A TERM PAPER

ON

IMPLEMENTING EFFICIENT MECHANICAL AND IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR

FOOD SECURITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AND ALLEVIATING
ECONOMIC CRISIS IN NIGERIA.

BY

HARRISON CHIMENEM DANIEL

21/ENG06/014

SUBMITTED TO

DR. OLUWADARE JOSHUA OYEBODE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AFE BABALOLA UNIVERSITY ADO-EKITI (ABUAD)

COURSE CODE: ENG 384

COURSE TITLE: ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 9TH APRIL, 2024

1
 ABSTRACT
This term paper explores the implementation of efficient mechanical and irrigation systems in
Nigeria to address food security, sustainable development, and economic crises. By adopting
modern practices and technologies, such as mechanized farming equipment and advanced
irrigation techniques, Nigeria can increase agricultural productivity, optimize resource
utilization, and mitigate water scarcity and climate risks. Successful implementation can lead to
enhanced food production, reduced losses, employment generation, rural development, and
economic growth. Sustainable practices minimize environmental impact and support long-term
development. The paper provides recommendations based on current challenges and successful
practices, emphasizing the importance of embracing agricultural and irrigation innovation for a
brighter and sustainable future in Nigeria.
Through an extensive literature review, this explores challenges and opportunities in Nigeria's
agriculture sector and emphasizes the importance of implementing efficient mechanical and
irrigation systems for food security, sustainable development, and economic stability.
Constraints such as marketing challenges, inadequate infrastructure, and price volatility are
identified, and policy recommendations are proposed. Efficient mechanical and Irrigation
systems increase productivity, attract youth engagement, and strengthen the value chain.
Methodologically, this study relies on existing sources obtained from reputable organizations,
research institutions, government reports, academic journals, and field surveys. The data
collection methods include surveys, field observations, interviews, and literature review The
study's significance lies in its potential to enhance food security, promote sustainable
development, address economic challenges, facilitate technology transfer, and inform policy and
decision-making in Nigeria's agricultural sector. The outcomes can benefit local communities,
farmers, policymakers, and Nigeria's overall socio-economic development.
The results of this study highlight the benefits of implementing efficient mechanical and
irrigation systems in Nigeria for achieving food security, sustainable development, and
alleviating economic crises. The research demonstrates the positive impact of agricultural
mechanization on productivity, employment, sustainability, and income generation. It also
emphasizes the importance of irrigation systems for agricultural yields, livelihoods,
diversification, and economic resilience. However, challenges such as costs, limited access, and
technical support need to be addressed for successful implementation.
In conclusion, this paper shows that implementing efficient mechanical and irrigation systems is
crucial for Nigeria's food security, sustainable development, and economic stability. These
systems enhance productivity, conserve resources, and mitigate climate change effects. They
ensure food security by increasing yields and reducing rainfall dependence. They contribute to
sustainable development by adopting eco-friendly practices. They stimulate economic growth by
increasing incomes and reducing oil dependence. Challenges such as costs and limited access
must be addressed through comprehensive approaches. Nigeria can achieve improved food
security, sustainable practices, and economic stability by harnessing the potential of these
systems.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...2

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………………………….3

LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………….…………………………….4

LIST OF TABLE…….……………………………………………………………………………………………….4

CHAPTER 1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………….5

BASIC OVERVIEW OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS TERM PAPER……...…………………………...……6

CHAPTER 2………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…7

LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………………………….…………...….7

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN NIGERIA'S AGRICULTURE……………………….………..…7

IMPORTANCE OF EFFICIENT MECHANICAL SYSTEMS……….…………………………..…….…..…..7

SIGNIFICANCE OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS………………………………………….………….………….…8

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS.………………………….…9

ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT.…………………………………………………9

CHAPTER 3……………………………………………………………….……………………………………..….11

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………….….11

DATA SOURCES...…………………………………………………………………………..……………………..11

DATA COLLECTION METHODS….………………………………………………………………………….…11

DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES…..……………………………………………………………………………12

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS.………………………………………………………………………………..…12

3
LIMITATIONS...……………………………………………………………………………………………………12

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY………………………………………………………………………………………13

CHAPTER 4...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....14

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS….………………………………………………………………………………..14

IMPACT OF EFFICIENT MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY……...…14

BENEFITS OF AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION….…………………………………………….………14

ANALYSIS……….………………………………………………………………………………………………….16

THE IMPACT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND

ECONOMY OF NIGERIA…………….……………………………………………………………………...……17

A REVIEW OF THE EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION PRACTICES IN NIGERIA……………………….18

CURRENT CONDITIONS OF IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT………………………………………...……19

CHALLENGES OF THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN NIGERIA……………………………………………...20

IMPORTANCE OF THE TOPIC………………………………………………………………………………….22

LIMITATIONS TO THE TOPIC………………………………………………………………………………….23

CHAPTER 5…………………………………………………………………………………………………………24

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………………...24

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………25

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: FOOD SECURITY AND POVERTY REDUCTION FRAMEWORK……………………………10

FIGURE 2: DIAGRAM OF A TRACTOR HARVESTING A RICE FIELD…………………………...……...17

FIGURE 3: IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK………………………………………………….21

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: STRUCTURE OF THE IRRIGATION SUB-SECTOR IN NIGERIA FOR THE YEAR 2004…..18

TABLE 2: COMPARATIVE YIELDS OF SELECTED CROPS IN RAIN FED AND IRRIGATED

AGRICULTURE…………………………………………………………………………………………………....19

4
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the country Nigeria has faced notable challenges and problems in ensuring food
security, promoting sustainable development, and alleviating its economic crisis. Different
factors such as population growth and demographic pressures, inadequate agricultural practices
and infrastructure, climate change, and environmental degradation, have contributed to food
insecurity, and economic crises, and hindered Nigeria’s progress towards sustainable
development goals.

This term paper focuses on the implementation of efficient mechanical and irrigation systems as
an optimum solution to address these pressing issues in Nigeria. By applying modern practices
and technologies for agricultural production and irrigation, our country Nigeria can enhance its
food production capabilities, promote sustainable development, ensure long-term food security,
and alleviate the economic crisis faced by the populace.

Efficient mechanical systems involve a range of innovative machinery and tools designed to
improve agricultural productivity, reduce labor-intensive practices, and optimize resource
utilization. For example; the use of mechanized farming equipment, precision agriculture
techniques, and advanced technologies such as drones and satellite imagery. By implementing
the use of these tools into Nigeria’s agricultural practices, farmers can enhance their operations
and achieve higher yields.

Furthermore, an efficient irrigation system plays a vital role in ensuring consistent water supply
to agricultural lands, particularly in regions prone to droughts such as Kebbi, Sokoto, Zamfara,
Kastina, and Kano, or have limited access to freshwater resources. By implementing advanced
irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation, precision watering, and intelligent water
management systems, Nigeria can optimize water usage, minimize wastage, and mitigate the
risks associated with climate change and water scarcity.

5
The successful implementation of efficient mechanical and irrigation systems in Nigeria has the
prospect of addressing multiple challenges simultaneously. It can enhance agricultural
productivity, reduce post-harvest losses, create employment opportunities, promote rural
development, and contribute to overall economic growth. Moreover, by adopting sustainable
practices, such as conservation agriculture and responsible water management, Nigeria can
minimize the environmental impact of its agricultural activities and pave the way for long-term
sustainable development.

Throughout this term paper, we will examine the current state of Nigeria's agricultural and
economic sector, assess the challenges it faces, and explore the potential benefits and strategies
for implementing efficient mechanical and irrigation systems. By analyzing successful practices
from other regions, we will develop recommendations aiming to provide steps to foster food
security, and sustainable development, and alleviate the economic crisis in Nigeria.

By addressing these critical issues head-on and embracing innovation in agriculture and
irrigation, Nigeria can overcome its challenges, unleash its agricultural potential, and pave the
way for a brighter and more sustainable future.

Basic Overview of the Objectives of this Term Paper

The primary focus of this term paper is to delve into the objectives associated with the
implementation of efficient mechanical and irrigation systems in Nigeria. The main goal is to
achieve multifaceted benefits, including ensuring food security, promoting sustainable
development, and alleviating the prevailing economic crisis. By thoroughly examining the
current challenges encountered in the agricultural sector, this paper aims to propose the adoption
of these advanced systems as a viable solution. The identified objectives encompass a wide range
of aspects, such as augmenting agricultural productivity, mitigating the risks posed by climate
change, enhancing the availability and accessibility of food, fostering economic growth, and
providing well-informed policy recommendations to ensure the successful implementation
of these systems.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Agriculture plays a vital role in Nigeria's economy, providing employment opportunities,

contributing to GDP growth, and ensuring food security for its population. However, the sector
faces numerous challenges, including limited access to efficient mechanical and irrigation
systems. This literature review aims to explore the existing body of knowledge on implementing
efficient mechanical and irrigation systems in Nigeria to enhance food security, promote
sustainable development, and alleviate economic crises.

I.) Challenges and Opportunities in Nigeria's Agriculture

Over the past thirty years, the Nigerian government has implemented numerous policies and
programs aimed at restoring the agricultural sector's prominence in the economy. However, these
efforts to promote investment and diversify agricultural exports have not produced significant
results. The potential for substantial investment and export diversification in agriculture remains
untapped due to various limiting factors. This paper identifies these constraints, including
marketing challenges, inadequate infrastructure, and unstable input and output prices. To
accelerate poverty reduction and foster rapid economic development, the paper proposes specific
policy recommendations to address these constraints. These recommendations include improving
downstream commodity activities, enhancing environmental management, increasing funding
and efficiency in agricultural spending, and making substantial investments in rural infrastructure
to ensure comprehensive rural development. (Olukunle O. T., 2013).

II.) Importance of Efficient Mechanical Systems

Efficient mechanical systems, including modern agricultural machinery and equipment, play a
vital role in enhancing agricultural productivity and reducing labor requirements. Research has
demonstrated that the use of tractors, harvesters, and processing equipment can lead to increased
crop yield, improved efficiency in farm operations, and reduced post-harvest losses. Moreover,
the adoption of mechanization can contribute to the modernization of the agricultural sector,
attract youth engagement in farming, and strengthen the overall value chain. The field of

7
Agricultural Technology, driven by the essential requirement for food production, has emerged
as one of the most influential areas of modern technology. It has resulted in the creation of
multipurpose machines like tractors, groundnut shelling machines, and seed planters, along with
various engines, pumps, and specialized equipment used for efficiently supplying water to
extensive land areas. Ensuring an adequate food supply in the Agricultural Sector is crucial for
fostering economic growth in any region. Agricultural machines have been developed for every
stage of the farming process. Technological advancements in agriculture have led to enhanced
production by maintaining and improving agricultural machinery and equipment, providing crop
processing machines for small-scale farmers, and ensuring a sustainable water source for
irrigation. It is recommended to prioritize the role of agricultural engineers and encourage them
to design low-power machines that can significantly improve agricultural
practices and management. (Philip-Kpae F. O. et al., 2017).

III.) Significance of Irrigation Systems

Irrigation systems are essential for sustainable agricultural development, particularly in regions
with unreliable rainfall patterns like Nigeria. Studies have emphasized the importance of
irrigation systems in mitigating the impact of climate change and enhancing crop production.
Drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and canal irrigation are among the irrigation methods
commonly used in Nigeria. Research has shown that the adoption of efficient irrigation systems
can significantly improve water use efficiency, increase crop yields, and diversify agricultural
practices. The practice of irrigation is crucial globally for achieving sustainable development
goals in food security, socio-economic development, and rural advancement, as it ensures a
consistent and successful green revolution throughout the year. However, in Nigeria, the
irrigation practice has not been able to accomplish the desired objectives despite significant
investments. Furthermore, considering the substantial investment made and the abundant water
resources available, one would expect that the goals of food self-sufficiency and socio-economic
development in the country would have been expedited. This review aims to explore the
underlying issues related to the irrigation practice in Nigeria. (Adelodun, B., & Choi, K. S.
2018).

8
IV.) Sustainable Development and Environmental Implications

Nigeria's urban areas are experiencing rapid environmental degradation, resulting in low
livability scores compared to other cities globally. It is estimated that only a small percentage,
between 20 percent and 30 percent, of the urban population in the country can enjoy a decent
quality of urban life. While studies have identified numerous environmental issues in Nigeria,
there has been limited focus on understanding their implications for sustainable development in
the existing literature. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the causes and consequences of
the escalating environmental deterioration and its impact on sustainable
development in the country. The implementation of efficient mechanical and irrigation systems
should consider sustainable development principles to minimize environmental impact.
Literature has highlighted the potential environmental implications associated with these
systems, such as increased water consumption, energy use, and soil degradation. However,
sustainable practices and technologies, such as precision irrigation, water-saving techniques, and
soil conservation measures, can mitigate these negative effects. Studies have emphasized the
importance of adopting sustainable approaches to ensure long-term agricultural productivity and
environmental stewardship. (Daramola, A., & Ibem, E. O. 2010).

V.) Economic Benefits and Socioeconomic Impact

Efficient mechanical and irrigation systems have the potential to bring significant economic
benefits and contribute to socioeconomic development in Nigeria. Research has indicated that
the adoption of such systems can lead to increased agricultural productivity, improved crop
quality, and reduced post-harvest losses. These factors can enhance food security, generate
employment opportunities, and contribute to rural development. Additionally, efficient systems
can enhance the competitiveness of Nigerian agriculture in domestic and international markets,
thereby alleviating economic crises and promoting overall economic stability.

9
Figure 1: Food Security and Poverty Reduction Framework

10
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research study employs a methodology that relies on existing sources obtained from the
internet. The objective of this approach is to gather relevant information and insights from a
variety of online sources to address the research objectives effectively. This methodology allows
for an in-depth exploration of the subject matter related to implementing efficient mechanical
and irrigation systems. The research methodology comprises several key components, including
data sources, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, ethical considerations,
limitations, and significance of the study.

Data Sources

The data sources for the term paper on implementing efficient mechanical and irrigation systems
in Nigeria for food security, sustainable development, and alleviating economic crises include
the National Bureau of Statistics, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,
international organizations like FAO and World Bank, research institutions and universities,
NGOs, government reports and policies, academic journals, and publications, as well as field
surveys and case studies. These sources offer a wide range of statistical data, reports, research
papers, and qualitative insights that can be utilized to gain a comprehensive
understanding of the topic.

Data Collection Methods

Employing a combination of data collection methods such as surveys, field observations,

interviews, literature review, and accessing governmental and non-governmental organizations’
data are the major ways of acquiring the required data for this research on the implementation of
efficient mechanical and irrigation systems for food security, sustainable development, and
alleviating the economic crisis in Nigeria, but due to certain limitations, the data was obtained
through examining different case studies gotten from the sources listed above.

11
Data Analysis Techniques

Applying a combination of data analysis techniques, including descriptive and inferential

statistics, GIS analysis, qualitative data analysis, comparative analysis, and cost–benefit analysis,
will facilitate a comprehensive examination of the implementation of efficient mechanical and
irrigation systems in Nigeria. These techniques enable the extraction of meaningful insights,
identification of key factors, and formulation of informed recommendations for promoting food
security, sustainable development, and alleviating the economic crisis in our nation Nigeria.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations are essential when conducting research and writing a term paper on
implementing efficient mechanical and irrigation systems in Nigeria. By prioritizing informed
consent, confidentiality, cultural sensitivity, equity, responsible data handling, ethical use of
findings, and academic integrity, the protection of human subjects, respect for cultural values,
and responsible research practices are assured. By adhering to ethical guidelines, this research
contributes to positive outcomes for food security, sustainable development, and the alleviation
of the economic crisis in Nigeria while maintaining the dignity and well-being of all involved.

Limitations

While conducting this term paper on implementing efficient mechanical and irrigation systems
for food security, sustainable development, and alleviating economic crisis in Nigeria, it was
important to recognize and address some limitations that may arise such as the credibility and
true quality of internet sources, to recognize the potential biases and limited perspectives, and the
absence of primary data and contextual understanding. Though the major limitation faced was
the lack of access to the major data sources for the research such as field surveys, government
reports and policies, interviews, and many more, it was mitigated by complementing internet
research with other sources and methodologies which helped to enhance the validity and
comprehensiveness of the research findings.

12
Significance of study

The study on implementing efficient mechanical and irrigation systems for food security,
sustainable development, and alleviating economic crises in Nigeria holds significant
importance. By enhancing food security, promoting sustainable development, addressing
economic challenges, facilitating technology transfer, addressing climate change impacts, and
informing policy and decision-making, the study can contribute to transformative change in
Nigeria's agricultural sector. The outcomes of the study have the potential to benefit local
communities, farmers, policymakers, and the overall socio-economic development of Nigeria.

13
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This section presents the results and discussions of our term paper titled Implementing efficient
mechanical and Irrigation Systems for Food Security, sustainable development, and Alleviating
Economic Crisis in Nigeria. The following subtopics highlight key findings and provide a
comprehensive analysis of this research.

A.) Impact of Efficient Mechanical Systems on Agricultural Productivity

Before divulging into the impact of mechanical systems on agricultural productivity we first
have to understand the term Agricultural Mechanization and take note of some benefits that it
offers; The term Agricultural mechanization embraces the use of tools, implements, and
machines for agricultural land development, crop production, harvesting, and preparation for
storage, storage, and on-farm processing (Rijk, 1989). Others defined mechanization as the
application of suitable machines, recognition of technologies, and applying suitable methods for
production, processing of agricultural products, continuous increase of productivity as the result
of the reducing the cost of production, reduction of the losses, and increase of efficiency and
increase of income (Bagheri and Moazzen, (2009).

Benefits of Agricultural Mechanization

1. Agricultural Production and Productivity

There are several reasons why farm mechanization is considered important. One of the key
factors is the need for timely operations to achieve optimal yields in different crops.
Mechanization plays a crucial role in ensuring that tasks are performed at the right time, thus
preventing potential losses. Another significant benefit of farm mechanization is its ability to
reduce human labor and enhance agricultural productivity. By using machinery, the quality and
precision of various operations like land leveling, irrigation, sowing, fertilization, plant
protection, harvesting, and threshing can be greatly improved. This precision helps increase the

14
efficiency of inputs and minimize losses. Ultimately, the use of farm mechanization is justified
by its contribution to higher productivity of both land and labor. (Verma, 2016)

2. Cropping Intensity

The adoption of agricultural mechanization has greatly improved cropping intensity, as

evidenced by a study conducted in India involving 162 farming households. The study found a
strong positive correlation between factorization and cropping intensity. Among farms of similar
sizes, those that owned tractors had higher cropping intensity compared to farms that used
tractors or relied on animal power. The timely execution of operations is a crucial factor in
determining cropping intensity, ensuring that various tasks are performed promptly. This study
highlights the significant role of agricultural mechanization in increasing cropping intensity and
achieving timely operations. (Singh, 2015)

3. Employment of Human Labor

Unemployment is influenced by the prominence of South Asia in mechanization literature and
the limited number of hours dedicated to agricultural activities in Africa, as reported in various
studies (Geoffrey, 2008). However, there is available labor in Africa that can respond to
appropriate incentives, as seen during peak seasons when families and communities mobilize to
meet requirements. African rural households have diversified livelihood strategies, with arable
farming often contributing less than half of household incomes. Income sources include beer-
making, transport, small trading, brick-making, wage employment, remittances, and other
activities. These competing demands from alternative activities often offer low real wage rates,
while returns to labor in agriculture can be even lower except during peak periods.
Mechanization may create alternative employment opportunities in manufacturing, repair
services, and sales, absorbing displaced labor. Consequently, labor shifts from one occupation to
another (Singh, 2015). Studies have shown that mechanization, coupled with new seed
technology and modern cultivation methods, positively impacts employment by freeing up labor
for other opportunities and increasing productivity through timely operations. Overall,
mechanization does not significantly displace human labor in agriculture, as increased demand
for labor arises from multiple cropping, intensified cultivation, and higher yields.

15
 4. Contributions to the Environment or Promoting Green Economy
To address environmental issues in agriculture, the adoption of improved agricultural tools and
machinery is essential. These tools can be used for tasks such as soil tillage and pesticide
application, with the latter also addressing health-related concerns. Mechanization enables higher
productivity levels while significantly reducing the need for pesticides, insecticides, and other
chemicals. This approach helps preserve natural biodiversity, which is vital for the sustainable
relationship between humans and the land. Consequently, agricultural mechanization is now
widely recognized as a crucial factor in combating hunger, poverty, and environmental and
health challenges. Moreover, the labor that is freed up, particularly men, can be directed towards
activities focused on the conservation and management of natural resources.

5. Income Generation and Economic Growth

Agricultural mechanization has the potential to generate income and significantly improve the
Nigerian economy. By adopting modern machinery and equipment, farmers can increase
productivity, cultivate larger areas, and harvest crops more efficiently. This leads to higher
agricultural output, which can be sold in domestic and international markets, generating income
for farmers and contributing to economic growth. Mechanization also creates opportunities for
value addition and agribusiness activities, such as processing and packaging, which further
contribute to income generation. Additionally, agricultural mechanization frees up labor that can
be redirected toward other sectors, promoting diversification and job creation. Overall, the
adoption of agricultural mechanization not only increases agricultural productivity but also
stimulates economic development and improves livelihoods in Nigeria.

Analysis

Several studies have demonstrated the positive impact of efficient mechanical and irrigation
systems on crop yields in Nigeria. This study compared the crop yields of smallholder farmers
using traditional methods with those utilizing efficient mechanical and irrigation systems. The
findings revealed a significant increase in crop yields among farmers who implemented efficient
systems, with an average yield increase of 30% across various crops, including maize, rice, and
vegetables Similarly, more research showed a comparative analysis of crop yields between
traditional flood irrigation and drip irrigation systems in Nigeria. The study found that farmers
using drip irrigation achieved higher crop yields, particularly in water-sensitive crops such as

16
tomatoes and peppers. The average yield increase ranged from 20% to 40% compared to
traditional flood irrigation methods, highlighting the effectiveness of efficient irrigation systems
in enhancing crop productivity. (Ojo et al. 2020).

Furthermore, a study by investigating the impact of mechanized farming practices on crop yields
in Nigeria showed the adoption of machinery, such as tractors and harvesters, coupled with
efficient irrigation systems. The results indicated a substantial improvement in crop yields, with
an average increase of 25% across various crops, including maize, cassava, and soybeans. The
study emphasized the importance of mechanization in enhancing agricultural productivity and
ensuring food security. (Akinbile et al. 2019).

Figure 2: Diagram of a tractor harvesting a Rice Field

B.) The impact of Irrigation systems on the Sustainable Development and Economy of
Nigeria

The impact of irrigation systems on the sustainable development and economy of Nigeria is
significant. Irrigation systems have played a crucial role in enhancing agricultural productivity,
ensuring food security, and promoting economic growth. By providing a reliable water supply to
crops throughout the year, irrigation systems have increased agricultural yields and reduced
dependency on rain-fed agriculture. This has not only improved food production but also
contributed to rural livelihoods and poverty reduction. Additionally, irrigation systems have
facilitated crop diversification, allowing farmers to cultivate high-value cash crops and improve
their income. Furthermore, the development of irrigation infrastructure has created employment
opportunities, particularly in construction, operation, and maintenance. The increased

17
 agricultural productivity and economic growth resulting from irrigation systems have contributed
to the overall sustainable development of Nigeria, promoting food security, poverty alleviation,
and economic resilience. However, challenges such as inefficient water management,
infrastructure maintenance, and environmental sustainability need to be addressed to ensure the
long-term sustainability and equitable distribution of irrigation benefits in the country.

A review of the evaluation of irrigation practices in Nigeria

Irrigation is crucial worldwide for a year-round successful green revolution and achieving
sustainable development goals in food security, socio-economic development, and rural progress.
However, Nigeria's irrigation practice has not met its objectives despite significant investment
and abundant water resources. This review examines the underlying issues by evaluating past
and present practices, as well as prospects. The review reveals that inconsistent government
policies, lack of political commitment, limited awareness and technical knowledge among
farmers, and inadequate financial intervention are persistent obstacles to achieving the desired
goals. Furthermore, a communication gap between the government and farmers has resulted in
underutilization and abandonment of large-scale irrigation systems. In conclusion, to attain food
security and socio-economic development through irrigation in Nigeria, it is essential to establish
proper policy frameworks, employ suitable technology, increase farmers' awareness, and involve
them in decision-making processes.

Keywords: Irrigation practice, Green revolution, socio-economic development.

Table 1. Structure of the irrigation sub-sector in Nigeria for the year 2004.

Scheme type Equipped area Irrigated Irrigated as a percent of

(a) area (ha) the
equipped area (%)
River Basin Development 92317 29140 32
Authorities
State schemes 12200 6700 55
Private sector-sugar schemes 5600 0 0
Private small-scale schemes 128000 128000 100
Private small scale schemes 55000 55000 100
Total 293117 218840 75

18
Source: FAO-Aquastat (2016).

Current Conditions of Irrigation Development

Irrigation farming has the potential to increase agricultural outputs and improve farmers' income
by allowing year-round production. However, in Nigeria, irrigation development remains
underutilized, with only 45% of the country's 2.0 million hectares of irrigation potential being
utilized. The northern region has the highest potential for irrigation due to low rainfall, followed
by the humid south and central-western plateau areas. Many of the dams constructed for
irrigation purposes are either underutilized or abandoned. The Nigerian government is
implementing policies, such as banning the importation of certain agricultural products, to revive
the agricultural sector and promote the use of available irrigation infrastructure. Financial
support, including a $495.3 million investment from the World Bank's Transformation Irrigation
Management in Nigeria (TRIMING) project, aims to improve existing irrigation systems, benefit
farmers, and stimulate economic growth in rural areas. However, policy instability and a lack of
harmonization between farmers and the government have hindered agricultural development.
Recent policy frameworks have been established to address these challenges and promote
sustainable irrigation development, including the National Irrigation and Drainage Policy and
Strategy (NIPD), the project resettlement framework, and the Agricultural Promotion Policy
2016-2020. These policies aim to guide irrigation development, create an enabling environment,
and attract private-sector investment. (Ojong and Anam, 2018).

Table 2. Comparative yields of selected crops in rain-fed and irrigated agriculture.

CROP YIELD
Rainfed (tonnes/ha) Irrigated (tonnes/ha)
Rice 2.51 3.58
Maize 2.97 3.87
Tomato 6.41 8.42
Pepper 4.25 5.76
Onion 6.10 6.60

19
 Sugarcane 6.50 26.00
Wheat - 2.80
Sources: Tashikalma et al. (2014) and Kundell (2008).

CHALLENGES OF THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

In sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, the agricultural use of irrigation water has historically
been inefficient and poorly managed (Nwa, 2003). However, there has been increased attention
and development in Nigeria's irrigation system in recent years. Despite this progress, there are
still challenges that need to be addressedtoo achieve the country's developmental objectives in
agriculture and rural development. One major challenge is the inconsistent and unstable policies
and inappropriate legal framework surrounding irrigation development. Different government
ministries and agencies have separate policies and responsibilities for water and agriculture,
resulting in fragmented and conflicting approaches (Ugalahi, 2016). This competition among
ministries and agencies hampers the sustainability and effectiveness of irrigation development in
the country (Goldface-Irokalibe, 2008; World Bank, 2014). However, the current government's
agricultural transformation agenda and the finalization of the National Irrigation and Drainage
Policy and Strategy are expected to provide a more appropriate framework and policy stability in
the future (FMARD, 2011). Another challenge is the lack of funding and farmers' attitudes and
awareness towards irrigation systems. Insufficient funds have been allocated for the operation
and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure, leading to equipment shortages and abandoned
schemes (Oriola & Alabi, 2014). Farmers often perceive irrigation facilities as the government's
responsibility and lack the necessary knowledge and interest in their operation and maintenance
(Adekunle et al., 2015). Limited stakeholder participation and inadequate attention to operation
and maintenance further exacerbate the challenges. The use of technology in large-scale
irrigation systems can also have negative consequences. It can displace small-scale farmers and
cause environmental damage, such as the loss of farmlands and flooding (Yahaya, 2002; Anyebe,
2015). Moreover, farmers are not adequately involved in the planning and construction of large-
scale irrigation systems, leading to unaddressed concerns and abandonment of facilities (Yahaya,
2002). Additionally, inaccurate cost assessments, high overhead and management costs, and

20
technical and management problems hinder irrigation system development in Nigeria (Carsell,
1997; FAO, 1997). Addressing these challenges requires proactive government involvement,
farmer sensitization, stakeholder participation, and improved planning and management
practices. It is crucial to establish a coherent policy framework, allocate sufficient funds, enhance
farmers' knowledge and participation, consider environmental and social impacts, and ensure
accurate cost assessments and effective management of irrigation systems.

Figure 3: Irrigation Management Framework

IMPORTANCE OF IMPLEMENTING EFFICIENT MECHANICAL AND IRRIGATION

SYSTEMS FOR FOOD SECURITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AND
ALLEVIATING ECONOMIC CRISIS IN NIGERIA.

21
 1. Increased Agricultural Productivity: Implementing efficient mechanical and irrigation
systems can significantly enhance agricultural productivity in Nigeria. This leads to higher
crop yields and a more robust food production system, which is crucial for ensuring food
security and reducing the risk of hunger and malnutrition.
2. Water Conservation: Efficient irrigation systems help conserve water by optimizing its
use. With water scarcity being a pressing concern in many regions, including Nigeria,
implementing advanced irrigation techniques reduces water wastage and ensures the
sustainable utilization of this precious resource.
3. Enhanced Resilience to Climate Change: Climate change poses significant challenges to
agricultural production, including changing rainfall patterns and increased frequency of
droughts. Efficient irrigation systems can mitigate the adverse effects of climate variability
by providing a reliable water supply to crops, reducing dependence on rainfall, and
allowing for year-round cultivation.
4. Economic Growth and Job Creation: The implementation of efficient mechanical and
irrigation systems in agriculture can stimulate economic growth and create employment
opportunities. Increased agricultural productivity leads to higher farm incomes, improved
rural livelihoods, and reduced poverty rates. Additionally, investments in agricultural
infrastructure and technology can attract domestic and foreign investments, contributing to
overall economic development.
5. Environmental Sustainability: Efficient mechanical and irrigation systems promote
sustainable agricultural practices that prioritize environmental conservation. By reducing
the use of chemical inputs, optimizing resource utilization, and adopting eco-friendly
farming techniques, such as precision farming and crop rotation, these systems help
protect soil health, minimize pollution, and preserve ecosystems for future generations.

LIMITATIONS TO IMPLEMENTING EFFICIENT MECHANICAL AND IRRIGATION

SYSTEMS FOR FOOD SECURITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AND
ALLEVIATING ECONOMIC CRISIS IN NIGERIA.

22
1. High Initial Cost: The installation and setup of efficient mechanical and irrigation
systems can require a significant upfront investment. The cost of purchasing advanced
machinery, irrigation equipment, and infrastructure may pose financial challenges,
particularly for small-scale farmers who have limited access to capital and credit. The
high initial cost can be a deterrent to widespread adoption, especially in resource-
constrained agricultural sectors.
2. Limited Access to Technology and Training: Access to modern agricultural technology
and training is essential for the successful implementation of efficient mechanical and
irrigation systems. However, in many rural areas of Nigeria, farmers may have limited
access to these resources. Lack of awareness, inadequate training programs, and limited
extension services can hinder the adoption and effective utilization of these systems,
limiting their impact on food security and sustainable development.
3. Maintenance and Technical Support: Efficient mechanical and irrigation systems require
regular maintenance and technical support to operate optimally. This includes periodic
servicing, repairs, and access to spare parts. In some regions, the availability of skilled
technicians and adequate support infrastructure may be limited, leading to challenges in
maintaining and repairing the systems. Without proper maintenance, the efficiency and
effectiveness of these systems can decline over time.
4. Energy Availability and Reliability: Efficient mechanical systems often rely on a
consistent and reliable energy supply, such as electricity or fuel. In Nigeria, where there
are frequent power outages and limited access to reliable energy sources in rural areas,
the availability of energy can be a significant constraint. Insufficient and unreliable
energy supply can hamper the operation of mechanical systems, affecting productivity
and limiting their potential benefits.
5. Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors: Socioeconomic and cultural factors can influence
the adoption and effectiveness of efficient mechanical and irrigation systems. Traditional
farming practices, cultural norms, and social structures may resist change or present
barriers to the adoption of new technologies.

CHAPTER FIVE

23
5.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the implementation of efficient mechanical and irrigation systems is of paramount

importance for Nigeria's food security, sustainable development, and economic stability. The
evidence presented in this term paper demonstrates the significant benefits that can be achieved
through these systems. By enhancing agricultural productivity, conserving resources, and
mitigating the effects of climate change, efficient mechanical and irrigation systems contribute to
a more resilient and sustainable agricultural sector.

The findings highlight the crucial role of these systems in ensuring food security by increasing
crop yields, reducing dependence on rainfall, and improving the availability of agricultural
produce. This is particularly significant in a country like Nigeria, where agriculture plays a vital
role in providing livelihoods for a significant portion of the population and meeting the
nutritional needs of its citizens.

Moreover, the implementation of efficient mechanical and irrigation systems contributes to

sustainable development by promoting resource conservation and adopting eco-friendly farming
practices. The optimization of water usage, reduction of chemical inputs, and adoption of
precision farming techniques protect soil health, preserve ecosystems, and minimize
environmental degradation. These systems also stimulate economic growth by increasing farm
incomes, creating employment opportunities, attracting investments, and reducing dependence
on oil revenues.

However, it is essential to acknowledge the limitations and challenges associated with

implementing these systems. High initial costs, limited access to technology and training,
maintenance requirements, energy availability, and socio-cultural factors pose obstacles that
need to be addressed. Overcoming these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that
includes policy support, infrastructure development, training programs, awareness campaigns,
and targeted financial assistance.

The successful implementation of efficient mechanical and irrigation systems in Nigeria requires
collaboration and partnerships between the government, private sector, research institutions, and
local communities. By addressing the limitations and harnessing the potential of these systems,
Nigeria can achieve improved food security, sustainable agricultural practices, and economic

24
stability. The benefits will extend beyond the agriculture sector, positively impacting the overall
well-being of the population and contributing to a more prosperous and resilient future for the
nation.

REFERENCES

1. Adekunle OA, Oladipo FO, Busari IZ (2015). Factors Affecting Farmers‟ Participation in
Irrigation Schemes of the Lower Niger River Basin and Rural Development Authority,
Kwara State, Nigeria. South African Journal of Agricultural Extension 43(2):42-51.
2. Adelodun, B., & Choi, K. S. (2018). A review of the evaluation of irrigation practice in
Nigeria: Past, present and prospects. African Journal of Agricultural Research,
13(40), 2087-2097.
3. Akinbile, L. A., Ogunjirin, O. A., Ayinde, O. E., & Ogunjirin, A. O. (2019). Assessment
of the Impact of Mechanization on Maize Output in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of
Agricultural Science and Practice, 6(1), 1-7.

4. Bagheri, N. and Moazzen, S. A. (2009). Optimum strategy for agricultural mechanization

development in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 5(2): 235-237.
5. Carsell G (1997). Agricultural Intensification and Rural Sustainability Livelihoods, „a
think piece‟. IDS Working Paper 64. IDS Publication office. Institute of Development
Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
6. Daramola, A., & Ibem, E. O. (2010). Urban environmental problems in Nigeria:
Implications for sustainable development. Journal of sustainable development in
Africa, 12(1), 124-145.
7. Ojo, A., Ojo, O., & Adewoyin, R. (2020). Comparative analysis of crop yield
performance using drip and flood irrigation systems in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural
Extension and Rural Development, 12(12), 290-297.

25
8. Ojong EF, Anam EB (2018). Agriculture Promotion Policy 2016-2020 and Rural
Development in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects. Journal of Humanities and Social
Sciences 23(2):24-29.
9. Olukunle, O. T. (2013). Challenges and prospects of agriculture in Nigeria: the way
forward. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(16), 37-45.

10. Oriola EO, Alabi MO (2014). Assessing River Basin System Potentials to Enhance
Sustainable Irrigation Farming Operations and Management in Nigeria. Journal of
Environmental Research and Development 8(3):515-522.
11. Philip-Kpae, F. O., Ime, S. S., & Memoye, E. (2017). The Role of Engineering and
Technology in Agricultural Development in Nigeria. CARD International Journal of
Agriculture Research and Food Production, 2(1), 50-55.

12. Singh J.,(2015) Scope, Progress and Constraints of Farm Mechanization in India.
Department of Economics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
13. Verma, S., 2016. Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on Production, Productivity,
Cropping Intensity, Income Generation and Employment of Labor. Punjab Agricultural
University. Ludhiana, India.
14. Yahaya MK (2002). Development and Challenges of Bakolori Irrigation Project in
Sokoto State, Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies 11(3):411-430.

26