcomed love
with a steadfast heart, and with a serious feeling that made her
resolution the firmer, not the weaker. She had climbed the hill of her
youth, fighting difficulties, both physical and moral, as the hardy
mountain-sheep struggle upward through the bushes which tear their
fleeces on the way. Now it seemed to her that she was walking over
a plain and that her bare feet were treading the soft grass. The sky
before her was full of light. And what did it matter to her if she still
had to climb? Would she not hereafter have a stronger arm to lean
upon? And did she not feel in herself a new courage?
But Paule had been asleep a long time when her mother was still
watching and praying.
“My God,” the poor woman murmured, “for the first time in my life
I have told a lie. Forgive me. These two children had to be brought
together. They were made for each other. Should not their happiness
go before mine? I am too old to follow them. I cannot leave my dead.
The earth is calling to me and Thou will soon summon me. Here I will
await the hour that Thou hast fixed. But grant me strength, Oh my
God, to bear this last separation calmly. I had grown accustomed to
Paule’s care and Thou remindest me, in taking away my only earthly
joy, that we cannot attach ourselves for ever to this world’s goods. In
leaving me she will take away the heart which Thou hast filled,
before breaking it. I offer Thee my sorrows beforehand, so that Thou
mayst shower the most abundant blessings on my sons, including
Jean, and on my daughters, on the living and the dead.”
She prayed a long time. At last she found peace in resignation,
and her tardy slumbers were tranquil.
CHAPTER IX
THE MIRACLE OF THE ROSES
On the road to Rose Villa Jean breathed in the air of the loveliest
of summer nights and tasted that joy which life gives when love
comes to make it straight and whole, not to disturb and torture.
Jean reached his uncle’s house before he knew where he was.
“Already!” he cried. And he smiled as he noticed that all the
windows of the little house were lighted up. “Is he having a party?
That would be an unusual sight.”
He opened the gate and went up the little rose-bordered path
which led in a straight line to the front door. Mechanically he
stretched out his hand, as he often did, towards the slim bushes and
in the darkness his fingers tried to gather a flower at haphazard; but
they found only the leaves and the thorns.
“Some thief,” he thought, “has climbed the fence and stolen my
uncle’s treasures! What a blow for the poor man!”
The door was still ajar. Jean pushed it open. It seemed as if he
were walking in a field of roses. The invisible garden, under shadow
of night, had apparently invaded the hall. Flowers lay in heaps, and
the electric light of the ante-room revealed, on a green background
of leaves, variegated patches of color—here in sharp contrast, there
in insensible gradations of hue. Red roses, crimson red, poppy-red,
carmine, nasturtium, flame-colored, copper, red of the dawn; white
roses, dead-white, pure white, creamy white; roses of tender pink,
peach-colored, bright pink; roses of pale yellow, straw-colored,
canary-colored, nankin yellow, lemon yellow, sulphur, orange; all
mingled their scents together.
Jean went forward stupefied. The doors of the dining-room and
drawing-room, which communicated with each other and could be
thrown into a single room, stood wide open and their thresholds
strewn with flowering branches revealed the onward progress of the
invading hordes. But after three or four steps, the young man
stopped short. A voice penetrated distinctly to his ears. It was giving
forth, with the monotonous regularity of a chamberlain, announcing
the guests, the names of women, and at every name it sounded as if
a branch were falling on the ground or as if silken stuffs were
rustling.
“Madame Laurette de Messimy! Madame Jean Sisley! The
Countess of Panisse! The Duchess of Edinburgh! The Duchess of
Auerstädt! The Marquise de Vivens! Madame Hippolyte Jamain!
Madame de Watteville! Mademoiselle Anne-Marie Cote! ...”
With a catch at his heart Jean thought, “Uncle has gone mad
while I was away!”
The quiet voice seemed now to be chanting some profane litany.
“Beauty of Europe! Inconstant Beauty! Star of Lyons! Gloire de
Dijon! Firefly! Grace Darling! Snowball! Golden Dream! Miniature!
Surprise! Pearl of the Gardens! Streaky Pearl! Perfection of
Pleasure! ...”
The young man’s face brightened with a smile; but he stood
where he was.
“Fanchette, let us go into the drawing-room,” said the voice.
“There are still some more.”
After a pause the names began again. But the women’s names
no longer reached Jean’s ears so sharp and clear; they were
accompanied by short descriptions of toilettes, rather like the
accounts in fashion papers, and then by flattering appreciations
addressed indiscriminately to princesses, great ladies, or beauties of
the people.
“The Duchess of Morny, in pale pink, backed with silver!
Viscountess Folkestone, in bright pink with salmon lights!
Mademoiselle Thérèse Levet, in cherry pink! Mademoiselle Eugénie
Verdier, in bright pink with white lights, and Mademoiselle Marie
Perrin, in beautiful pale silvery pink!”
After this gracious group of bright robed young women, the
speaker’s enthusiasm waxed warmer.
“Mademoiselle Adelina Viviand-Morel, your hue is indefinable.
Your apricot, shading to canary, turns to straw yellow streaked with
flesh colour! Anne-Marie de Montravel, you are certainly tiny, but
your simple toilette is of the purest white. Mademoiselle Augustine
Guinoiseau, your whiteness, satiny and faintly pink fascinates me.
You are tall and well made, the flower of all France! Innocence
Pirola, I love your slim grace and your rosy tint. Madame Ernest
Calvat, there is a sweet fullness about you and your dress is a
charming vivid China pink. Yet I prefer that tender rose hue, suffused
with white, of the Baroness Rothschild, tall and very lovely, but
without scent.”
Jean stifled a laugh when, with a brusque change of tone, the
voice commanded:
“Now we must make haste, Fanchette. My nephew will be back
soon.”
“And what about dinner?” asked the maid. “What time will you
have it to-night? Or are you doing to dine on scents?”
M. Loigny’s voice, imperious and angry, was heard through the
room.
“I tell you, girl, that I despise your dinner! Let us get on!”
The interrupted litany began again calmly.
“Madame Olga Marix, you are of medium height and the white of
your robe is almost the color of living flesh. Countess of Murinais, I
love you above all for your delicate pallor, for your foam-like, fragile
beauty. Your grace is not of the lasting kind. You have not the
charming precocity of Madame Sancy de Parabère, nor her amiable
opulence, nor the lovely brightness of her vivid pink, but you are a
type of discreet elegance and distinction.”
Now at last Jean could contain himself no longer, and at the risk
of breaking the spell he bent forward to look at the favorite. He saw
M. Loigny with pruning shears in one hand, while in the other hand
he lifted the perfect flower, the white rose which he loved and
praised the most. Kneeling on the floor, Fanchette was grouping the
countless stalks which her master threw to her after gazing at them
fondly, classing them by their families, and calling them by their
names. The armchairs, the table, the carpet, all the country drawing-
room was hidden under the roses. It seemed as though they had
fallen from the ceiling in a scented rain, an odorous avalanche. And
through the open bay window the young man saw in the dining-room
huge bouquets standing in a row, with dashes of red-purple in them
that looked like wounds. These strangely decorated rooms were the
death-chamber of the revived garden.
“There are only three or four princesses left,” said the rose-lover,
somewhat regretfully, to calm his angry servant. And quickly he went
over them.
“Princess Beatrice, tall and nonchalant, in bright pink; Princess
Marie, whose pink is like the cheek of a shy maiden; Princess
Louise, who may be compared to some fresh face with its brilliant
coloring toned down by a clumsy powderpuff.”
“Why has he ruined his garden?” Jean uneasily asked himself.
Through the windows he looked out into the night, and fancied he
could hear in the wind which idly stirred the branches, the plaint of
the mutilated rose-bushes.
At last M. Loigny noticed his nephew and his face assumed at
once an expression of contrition and timidity.
“Here is every one of my roses,” was all that he said.
The young man was thinking: “He is not even interested in my
engagement.” But happiness made him tolerant and he even wished
to flatter his uncle’s innocent whim.
“Why did you gather them this evening?” he asked.
The agitated old man pursued the line of his own thoughts.
“Not one was spared, and my whole garden is there. The finest
have women’s names, but the Chinese gardeners show the most
poetical imaginations in naming the many colored beauties of the
earth.”
“I heard you a few moments ago,” went on Jean pleasantly, “and I
supposed you were talking to a crowd of charming shadows.”
“About a hundred and fifty,” said his uncle.
“It is a goodly number.”
“What is it compared with the incessantly increasing number of
the various kinds of roses? There are several thousands of them.
And one forgets all those that our grandfathers cultivated, of which
one can find only in old books and among some rare specimens in
old gardens. In our day too, Jean, new roses make their appearance
every year from the hands of their clever growers. Look on the
ground and you will see represented by choice specimens the roses
of Bengal and China, the Miss Lawrence varieties, the many-
flowered roses, whose trails are suited to borders and baskets, the
roses of Provence, the moss-rose, the tea rose, the noisette, in
whose delicate coloring the note of yellow is predominant. Cold-
hating plants these Tea and Noisette roses! We have to protect them
against the severities of winter, but they reward us for our trouble by
flowering abundantly.”
Once started on his hobby, like a dog running round a cornfield,
he rushed about, sniffing the air, gesticulating and heedlessly
threatening all the knick-knacks of the drawing-room with sudden
ruin. All at once he walked up to a little desk, opened a drawer and
drew out a volume, which he brandished in the air as he came back
toward his nephew.
“Lecoq’s ‘Cultivation of Vegetables,’” he murmured. “A weighty
work, admirable, inimitable!”
He turned over the pages, and smiling happily began to read this
passage in a loud voice:
“Whatever the size of a bed, however small may be the corner of
ground at an amateur’s disposal, whatever useful knowledge he may
gain, whatever curious experiments he may make, and whatever joy
he may attain when by artificial cultivation he succeeds in enriching
his garden, his friends, even his country, with some new creation
which owes its existence to his care and intelligence.” He looked at
his nephew over his book, and then finished the quotation:
“Everyone may act in his own sphere, in his own corner, may be
silent if he is not successful (which is rare), and may justly boast if
something remarkable comes to crown his efforts.”
As if he had equalled Napoleon or Cæsar in the gratification of
his ambition, M. Loigny murmured sadly as he closed the learned
work:
“Yes, I have dreamed of emulating the rose-grower Gonod or
Louis Scipio Cochet. I, too, have created a rose! She is lying there
with all the rest. I wanted to call her the ‘Souvenir of Loigny the
Rosarist’ so that by means of her sweet scent and delicate coloring
my name might be transmitted through the ages to all garden-lovers.
I, even I, have aspired to glory.”
“That is splendid. Show her to me,” said Jean. “Then let us have
dinner, for I am dying of hunger.”
“Now that is what I call sense,” muttered Fanchette.
The hands of the clock stood at nine.
“Go to your stove, my girl,” the old man ordered with dignity. He
was already on all fours on the floor, looking for his masterpiece in
the heap of roses. Without getting up he handed a magnificent flower
to his nephew.
“She will not bear my name—but yours. This very evening I have
christened her Paule Berlier.”
“She is beautiful,” said Jean. But he was thinking of his fiancée.
Then he added: “I thank you, Uncle, for your poetic homage.”
The old man was still on his knees. He stretched out his two
hands with an expansive gesture and softly repeated, “Here are all
my roses!”
“But why this massacre?” Jean asked for the second time. “I am
sure you must have decapitated all your plants.”
“All, Jean, without exception.”
“Why this slaughter? Won’t you tell me?”
M. Loigny was contemplating the mass of cut flowers with the
radiant smile of a Christian virgin led to martyrdom. He got up with
difficulty and answered:
“Here are all my roses. They are for you.”
“For me?” asked Jean, surprised.
“For you, so that you may give them to your fiancée.”
“You have despoiled your garden for my fiancée? Oh, how kind
you are!” said Jean. As he embraced his uncle, he noticed that the
old man’s eyes were full of tears.
“But why? They are your flowers. You should not have sacrificed
them for me.”
With an affection that Jean had never known in him, M. Loigny
put his hand on the young man’s shoulder and said gently to him:
“Yes, Jean, it was necessary. I am not crying for my roses, but for
myself. They are not, they should never have been anything but a
diversion instead of occupying all my time. Can you forgive me,
Jean?”
“Forgive you?”
“Yes, I had positively forgotten life. I was afraid of its sorrows and
troubles, and I took refuge in my garden. Many people commit the
same cowardice, in another way. They are wrong, like me. Just now
on the road, at the sight of your astonished face, I suddenly
understood the harm I had done. For the sake of a rose, for a wicked
autumn-flowering China rose, dark red turning to purple, I had lost
sight of your happiness, your love, and my own duty. But all my
flowers are there. When I came in I fell upon my rose bushes with
this weapon.” He still had the pruning shears in his left hand,
instrument of his atoning sacrifice.
Jean tried to interpose.