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a LANGE medical book
CURRENT
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2020
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Contents
Contributors xv
Preface xix
SECTION 1 SCREENING
6. GenltourlnaryDlsorden 51
Bladder Cancer 51
Cervical Cancer 52
Endometrial Cancer 62
Ovarian Cancer 63
Pelvic Examinations 65
Prostate Cancer 66
Testicular Cancer 70
7. Infectious DlsHses 71
Gonorrhea and Chlamydia 71
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Genital 72
Hwnan Immunodeficiency Vrrus (HIV) 73
Syphilis 74
Trichomonas 74
8. Pulmonary Disorders 77
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 77
Lung Cancer 77
9. R•nal Disordars 81
Kidney Disease, Chronic (CKD) 81
1O. SpKlal Populatlon: Chlldren and Adolescents 83
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence 83
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 84
Autism Spectrum Disorder 85
Celiac Disease 86
Cholesterol and Lipid Disorders 87
Depression 88
Diabetes 89
Family Violence and Abuse 89
Hwnan Immunodeficiency Vrrus {HIV) 90
Hypertension (HTN), Children and Adolescents 91
Illicit Drug Use 92
Lead Poisoning 93
Motor Vehicle Safety 94
Obesity 94
Scoliosis 95
Speech and Language Delay 95
Suicide Risk 96
Tobacco Use 97
Tuberculosis, Latent 97
Visual hnpairment 98
11. Sp•clal Population: Newborns and Infants 99
Anemia 99
Critical Congenital Heart Disease 100
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) 100
Growth Abnormalities 101
Hearing Impairment 101
CONTENTS
vii
Hemoglobinopathies 102
Newborn Screening 102
Phenylketonuria {PKU) 103
Thyroid Disease 104
12. Special Population: Older Adults 105
Dementia 105
Falls in the Elderly 106
Family Violence and Abuse 107
Osteoporosis 108
Visual Impairment, Glaucoma, or Cataract 109
13. Special Population: Pregnant Women 111
Anemia 111
Bacterial Vaginosis 112
Bacteriuria, Asymptomatic 112
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea 113
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational (GDM) 113
Diabetes Mellitus {DM), Type 2 114
Fetal Aneuploidy 115
Group B Streptococcal (GBS) Disease 116
Hepatitis B Virus Infection 116
Hepatitis C Vrrus (HCV) Infection, Chronic 117
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Genital 118
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 118
Intimate Partner Violence 119
Preeclampsia 120
Lead Poisoning 120
Rh (D) Incompatibility 121
Syphilis 121
Thyroid Disease 122
Tobacco Use 123
SECTION 2 PREVENTION
SECTION 3 MANAGEMENT
25. Behavloral HHlth Disorders 239
Adult Psychiatric Patients in the Emergency Department 239
Alcohol Use Disorders 240
Anxiety 241
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 241
Autism Spectrum Disorders 243
Depression 244
Eating Disorders 245
Opioid Use Disorder 246
Pregnancy, Substance Abuse 248
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 249
Tobacco Abuse, Smoking Cessation 249
26. Cardiovascular Disorders 253
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) 253
Anaphylaxis 256
Atrial Fibrillation 257
Bradycardia 270
Carotid Artery Disease 271
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) 274
Heart Failure 283
Hyperlipidemia 287
Hypertension 288
Peripheral Arterial Disease 306
Preoperative Clearance 308
Valvular Heart Disease 308
CONTENTS
Hematuria 463
Indwelling Urinary Catheters or Intermittent Catheterization 465
Infertility, Male 465
Ovarian Cancer Follow-Up Care 466
Pap Smear, Abnormal 467
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 468
Prostate Cancer: Active Surveillance (AS) for the Management
of Localized Disease 468
Prostate Cancer Follow-Up Care 470
Urinary Incontinence, Overactive Bladder 471
Urinary Incontinence, Stress 472
Urinary Tract Symptoms, Lower 476
Urolithiasis 476
33. H•m•tologlc Disorders 481
Anemia 481
Anemia, Chemotherapy Associated 481
Anemia, Hemolytic (HA) 483
Anemia, Iron Deficiency 485
Anemia of Chronic Disease 487
Cobalamin (B12) and Folate (B,) Deficiency 488
Sickle Cell Disease 490
hnmune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) 493
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) 498
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP) 502
Transfusion Therapy, Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion 505
Transfusion Therapy-Alternatives to Red Blood Cell Transfusion 507
Transfusion Therapy, Platelet Transfusion 508
Transfusion Therapy, Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) 510
Transfusion Therapy, Cryoprecipitate 511
Transfusion Therapy, Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC) 512
Neutropenia Without Fever 512
Hemophilia A and B 514
Von Willebrand Disease 515
Thromboprophylaxis 517
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE) 519
Thrombophilias 530
Multiple Myeloma/Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance 532
34. lnr.ctlous Diseases 535
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria 535
Common Cold 535
Diabetic Foot Infections, Inpatient Management 536
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 537
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
in Pediatrics 539
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Antiretroviral Use in Adults 540
Identifying Risk of Serious Illness in Children Under 5 Y 541
Influenza 543
Neutropenia. Febrile (FN) 545
CONTENTS
xiii
Index 727
Contributors
Gabrielle Flamm, MD
Family Medicine Residency Program, Ventura County Medical Center,
Ventura, California
[Chapters 1, 13, 24, 25, 36]
Audrey Gray, MD
Faculty, Sea Mar Marysville Family Medicine Residency Program, Marysville,
Washington
[Chapters 1, 13, 24, 25, 36]
Neil Jorgensen, MD
Faculty, Ventura Family Medicine Residency, Ventura County Medical Center,
Ventura, California
[Chapters 2, 3, 5, 14, 15, 17]
Shadia Karim, MD
Family Medicine, Ravenswood Family Health Center, East Palo Alto, California
[Chapters 4, 7, 16, 19]
CONTRIBUTORS
Luyang Liu, MD
Family Medicine Residency Program, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura,
California
[Chapters 2, 3, 5, 14, 15, 17)
Eric Monaco, MD
Family Medicine Residency Program, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura,
California
[Chapters 30, 31]
Marina Morie, MD
Family Medicine Residency Program, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura,
California
[Chapters 12, 23, 27, 29)
John Nuhn, MD
Family Medicine Residency Program, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura,
California
[Chapters 8, 28, 37]
Carolyn Pearce, MD
Family Medicine Residency Program, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura,
California
[Chapters 10, 11, 21, 22)
Magdalena Reinsvold, MD
Family Medicine Residency Program, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura,
California
[Chapters 6, 9, 18, 20, 32, 38)
CONTRIBUTORS
xvii
James Rohlfing, MD
Family Medicine Residency Program, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura,
California
[Chapters 33, 34)
Kristi M. Schoeld, MD
Family Medicine Residency Program, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura,
California
[Chapters 4, 7, 16, 19)
Tanya Shah, MD
Family Medicine Residency Program, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura,
California
[Chapters 26, 35)
Ian Wallace, MD
Family Medicine Residency Program, Ventura County Medical Center, Ventura,
California
[Chapters 30, 31)
Current Practice Guidelines in Primary Care 2020 is intended for all clinicians
interested in updated, evidence-based guidelines for primary care topics in both
the ambulatory and hospital settings. This handy reference consolidates informa-
tion from nationally recognized medical associations and government agencies into
concise recommendations and guidelines of virtually all ambulatory care topics.
This book is organized into topics related to disease screening, disease prevention,
and disease management, and further subdivided into organ systems, for quick ref-
erence to the evaluation and treatment of the most common primary care disorders.
The 2020 edition of Current Practice Guidelines in Primary Care contains
updates reflecting more than 150 new guidelines, and nearly 30 new sections on
topics including transgender health, opiate use disorder, systemic lupus erythema-
tosus, rotator cuff injury, and abortion. It is a great resource for residents, medical
students, midlevel providers, and practicing physicians in family medicine, internal
medicine, pediatrics, and obstetrics and gynecology.
Although painstaking efforts have been made to find all errors and omissions,
some errors may remain. If you find an error or wish to make a suggestion, please
e-mail us at EditorialServices@mheducation.com.
Population
-Adults older than 18 y of age.
Recommendations
~ CDC 2018, USPSTF 2018, ASAM 1997
-Screen all adults in primary care settings, including pregnant women,
for alcohol misuse.
-If positive screen for risky or hazardous drinking, provide brief
behavioral counseling interventions to reduce alcohol misuse.
Sources
-CDC. Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention for People Who Consume
Alcohol and Use Opioids. 2018.
-USPSTF. JAMA. 2018;320(18):1899-1909.
-ASAM. Public Policy Statement on Screening/or Addiction in Primary
Care Settings. 1997.
Comments
1. Screen regularly using a validated tool such as the AUDIT, CAGE, or
MAST questionnaires.
2. The TWEAK and the T-ACE are designed to screen pregnant women
for alcohol misuse.
Population
-Children and adolescents.
SECTION 1: SCREENING
Recommendation
~ USPSTF 2018
- Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against screening or
counseling interventions to prevent or reduce alcohol misuse by
adolescents.
Source
-USPSTF. JAMA. 2018;320(18):1899-1909.
Comments
1. Screen using a tool designed for adolescents, such as the CRAFFT,
BSTAD, or S2BI.
2. Reinforce not drinking and driving or riding with any driver under the
influence.
3. While behavioral counseling has been proven to be beneficial in
adults, data do not support its benefit in adolescents.
DEPRESSION
Population
-Children aged 11 y and younger.
Recommendation
~ USPSTF 2016
-Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening.
Source
-USPSTF. Depression in Children and Adolescents: Screening. 2016.
Population
-Adolescents.
Recommendation
~ USPSTF 2016
-Screen all adolescents age 12-18 y for major depressive disorder
(MDD). Systems should be in place to ensure accurate diagnosis,
effective treatment, and adequate follow-up.
Source
-USPSTF. Depression in Children and Adolescents: Screening. 2016.
Comments
1. Screen in primary care clinics with the Patient Health Questionnaire
for Adolescents (PHQ-A) (73% sensitivity; 94% specificity) or the
Beck Depression Inventory-Primary Care (BDI-PC) (91 % sensitivity;
91 % specificity). See Chapter 39.
BEHAVIORAL HEALTH DISORDERS
Population
-Adults, adolescents, and pregnant women.
Recommendation
~ USPSTF 2008
- Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening for
illicit drug use.
Source
- USPSTF. Drug Use, Illicit: Screening. 2008.
SECTION 1: SCREENING
TOBACCO USE
Population
- Adults including pregnant women.
Recommendation
AAFP 2015, USPSTF 2015
- Recommend screening all adults for tobacco use and provide tobacco
cessation interventions for those who use tobacco products.
Source
-USPSTF. Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant
Women: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions. 2015.
Comment
1. Provide some type of SBIRT (Screening, Brief Intervention, and
Referral to Treatment) such as:
a. The "5-K framework is helpful for smoking cessation counseling:
i Ask about tobacco use.
ii. Advise to quit through clear, individualized messages.
iii. Assess willingness to quit.
iv. Assist in quitting.
v. Arrange follow-up and support sessions.
Population
-School-aged children and adolescents.
Recommendation
USPSTF 2013
- Recommends that primary care clinicians provide interventions
including education or brief counseling to prevent the initiation of
tobacco use.
Comment
1. The efficacy of counseling to prevent tobacco use in children and
adolescents is uncertain.
Source
- USPSTF. Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents: Primary Care
Interventions. 2013.
Cardiovascular
Disorders
Population
-Men age ~65y.
Recommendations
~ USPSTF 2014, ACC/AHA 2006, Canadian Society for Vascular
Surgery 2006, Society for Vascular Surgery 2018
-Screen once before age 75, with ultrasound, if they have ever smoked.
~ Canadian Society for Vascular Surgery 2018
-Screen once between age 65 and 80 y with ultrasound, regardless of
smoking history.
~ ESVS 2011
-Screen once with ultrasound at age 65 y if have smoked > 100 cigarettes
lifetime or have a family history of AAA.
~ ESVS2014
-Screen with ultrasound all men >65 y of age.
~ ACRa/AIUM/SRU 2014
-Screen with ultrasound all men ~65 y (or ;::: 50 y with family history of
aneurysmal disease) and women 2:65 y with cardiovascular risk factors.
- Patients 2: 50 y with a family history of aortic and/or peripheral
vascular aneurysmal disease.
- Patients with a personal history of peripheral vascular aneurysmal
disease.
-Groups with additional risk include patients with a history of smoking,
hypertension, or certain connective tissue diseases ( eg, Marfan
syndrome).
SECTION 1: SCREENING
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Population
-Asymptomatic adults over age 65.
Recommendation
.... USPSTF 2018
- Insufficient evidence to recommend routine ECG screening for atrial
fibrillation to impact risk of stroke from untreated atrial fibrillation.
Source
-JAMA. 2018;320(5):478-484.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Population
-Asymptomatic adults.
Recommendations
~ ASN 2007, USPSTF 2014, AHNASA 2011, ACCF/ACR/AIUM/
ASE/ASN/ICAVUSCAl/SCCT/SIR/SVM/SVS 2011, AAFP 2013
- Do not screen the general population or a selected population based on
age, gender, or any other variable alone.
-Do not screen asymptomatic adults.
Sources
-l Neuroimaging. 2007;17:19-47.
-USPSTF. Carotid Artery Stenosis: Screening. 2014.
-l Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(3):242-276.
-Choosing Wisely: American Academy of Family Physicians. 2013.
-Stroke. 2011;42(2):e26.
Recommendation
~ ACR-AIUM-SRU 2016, ACC/AHNASNACR/SVS 2011
-Indications for carotid ultrasound: evaluation of patients with a cervical
bruit, not routine screening.
Sources
-Stroke. 2011;42(8):e464-e540.
-ACR-AIUM-SPR-SRU Practice Parameter for the Performance ofan
Ultrasound Examination of the Extracranial Cerebrovascular System.
2016. http://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/guidelines/
US_Extracranial_Cerebro.pdf
Recommendation
~ Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2013
-Do not routinely evaluate for carotid artery disease prior to cardiac
surgery in the absence of symptoms or other high-risk criteria.
Source
-Choosing Wisely: Society of Thoracic Surgeons. 2013.
Comments
1. The prevalence of internal CAS of ;:::70% varies from 0.5% to 8%
based on population-based cohort utilizing carotid duplex ultrasound.
For population age >65 y, estimated prevalence is 1%. No risk
stratification tool further distinguishes the importance of CAS. No
evidence suggests that screening for asymptomatic CAS reduces fatal
or nonfatal strokes.
SECTION 1: SCREENING
Population
-Asymptomatic adults 40-79 y.
Recommendations
..... ACC/AHA2013
-Perform 10-y ASCVD Risk Score.
-High-risk categories include:
•Primary elevation of LDL-C ~190 mg/dL.
•Diabetes (type 1or2) with LDL-C 70-189 mg/dL and without
clinical ASCVD.
• Without clinical ASCVD or diabetes with LDL-C 70-189 mg/dL
and estimated 10-y ASCVD Risk Score ~7.5%.
..... ESC2016
-Perform SCORE risk assessment tool available at: www.heartscore.org
-Secondary hyperlipidemia should be ruled out.
-Total cholesterol and LDL-C primary target: goal LDL :570 mg/dL in
patients with very high CV risk, LDL :5100 mgldL in patients with high
CV risk.
-Secondary targets are non-HDL-C and ApoB.
-HDL is not recommended as a target for treatment.
...,. Canadian Cardiovascular Society 2016
-Screen all men/women over age 40, or those of any age at high risk
(clinical evidence of atherosclerosis, AAA, DM, HTN, cigarette
smoking, stigmata of dyslipidemia, family history of early CVD or
dyslipidemia, CKD, BMI >30, inflammatory bowel disease, HIV,
erectile dysfunction, COPD, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy).
-Nonfasting lipid tests are acceptable.
-Repeat a risk assessment using Framingham or Cardiovascular Life
Expectancy Model every 5 y or as clinical circumstances dictate.
Sources
-Circulation. 2013;2013;01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
CHOLESTEROL GUIDELINES
Recommended
LIpoprotein Recommended
Measurements Upoprotein Recommended
for Risk Targets of Risk Assessment
Source Assessment Therapy Algorithm
National Cholesterol Fasting lipid panel Primary Identify number of
Education Program Calculation of non- target: LDL-C CH Drisk factors
AdultTreatment HDL-C when TG Secondary target: Framingham 10-y
Panel Ill >200mg/dl non-HDL-C absolute CHD risk
International Fasting lipid panel Non-HDL-C Lifetime risk of total
Atherosclerosis with calculation LDL-C is considered ASCVD morbidity/
Society of non-HDL-C alternative target mortality (by
of therapy Framingham, CV
Lifetime Risk pooling
project, or QRisk)
European Society of Fasting lipid Primary 10-y risk of total
Cardiology/European panel with target: LDL-C fatal ASCVD by the
Atherosclerosis calculation of Secondary targets: Systematic Coronary
Society non-HDL-C and non-HDL or ApoB Risk Evaluation
TC/HDL-C ratio in patients with (SCORE) system
ApoB or ApoB/ cardiometabolic
apoAl ratio risk
are considered
alternative risk
markers
Canadian European Society Primary 10-y risk of total
Cardiovascular of Cardiology/ target: LDL-C ASCVD events by
Society European Secondary targets: the Framingham
Atherosclerosis non-HDL-C Risk Score
Society andApoB
American Association Fasting lipid panel Primary Men: Framingham Risk
of Clinical Calculation of targets: LDL-C Score (10-y risk of
Endocrinologists non-HDL-C Secondary targets: coronary event)
isa more non-HDL-Cin Women: Reynolds
accurate risk patients with Risk Score (10-y risk
assessment ifTG ea rdiometa bol ic of coronary event,
is between 200 risk or established stroke, or other
and 500 mg/dl, CADApoB major heart disease)
diabetes, insulin recommended to
resistance, or assess success of
established CAD LDL-C-lowering
therapy
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Population
-Adults at low risk of CHD events.•
Recommendations
~ AAFP 2012, USPSTF 2018, American College of Physicians
2012, American Society of Echocardiography 2013,
American College of Cardiology 2013
-Do not routinely screen men and women at low risk for CHD riskb with
resting electrocardiogram (ECG), exercise treadmill test (ETT), stress
echocardiogram, or electron-beam CT for coronary calcium.
-Do not screen with stress cardiac imaging or advanced non-invasive
imaging in the initial evaluation of patients without cardiac symptoms,
unless high-risk markers are present.
-Do not perform annual stress cardiac imaging or advanced
non-invasive imaging as part of routine follow-up in asymptomatic
patients.
Sources
-AAFP Clinical Recommendation: Coronary Heart Disease. 2012.
-Choosing Wisely: American College of Physicians. 2012. http://www.
choosingwisely.org/societies/american-college-of-physicians/
-Choosing Wisely: American Academy of Family Physicians. 2013.
http:/ /www.choosingwisely.org/societies/american-academy-of-family-
physicians/
-Choosing Wisely. American Society of Echocardiography. 2012. http://
www.choosingwisely.org/societies/american-society-of-
echocardiography/
-Choosing Wisely: American College of Cardiology. 2014. http://www.
choosingwisely.org/societies/american-college-of-cardiology/
-Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:512-518.
-JAMA. 2018;319(22):2308-2314.
•Increased risk for CHD events: older age, male gender, high BP, smoking, elevated lipid levels,
diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle. Risk assessment tool for estimating 10-y risk of developing
CHD events available online, http://cvdrisk.nhlbi.nih.gov/calculator.asp, or see Appendices VI
and VIL
•AHA scientific statement (2006): Asymptomatic persons should be assessed for CHD risk.
Individuals found to be at low risk (<103 10-y risk) or at high risk (>20% 10-yrisk) do not benefit
from coronary calcium assessment. High-risk individuals are already candidates for intensive
risk-reducing therapies. In clinically selected, intermediate-risk patients, it may be reasonable to use
electron-beam CT or multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) to refine clinical risk prediction
and select patients for more aggressive target values for lipid-lowering therapies (Circulation.
2006;114:1761-1791).
SECTION 1: SCREENING
Comment
1. USPSTF recommends against screening asymptomatic individuals
because of the high false-positive results, the low mortality with
asymptomatic disease, and the iatrogenic diagnostic and treatment
risks.
Population
-All asymptomatic adults age ~20 y.
-Risk score assessment.
Recommendations
ACC/AHA 2013, ESC 2012
-ASCVD Risk Score has replaced the FRS in the United States for
patients age 40-79 y.
- Assess 10-y ASCVD Risk Score every 4-6 y.
- Framingham Risk Score (FRS), including blood pressure (BP) and
cholesterol level, should be obtained in asymptomatic adults age ~20 y.
- The SCORE Risk Score remains the screening choice in Europe.
- No benefit in genetic testing, advanced lipid testing, natriuretic peptide
testing, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), ankle-brachia!
index, carotid intima-medial thickness, coronary artery score on
electron-beam CT, homocysteine level, lipoprotein (a) level, CT
angiogram, MRI, or stress echocardiography regardless of CHD risk.
Sources
-Circulation. 2007;115:402-426.
- l Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(25):2182-2199.
Population
-Adults at intermediate risk of CHD events.
Recommendations
ACC/AHA 2013, ESC 2012
- May be reasonable to consider use of coronary artery calcium
and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) measurements in patients at
intermediate risk.
- hs-CRP is not recommended in low- or high-risk individuals.
Sources
- Bur Heart f. 2007;28(19):2375-2414.
- Bur Heartf. 2012;33:1635-1701.
-l Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:378-402.
- Circulation. 2013;2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S49-S73.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Comment
1. 10-y ASCVD risk calculator (The Pooled Cohort Equation) can be
found at: http://tools.acc.org/ASCVD-Risk-Estimator/
Population
-Adults at high risk of CHD events.
Recommendations
~ AAFP 2012, AHA 2007, USPSTF 2012
- Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening
with ECG, ETT.
-In addition, there is insufficient evidence to recommend routine MRI.
Sources
-Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(11):977-982.
-AAFP Clinical Recommendations: Coronary Heart Disease. 2012.
-Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:512-518.
Population
-Men and women with no history of CHD.
Recommendation
~ USPSTF 2009
-Insufficient evidence to assess the balance of benefits and harms of
using the nontraditional risk factors to prevent CHD events (hs-CRP,
ankle-brachia! index [ABI], leukocyte count, fasting blood glucose
level, periodontal disease, carotid intima-media thickness, coronary
artery calcification [CAC] score on electron-beam computed
tomography, homocysteine level, and lipoprotein [a] level).
Source
- USPSTF. Coronary Heart Disease: Screening Using Non-Traditional Risk
Factors. 2009.
Comment
1. 10-y ASCVD risk calculator (The Pooled Cohort Equation) can be
found at: http://tools.acc.org/ASCVD-Risk-Estimator/
Population
-Women.
Recommendations
~ ACCF/AHA 2011
-Cardiac risk stratification by the Framingham Risk Score should be
used. High risk in women should be considered when the risk is ~10%
rather than ;:::20%.
SECTION 1: SCREENING
-An alternative 10-y risk score to consider is the Reynolds Risk Score,
although it requires measurement of hs-CRP.
Source
-! Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(12):1404-1423.
Population
-Adults with stable CAD.
Recommendation
~ CCS2013
-Risk assessment by Framingham Risk Score should be completed
every 3-5 y for men age 40-75 y and women age 50-75 y. Frequency
of measurement should increase if history of premature cardiovascular
disease (CVD) is present. Calculate and discuss a patient's
"cardiovascular age" to improve the likelihood that the patient will
reach lipid targets and that poorly controlled hypertension will be
treated.
Source
-Can f Cardiol. 2013;29:151-167.
Recommendation
~ AAFP 2009, AHA/APA 2008
-All patients with acute myocardial infarction {MI) to be screened for
depression at regular intervals during and post hospitalization.
Sources
-Circulation. 2008;118:1768-1775.
-Ann Fam Med. 2009;7{1):71-79.
Population
-Adults age >18 y.
Recommendations
~ USPSTF 2015, AAFP 2009, CHEP 2015, ESH/ESC 2013,
Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care 2013
-Screen for HTN.
-HTN is > 140/90 mm Hg on two or more BP readings.
-All adults should have their BP assessed at all appropriate clinical visits.
-Ambulatory BP monitoring {ABPM) is the standard to confirm
diagnosis.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Recommendation
JNC 8 2014
- Treatment thresholds:
• Age ~ 60: 150/90.
•Age < 60: 140/90.
• DM or CKD: 140/90.
Source
- JAMA. 2014;311 (5):507-520.
Comment
1. "Hypertension" and "pre-hypertension" are no longer defined.
Population
-Age > 65y.
Recommendation
ACCF/AHA 2011
-Identification and treatment of systolic and diastolic HTN in the very
elderly are beneficial in the reduction of all-cause mortality and stroke
death.
Source
-J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(20):2037-2110.
Comments
1. Increased frequency of systolic HTN compared with younger
patients.
2. HTN is more likely associated with end-organ damage and more
often associated with other risk factors.
Population
-Asymptomatic adults.
Recommendation
USPSTF 2018
- Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening
with Ankle-Brachia! Index.
Source
-JAMA. 2018;320(2):177-183.
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
SLEEPAPNEA
Population
-Asymptomatic adults.
Recommendation
~ USPSTF 2017, AAFP 2017
- Insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening.
Sources
-AAFP. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening. 2017.
-JAMA. 2017;317(4):407-414.
TOBACCO USE
Population
-Adults.
Recommendation
~ AAFP 2015, USPSTF 2015, ICSI 2014
-Recommend screening all adults for tobacco use and provide tobacco
cessation interventions for those who use tobacco products.
Sources
-AAFP Clinical Preventive Service Recommendation: Tobacco Use. 2015.
-USPSTF. Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant
Women: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions. 2015.
-ICSI. Preventive Services for Adults. 20th ed. 2014.
Comment
I. The "5-K framework is helpful for smoking cessation counseling:
a. Ask about tobacco use.
b. Advise to quit through clear, individualized messages.
c. Assess willingness to quit.
d. Assist in quitting.
e. Arrange follow-up and support sessions.
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Disorders of the
Skin, Breast, and
Musculoskeletal
System
BREAST CANCER
Population
-Women.
Recommendations
~ USPSTF 2016
-Age 40-49 y: Individualize assessment of breast cancer risk;
incorporate woman's preference and cancer risk profile to determine
whether to screen.
-Age ~50-75 y: Mammography every 2 y, with or without clinical breast
exam.
-Age >75 y: Inconclusive data for screening.
~ ACS2016
-Age 20-40 y: Advise women to report lumps or breast symptoms.
-Age 40-44 y: Allow women to begin annual screening if desired.
-Age 45-54 y: Mammography every year.
-Age ~55 y: Mammography every 1-2 y as long as overall health is good
and life expectancy is ~ 10 y.
-Do not use clinical breast examination for screening.
~ NCCN2018
-Age 25-40 y: Teach breast awareness.
-Age 40-80 y: Mammography and clinical encounter annually.
-Age >80 y: Do not screen.
Sources
-http://www.cancer.org
-Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:609.
-Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:864.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Mikko
Tiukkatuuli
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Language: Finnish
Kertomus koulupojasta
Kirj.
BERNT LIE
Selma Andelin
Nuorten kirjoja I
SISÄLLYS:
Mikko Tiukkatuuli.
Petosta!
Tappelua.
Tutkinto.
MIKKO TIUKKATUULI
Hän oli tullut koulun kolmannelle luokalle, eikä hän ollut mitenkään
erinomaisempi muita, paitsi että hän puhui toista murretta kuin
kaupunkilaiset, ollen kotoisin eräästä eteläisestä pitäjästä, jossa r
äännettiin sorahtamalla. Hänen tapansa oli puhuessaan pitää
päätänsä kallellaan ja katsella puhujaa vaan oikealla silmällään;
vasemmalla katseli hän pitkin nenänsä vartta.
Muuten hän oli aivan tavallinen poika keskellä luokkaa, eikä häntä
huomattu enempää kuin toisiakaan taaempana olevia
keskipenkkiläisiä, noita vakinaisia keskitien purjehtijoita, jotka
luovailivat ääliömäisyyden — kuutosten ja selkäsaunain — ja
päälläpäsmärien, kilpailevien kumartelijain välillä. Oikeastaan eivät
opettajat suvainneet Mikko Tiukkatuulta. Jotakin siinä pojassa piili,
ainakin oli hän oikein paatunut laiskuri! Hänellä näytti kyllä olevan
lahjoja paljoa enemmän kuin keskinkertaisilla; se nähtiin paraiten,
kun tajuaminen oli kysymyksessä, eikä läksyjen lukeminen; se poika
käsitti nopeaan ja hyvin. Mutta läksyt hän osasi noin vaan
päällimmiten — ja tuskin sitäkään.
Näin sai hän viisi tai seitsemän minuuttia aikaa lukea häiriöttä.
— Antakaa se minulle!
— Tämä on hävytöntä!
— Hävytöntä! Hävytöntä!
— Hävytöntä!
Se oli hävytöntä!
Tavallisesti hän olikin aina itsekseen. Hän tuli pian olleeksi kaksi
vuotta koulussa, ja yhtäkaikki tuntui siltä, kuin ei kukaan häntä vielä
tuntisi. Koulun ulkopuolella ei hän juuri koskaan ollut
luokkatoveriensa seurassa. Hän pysytteli eniten kotonaan suuressa
vanhassa talossa, jossa asui. Joku väitti hänen leikkivän tyttöjen
kanssa — hänellä oli kaksi sisarta; muuten tiedettiin tavalla tai
toisella, että hänellä kotitalossaan oli omat monenlaiset kapineensa,
joilla hän puuhaili. No, ei kukaan hänestä niin kovin välittänyt, eikä
tutkistellut, mitä hän itseksensä hommasi! Kyllä hän taisi toisinaan
olla hiukan olevinaan, tahtoi kernaasti osoittaa tietävänsä yhtä ja
toista ulkomaailmasta, aikaihmismäistä, hän ei keräillyt postimerkkiä
eikä nappia; hän ikäänkuin piti itseään liian hyvänä ja liian vanhana
sellaiseen puuhaan.
— Oli se ainakin parempi kuin ne, joita olen nähnyt sinun tekevän,
Simo, huomautti Antti Bech; hän katseli Mikko Tiukkatuulta
tuonnempana aidankulmassa.
— Sekaannuinko minä…?
— Niin, mutta…
— Noo —
— Se on tietty!
— Jaa, ei ole hyvä tietää. Viime vuonna erotettiin Antti Holm. Hän
oli sanonut lehtori Buggea "tökeröksi".
— Erotettiinko hänet?
Lopulta hän tuli, ja pojat oikein nytkähtivät. Rehtori Holst oli tumma
mies, aina hyvin vakava. Hän astui paikalleen, sai tietää läksyn
järjestäjältä, Mikko Tiukkatuulelta, ja asettui tapansa mukaan sinne
ylös seisomaan, jalat hiukan hajalla, kädet selän takana
takinliepeiden alla. Hän heilutteli itseään hiukan kahden puolen;
tummat, syvät silmät korkean, selvän ja kaarevan otsan alta
tarkastivat levollisesti luokkaa. Kulut muutama minuutti.
— Mistä vuodesta?
— Vuodesta 1492.
— Kenestä?
— Mitä kansallisuutta?
— Espanjalainen.
— So!
— Ei — Genualainen!
— Mutta Espanjalaiset?
— Varastivat hänet.
— Tee minulle lyhyesti selvää Amerikan historiasta, sen löydöstä
vuoteen 1860.