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magnetization current in the primary side of the CT/PT, the

[ ]
m secondary current side would have not gotten adequate signals
∑ ( ihα +ihα ) to operate the microgrid protection system. That is why

[] iα p n
h=1 sliding-mode observers were designed to estimate the values
i αβ = = m
iβ for isolation, detection, correction, and estimation of a failure,
∑ ( ihβ +ihβ )
p n
which suddenly occurs in a sensor.
h=1 Figure 6 depicts the Simulink diagram model of a microgrid
(7 ) that covers DC voltage reference, a three-phase inverter along
with its space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM), two
where the first and last harmonics are denoted by the CT protection devices, and an external AC referential grid.
subscripts h and m , respectively. It is due to their state Furthermore, a non-linear differential equation is obtained
variables being involved with positive ( p) and negative (n ) across a model of the microgrid system, and it could be
denoted by way of a deterministic linear equation such that :

[]
sequences, thereby surging the need of working across two
state-space equations for the system. Despite having no input 1

[][ ][ ]
control matrix, it does not affect the observability analysis. i̇i a11 0 a13 i i Lf
Thus, the state-space descriptions for this model are given by: ˙i = 0 a22 a23 ∙ i + 0 v i +…
o o
ẋ α =A x a v˙o a31 a32 a33 v o 1
y α =i α =C x α Lf

[ ]
( 8) 0
…+ −1/ Lc v g
ẋ β= A x β
y β=i β=C x β R d / Lc
( 9) ( 11)
were,
It is worth pointing out that the requirement across
observability analysis is that its rank shall be the account of −r f −1 1 rf R d
the harmonic by positive and negative sequence (i.e., 2m), a 11= ; a 13 = ; a 31= − ;
Lf Lf Cf Lf
such that hold on:

( 1 rc R d
) Rd Rd
( )
T
rank [ C CA ⋯ C A2 m−1 ] =2m a 32=− − ; a 33 =− + ;
(10 ) Lf Lc Lf Lc

where 2 m is the number of state variables that describe the can be (11) adjusted through an observer equation, hence it
size of square matrix A. Then, the system is observable and yields:
can design two observers. They attempt to estimate the
electrical current and voltage considering its operating x˙c = Ac x c + Bc u c + E c f + Dc ζ
sequence, which obeys the Clarke transformation technique ( 12 )
for the three-phase electrical current in a microgrid system
model, and thereby the observers are providing a set of p ×1
measurements toward the virtual impedance and the droop where y c ∈ R , and I is an identity matrix.
control model in the time domain.

A. Sensor fault-tolerant of a microgrid using sliding-mode

observer
y c =[ 0 I ]∙
[]
xs
xh
( 13 )
A sliding-mode observer, sensor fault diagnostics, and
fault-permissive control for voltage source converters inner a and,
microgrid system model were rig up in [15]. It means
modeling a robust control model about the microgrid, to
enhance the reliability about its protection system
configuration, and take into account all right operations for the
xc=
[] [] [
xs
xh
; uc =
u A = As
w
; c
0
A h C s − Ah
;
]
current and potential Transformer (CT/PT). consider a fault-
events such that the CT/PT is saturated due to a high core
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[ ] [ ] [ ]
Bs Bg 0 0 frequency and voltage. Secondary control, on the other hand,
Bc = ; Ec = ; and D c = ; serves to rectify and recover the deviations, which are
0 0 A h Es Ah Ds
provided by voltage and frequency systems in steady-state
operation, and tertiary control regarding its economic dispatch
where x c and Bc are the internal variables of the microgrid after successful power flow simulation.
nc ×1 2m× 1 p ×1
Simulink diagram. The x c ∈ R , uc ∈ R , xh ∈ R , Figure 10 reveals a structure diagram to solve these
q×q q ×q nc × qc drawbacks and proposes the integration of a secondary control
Ah Ds =Do ∈ R , Ah E s=Eo ∈ R , D c ∈ R , and
linked between traditional droop control and distributed
n ≥ p ≥ q were analyzed when p=4 , q=4, and n+ p=10. communications network. It aims to provide frequency Ω i for
Given (12), whose authors would be handling a fault detect
observer with allowable size such that the next condition the secondary control toward droop control for each i th of
holds: DGs.
A quick deviation in its grid frequency is while occurring
the transition from interconnected to islanded mode. It is due
to the impedance of the lines. A high quantity of reactive
power is necessary to remain the stability of the power grid
because a microgrid frequently lacks reactive power in island
mode. The graph technique was necessary to model a set of
DGs that provides the next non-linear function:

Figure.6. Simulink diagram model of a microgrid system (modified from

[15]).

x˙o= A c x o + Bc u c +Go e o +Gm Ѱ

(14 )

where x o=
[]
xs
xh
∈R
n ×1c
is the estimated state vector, and the
Figure.7. An electrical power system along with 3-AC Power Sources, 3 Load
buses, and their 3 terminal buses (modified from [16]).

output variable of the microgrid model is given by:

y o =Cc x o
( 15 )
With (14) and (15) are sufficient data to design an observer
that should detect the fault conditions in the microgrid model.
By using observability analysis on (14) must obey the next
requirements:
1. The rank of the pair (C ¿ ¿ c , E c )=q ¿
2. The eigenvalues of the matrix ( A c , Ec ,C c ) must
localize in the left half plane-S (LHP-S) of their
transfer functions from the microgrid system.

B. Distributed Secondary Voltage Control for AC Microgrids

Based on Voltage Observer

An innovative distributed secondary voltage control

technique for AC microgrids draws on the voltage observer
was developed in [16]. It perhaps overcomes the challenge on
AC microgrids concerning primary control that employs active
power/frequency (P/F) and reactive power/voltage droop
control (Q/V), which in real practice causes instability of a
power grid if it has not an accuracy control system about its