TOPIC 2 PEOPLE AND AGRICULTURE land to produce enough food to feed

oneself and one’s family.

Throughout history, humanity's relationship with
agriculture has been a cornerstone of civilization. TYPES OF SUBSTINENCE AGRICULTURE:
People have relied on agriculture for sustenance,
1. SHIFTING
shelter, clothing, and even fuel. In turn,
a. Cycles of short cultivation
agricultural practices have shaped human
periods
societies, cultures, and landscapes.
b. Longer fallow periods
FOOD SECURITY: People's consistent access to c. Tropical forest
sufficient, nutritious food for an active life.
2. NOMADIC HERDING
GRAIN STOCKS: Measure of food security; Rice,
a. Constant movement
Wheat, Corn etc from previous harvest
b. Livestock-focused
CHALLENGE: Grain stocks declining since mid-
80s and late-90s 3. INTERCOPPING
a. Growing multiple crops
CULPRIITS BEHIND THIS DECLINING GRAIN together
STOCKS: b. Increased Yields
c. Year-round Harvest
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES:
CHALLENGES OF AGRCIULTURE
• high temperature,
• falling water tables, • Loss of Agricultural Land-
• and droughts causing poor harvest. Occurs when land that was once
used for farming becomes
CHANGING DIETS:
unsuitable or less productive due
• High consumption of (meat, poultry, eggs) to conversion or degradation.
in developing countries.
a) Urbanization
WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS: b) Deforestation
c) Soil degradation
UNDERNUTRITION d) climate change
A type of malnutrition in which there is an • Global Decline in
underconsumption of calories or nutrients that Domesticated Plant And
leaves the body weakened and susceptible to Animal Varieties
disease.
• Refers to a phenomenon where there's a
OVERNUTRITION reduction in the diversity of plant and
animal species that have been
A type of malnutrition in which there is an
domesticated and cultivated by humans
overconsumption of calories that leaves the body
for various purposes such as food,
susceptible to disease.
agriculture, and companionship.
POPULATION AND WORLD HUNGER:
• Increasing Crop Yields
• FOOD INSECURITY- The condition in
• Refers to the process of enhancing the
which people live chronic hunger and
productivity and output of crops grown on
malnutrition.
a given area of land. It involves
• ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- An
maximizing the quantity and quality of
expansion in a government’s economy,
agricultural products harvested per unit
viewed by many as the best way to raise
of land.
the standard of living.
• POVERTY AND FOOD-Poverty and hunger a) Improved Genetics
are not restricted to developing nations,
b) Advance Agricultural Practices
however; poor hungry people are also
found in the US, Europe, and Australia. c) Efficient Resource Management
PRINCIPLE TYPES OF AGRICULTURE d) Soil Health Management
INDUSTRIALIZED AGRICULTURE e) Knowledge and Technology
Transfer
• Modern methods requiring large capital
input and less land and labor than • Increasing Livestock Yields
traditional methods.
• Increasing livestock yields means making
SUBSTINENCE AGRICULTURE livestock farming more efficient to
produce more meat, milk, eggs, or other
• Traditional agricultural methods that are
animal products per animal or per unit of
dependent on labor and a large amount of
resources like feed, water, and land.
 Challenges of Increasing • The prolonged use of a particular
Livestock yields: pesticide can cause a pest
population to develop genetic
o Resource Limitations
resistance to the pesticide.
o Disease and Health Issues
• Pesticides affect more species
o Consumer Preferences: than the pests for which they are
intended.
o Regulatory and Policy
Frameworks • Pesticides can harm fishes.

o Market Dynamics Alternatives to Pesticides

• Biological controls

• Environmental Impacts • Pheromones and Hormones

Environmental impacts are the • Reproductive Controls

effects of human activities like
• Genetic Controls
industry, agriculture,
urbanization, and infrastructure • Quarantine
on the natural environment.
• Irradiation
o Air and water pollution
NOTE: A combination of these methods in
o climate change
agriculture, often including a limited use of
o soil degradation
pesticides as a last resort, is known as integrated
o habitat destruction
pest management (IPM
o resource depletion

SOLUTIONS TO AGRICULTURE:
TOPIC 3 PEOPLE AND FOREST
• SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
In general, "people" refers to human beings. Also,
• GENETIC ENGINEERING
it can also refer to a specific group of humans who
CONTROLLING AGRICULTURAL PESTS share something in common, like culture,
ethnicity, or nationality. For instance, you might
PESTICIDE:
say "the Filipino people" (Ricklefs 2010).
• A pesticide is any toxic chemical
A forest isn't just a collection of plants and
used to kill pests. Most
animals; it's a collaborative community. Trees,
pesticides are broad-spectrum
shrubs, vines, herbs, and creatures all coexist in
pesticides that kill other
close proximity, relying on each other in well-
organisms in addition to the
defined ways. (Ricklefs 2010).
intended pest.
TYPES OF FOREST IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Insecticides
1. Mangrove Forest
• Herbicides
• Special root formations.
• Rodenticides
• Fruits and seeds can survive, germinate,
• Fungicides and float in seawater.
• Found along clayed seashores and tidal
Benefits of using Pesticide zones in river estuaries.
• Pesticides can effectively control
2. Beach Forest
organisms, such as insects, that
transmit devastating human
• Located along sandy coastlines.
diseases. Fleas and lice carry the
• Forms a narrow strip adjacent to the
microorganism that causes
beach.
typhus in humans.

• Protect crops from competition 3. Molave Forest

of weeds, consumption by
insects, and diseases caused by • Dominated by molave trees (Vitex
plant pathogens. parviflora).
• Molave trees grow with crooked trunks.
Problems with Pesticides • Reach heights of 82 to 89 feet (25 to 30
• The ideal pesticide is a narrow-
meters).
• Valuable hard, yellow wood that is
spectrum pesticide but most
durable.
pesticides are broad-spectrum
pesticides.
4. Dipterocarp Forest
 • Covers the largest forest areas in the
Philippines.
• Found from coastal flats up to
approximately 800 meters in altitude.
• Major source of lumber supply in the
country.
5. Pine Forest
• Develops in high plateau regions.
• Altitude ranges from seven to eight
meters above sea level.
6. Mossy Forest
• Found along mountainous areas at
approximately 1200 meters altitude.
• Thrives in moist climates.
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES PROVIDED BY FORESTS:
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
• The benefits people receive from
healthy ecosystems
• Include essential services like clean air
and water
• Provide recreational activities and
cultural value
• Nutrient cycling
• Primary production
LIVELIHOOD AND FORESTS
"Livelihood" refers to how individuals or
communities sustain their lives through various
economic activities, including employment, self-
employment, entrepreneurship, or any other
means of generating income and resources.
Different Livelihoods in the forest
• Logging and Timber Production
• Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
Harvesting
• Agroforestry
• Ecotourism and Nature-Based Tourism
• Forest Conservation and Management
• Handicrafts and Artisanal Products
HOW DOES FOREST AFFECT LIVELIHOODS:
• Economic Opportunities
• Food Security
• Medicinal Resources
• Fuel and Energy
• Climate Regulation
• Cultural and Spiritual Values
• Water Provision

NUTSHELL:

Forests play a crucial role in supporting

livelihoods by providing economic opportunities,
ensuring food security, and enhancing cultural
and spiritual values for communities worldwide.
Balancing conservation efforts with sustainable
forest management practices is essential to
maintain these benefits for current and future
generations.
Types of Services: Provisioning Services

• Food
CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND FOREST
• Water
Forests serve as essential guardians against
• Raw materials the impacts of climate change, providing
crucial support for both ecosystems and
• Energy
human communities.
Regulating Services
REDUCING NATURAL DISASTERS:

• Climate regulation o FLOODS

• Flood control o LANDSLIDES
• Water purification o WINDSTORMS
• Pollination
CONTROLLING WATER FLOW:
Cultural Services o WATER STORAGE
o WATER FILTRATION
• Recreation
• Spiritual enrichment PREVENTING SOIL EROSION:
• Cultural heritage o WIND EROSION
o WATER EROSION
Supporting Services

• Soil formation
EFFECTIVE POLICIES AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST
COOPERATION FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AND MANAGEMENT
FOREST RESILIENCE
• A program of the Philippine
• Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Government encourages reforestation
• Promoting Sustainable Land-Use Practices and sustainable management of forests.
• Under the CBFM agreement, a
• Supporting Climate Adaptation Efforts community is entitled to develop and
use the forest and its resources for 25
CONSERVATION EFFORTS AND SUSTAINABLE
years/
MANAGEMENT

Initiatives to protect and restore forest

o National Forest Protection Program

(2015 - 2019)
a) Is a forest protection and law
enforcement aiming to protect the forest
effectively and efficiently preventing
destruction and degradation.
b) By choosing varied strategies or
activities.
o Republic Act 7586 (NIPAS Act of 1992)

a) A law signed by the Former President

Corazon Aquino on July 1, 1992. Reforestation
b) Known as National Integrated Protected
Areas (NIPAS).
• Process of planting trees in areas where
c) It primarily aims to secure the perpetual
existence of all native plants and forests have been depleted or destroyed.
• Aiming to restore the ecosystem health
animals.
d) Through a comprehensive system of and functionality
protected areas within the classification
of national park. CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS:

Illegal Logging: refers to the selective felling of

o Republic Act 11038 (ENIPAS Act of 2018)
It aims to establish a protected area
which are abundant rich, unique, and
biologically important to the public lands
that are habitats of rare and threatened
species of plants or animals.
o LAWIN Program
a) Also known as LAWIN Forest and
Biodiversity Protection System.
b) A system developed by the USAID in
partnership with DENR.
c) Aiming to enhance the monitoring and
enforcement capabilities for protecting
forest and biodiversity across the
country.
o Forest-RegAIN
a) The Philippine Eagle Foundation
launched it.
b) Collaborates with various institutional
partners.
c) Aims to plant 3 million native and fruit-
bearing species of trees in 1,200
hectares.
d) Degraded forest around grassland,
brushland, and indigenous people
domain near in 9 Philippine Eagle
Nesting Sites.
e) Mainly focused on Mount Apo, Sinaka
and Pantaron.
rare and valuable trees for their wood. It
contributes to deforestation, biodiversity loss, soil
erosion, and water pollution.
Forest Conversion for Agriculture,
Urbanization, etc.: refers to transforming forested
areas into agricultural land or urban spaces. It
might seem reasonable, but proper planning is
best to avoid unnecessary damage to the forest.
Forest Fires: refer to the destruction of habitats,
threatened wildlife, and disrupted ecosystems.
Smoke and air pollution caused by the huge fire
also affects human health.
Climate Change: causes more frequent extreme
events such as droughts, heatwaves, and fires. As
environmental conditions become increasingly
inhospitable due to climate change, the
geographical ranges of tree species are shifting.
SOLUTIONS AND ACTIONS
1. NATIONAL GREEINING PROGRAM
2. COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM
3. BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT BUREAU
4. AGROFORESTRY
5. FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (FSC)
HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND FOREST
DEFORESTATION

IMPACTS OF DEFORESTATION: = FLOODS

Massive floods brought by typhoons “Uring”
(international name “Thema”) in Ormoc in 1991
and “Ondoy” (“Ketsana”) in Metro Manila in 2009
were just two of the disasters blamed on massive
deforestation. Lush forests and watersheds could
have held large amounts of rainwater that
otherwise flowed into the communities, experts
said.
IMPACTS OF ILLEGAL LOGGING: = LANDSLIDES
Mindoro is the seventh largest island of the
Philippines. It sits at the bottom of Luzon, where
the country’s capital is located, and stretches
toward the northern tip of Sulu Sea. Large ships
pass through its unpredictable waters, and on its
seabed lie the wreckage of vessels that didn’t
survive it.
Mindoro lost more than 200,000 hectares of forest
cover from 2003 to 2015. It’s about the size of land
that 3,000 SM Mall of Asia complexes would cover
if they stood side by side. The neighboring tourist
haven of Palawan also lost nearly 30,000 hectares
of forest land during the same period, based on
government data.
LAND CONVERSION
Land conversion has wiped out most of the
habitat of the tamaraws. The lush expanse of
forests where they liked to wallow in mud pits
undisturbed have been flattened to make way for
human settlements.
TOPIC 4 PEOPLE AND GRASSLAND
A grassland is a region where an almost constant
grass cover dominates the vegetation. Grasslands
are found in areas where the growth of this plant
cover is encouraged but not that of higher species,
especially trees and bushes
TYPES OF GRASSLAND:
o TROPICAL
Hot grasslands with distinct wet and dry
seasons are known as savannas. Usually,
South America, Australia, and Africa are
home to them. Large predators like lions
and leopards live in savannas, along with
a diverse range of grazing animals like
elephants, zebras, and wildebeests.
o TEMPERATE
The summers and winters in temperate
grasslands are warm, and they receive
moderate amounts of rainfall all year
round. They can be found in the pampas
of South America, the steppes of central
Asia, and the prairies of North America.
Tall grasses and large grazing animals like
bison, horses, and pronghorn antelope
are characteristics of temperate
grasslands.
o FLOODED
Seasonally flooded wetlands with a
predominance of grasses and sedges are
known as flooded grasslands. With the
exception of Antarctica, they are present
on every continent. Waterfowl and
migratory birds especially depend on
them.
o MONTANE
Throughout the world, montane
grasslands are found at high altitudes in
mountains. Their short growing season
and low temperatures define them.
Numerous animals with unique
adaptations can be found in montane
grasslands, including sheep, pikas, and
mountain goats.
o DESERT
Dry, arid areas with little rainfall are home
to desert grasslands. Usually, short
grasses and shrubs dominate them. Many
animals that can withstand drought can
be found in desert grasslands, including
lizards, snakes, and kangaroo rats.
ROLES OF GRASSLAND:
1. GRAZING AND GROWTH
2. SEED DISPERSAL
ROLES TO THE PEOPLE:
1. LAND CONVERSION
2. CULTIVATION
IMPACTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES:
o Pollution from urban activities can have
an impact on the quality of the
surrounding grasslands' soil, water, and
air.
o Natural processes can be disrupted,
biodiversity can be lost, and soil
deterioration can result from overgrazing
and monoculture farming.
o Hunting species in grassland biomes can
affect the food chain and may result in
extinction
o Grasslands are often turned into urban
regions as a result of infrastructure and
city expansion.
o The abiotic components help in the
synthesis of organic components that
involves the exchange of energy
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
RATIONAL GRAZING. Gives grazed areas time to
recover by transferring livestock to new pastures
on a regular basis
PRESCRIBED BURNING. Managed fires can
enhance habitat diversity, drive out woody
encroachment, and encourage the growth of new
plants
AGROFORESTRY Gives grazed areas time to
recover by transferring livestock to new pastures
on a regular basis
PLANTING NATIVE GRASSES. Degraded
grasslands can be restored, and their ecological
health enhanced by reintroducing native species.
REDUCED TILLAGE PRACTICES. Gives grazed dissolved minerals from rocks into the ocean over
areas time to recover by transferring livestock to millions of years. This process, called weathering,
new pastures on a regular basis releases various ions into the water, including
sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-), which make up
the majority of the salt content in seawater.
TOPIC 5 PEOPLE AND WATER, OCEANS AND
VERTICAL DIVISIONS: OCEAN LIFE ZONES
COASTS
Scientists divide the entire ocean into five zones
o Ocean is a huge body of salt water,
vertically, based on light level. These are:
o Earth is a world of water, with
approximately 71% of its surface covered 1.) Epipelagic Zone
by oceans.
o It is the sunlit upper layer of the ocean.
o Oceans hold about 97% of Earth’s water
o The sunlight in the epipelagic zone allows
supply.
photosynthesis to occur.
o Over 80% of the ocean depths are
o Phytoplankton lives in this zone.
unexplored and unmapped
2.) Mesopelagic Zone
OCEAN MODERATE CLIMATES
o It is known as the twilight zone.
o The ocean plays a vital role in climate
o The lack of sunlight means there are no
and weather.
plants in this zone.
o Oceans are the largest carbon
o Octopus, squid, and hatchet fish make
reservoirs in the Earth system,
this zone their home, and some whales
holding up to 54 times more carbon
even visit the twilight zone to feed
than the atmosphere.
3.) Bathypelagic Zone
PHYTOPLANKTON
o It is known as the midnight zone because
o Phytoplankton are a basis of the ocean
no light reaches it.
food web.
o Animals in the twilight zone need to
o Through photosynthesis, phytoplankton
handle cold, high pressure, and darkness
are responsible for almost half the oxygen
to survive.
released into Earth’s atmosphere.
o Octopus, squid, and hatchet fish can be
o They are only visible when billions of them
found in this zone.
form algal blooms, and appear as green
or blue splotches in the ocean. 4.) Abyssopelagic Zone
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OCEANS o comes from the Greek meaning
“bottomless abyss.”
o Regulate the Earth’s System.
o By this depth, the temperature is close to
o Supply living and non-living resources.
freezing and the pressure is immense.
o Provide social and economic goods and
o Most animals in this zone are blind and
services.
colorless due to the complete lack of light
BIOLOGICALLY RICH:
5.) Hadalpelagic Zone
o Oceans cover a large portion of the planet
o It is known as the Hadal zone, after
o Oceans have tremendous biodiversity
Hades, the Greek god of the Underworld.
o Tiny ocean plants form the base of marine
o At these depths, temperatures are
food webs
freezing or below, while water pressure is
o Marine life constitutes the majority of
an extreme eight tons per square inch.
Earth's biomass Marine organisms
o Tiny isopods, a type of crustacean related
provide food and oxygen
to crabs and shrimp can be found
CONTINENTAL MARGIN:
HORIZONTAL DIVISIONS:
o Ocean floor is not flat
1.) Littoral zone
o Earth's tallest mountain and deepest
canyon are in the ocean 2.) Inertidal zone
o Bathymetry is the mapping of ocean floor
and coastal margins 3.) Neritic zone
o Continental margin is the transition from
4.) Oceanic zone
land to deep sea
o Continental margins cover a significant PEOPLE AND OCEANS
portion of the ocean basin
HEALTH AND NUTRITION
COMPOSITION OF OCEAN WATER = SODIUM AND
CHLORIDE Human health is being impacted by the enhanced
survival and spread of tropical diseases due
The salt in seawater primarily comes from the temperatures
erosion of rocks on land. Rainfall and rivers carry
SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS AND DECENT
WORK
Fishing is a major food and income source,
particularly in developing countries
ECONOMY
o Ocean Economy estimated at $3-6 trillion
per year
o Shipping facilitating over 90% of
international trade.
o Coastal tourism
MARINE POLLUTION
It is a combination of chemicals and trash, most
of which comes from land sources and is washed
or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in
damage to the environment, to the health of all
organisms, and to economic structures worldwide
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MARINE POLLUTION:
o MARINE DEBRIS
Any persistent solid material that is
manufactured or processed and directly
or indirectly, intentionally or
unintentionally, disposed of or
abandoned into the marine environmen
o LAND-BASED ACTIVTIES
Pollution sources include untreated
sewage, agricultural run-off, oils and
heavy metals from industry, and sediment
washed in from earthworks and logging.
WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO THIS
SCENARIO?
✓ Nitrogen Loads
✓ Eunthropication
o OIL SPILLS
A release of a liquid petroleum
hydrocarbon into the environment,
especially the marine ecosystem.
BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is a term that represents the total
variety of all life on earth and all its level it
includes everything from tiny microorganisms to
plants, animals, and entire ecosystems like
forests, coral reefs, and wetlands.
BIOSPHERE
biosphere is the zone of Earth where life exists. It
includes all living organisms, from microscopic
bacteria to towering trees, and encompasses
various habitats like oceans, forests, grasslands,
deserts, and freshwater bodies.
BIOSPHERE IN THE OCEAN
✓ The world’s oceans contain somewhere
between 500,000 and 10 million marine
species.
✓ One of the example is Marine
phytoplankton they play huge role in the
ocean's food web and producing oxygen
for the planet through photosynthesis
✓ Over time, the oceans have taken up to
half of all carbon emissions caused by
humans.
✓ The oceans have absorbed nearly half of
the carbon emissions caused by human
activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels
and deforestation.
✓ Over time, the oceans have taken up to
half of all carbon emissions caused by
humans by reducing the effect of carbon
dioxide (CO2) on the Earth's atmosphere,
this absorption helps in reducing the rate
of global warming.
✓ Coastal and marine ecosystems like
mangroves, seagrass beds, and tidal
marshes, are incredibly effective at
absorbing and storing carbon from the
atmosphere.
✓ Those ecosystems, often referred to as
"blue carbon" ecosystems
✓ Blue carbon acts as carbon sink which
indicates their ability to capture carbon
from the atmosphere and store it in their
biomass
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE OCEAN
✓ While the oceans help regulate
climate by absorbing carbon dioxide,
it also leads to ocean acidification,
which can harm marine life and
ecosystems.
✓ Corals is an example being affected
by the ocean acidification and other
human cause stresses such as ocean
warming and pollution
CLIMATE CHANGE .a long-term change
in the average weather patterns that have
come to define Earth’s local, regional and
global climates.
Human Activities
➢ Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural
gas) for energy
➢ Deforestation
➢ Industrial processes
➢ Agriculture
➢ Land-use changes
Natural Factors
o Volcanic eruptions
o Variations in solar radiation
o Changes in Earth's orbit
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE OCEAN:
a) ICE MELTING IN POLAR REGIONS
b) SEA LEVEL RISE
c) EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
d) DISPLACEMENT
TOPIC 6: PEOPLE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate Change
Long-term alterations in the Earth's climate
patterns, including changes in temperature,
precipitation, and other climatic conditions over
extended periods.
Causes of Climate Change
 o Greenhouse Gas Emissions
o Industrial Processes
o Agricultural Practices
Effects of Climate Change
o Rising Temperatures
o Health Risk
o Food Insecurity
Deforestation
the permanent removal of forests or tree cover
from a particular area, typically for the purpose of
clearing land for agricultural expansion, urban
development, logging, or other human activities
Causes of Deforestation
o Agricultural Expansion
o Infrastructure Development
o Urbanization
Effects of Deforestation
o Loss of Biodiversity
o Soil Degradation
o Increased Flooding and Landslides
Pollution
In environment, it is the contamination of air,
water, or land in such a manner as to cause harm
to human and nature.
o Air Pollution: Emissions from vehicles,
factories, and power plants contribute to
smog, respiratory diseases, and acid rain.
o Water Pollution: Industrial waste,
agricultural runoff, and improper disposal
of chemicals contaminate water sources,
harming aquatic life and ecosystems.
o Plastic Pollution: Improper disposal of
plastic waste leads to the accumulation
of plastic debris in oceans and landfills,
endangering marine life and ecosystems
Loss of Biodiversity
A decrease in biodiversity. Can lead to a
breakdown in the functioning of the ecosystem.
o Habitat Destruction: Human activities
like urbanization, agriculture, and
infrastructure development destroy
natural habitats, leading to the loss of
species.
o Overexploitation: Hunting, fishing, and
harvesting of species beyond sustainable
levels threaten biodiversity.
o Introduction of Invasive Species:
Human transportation introduces non-
native species into ecosystems,
disrupting natural balances and
outcompeting native species.
Resource Depletion
Reduction in the quality and quantity of natural
resources. Common with the non renewable
resources.
o Overconsumption: Exploitation of
natural resources such as fossil fuels,
minerals, and fresh water at
unsustainable rates leads to resource
depletion.
o Energy Consumption: Increased
demand for energy leads to the extraction
and burning of fossil fuels, contributing to
climate change and environmental
degradation.
LAND USE CHANGE - processes by which
humans shape and modify the land to meet their
needs
TYPES:
o Deforestation: Permanent removal of
trees from a forest.
o Urbanization: Expansion of cities and
infrastructure into urban areas including
the development of residential,
commercial, and industrial zones.
o Agricultural Expansion: Clearing of
forests for agriculture which contributes
to deforestation.
APPROACHES TO RESOLVE THE ISSUES
01 Transitioning to renewable energy sources.
02 Implementing sustainable land management
practices.
03 Conserving and restoring natural habitats.
04 Reducing waste and promoting recycling.
05 Raising awareness and promoting
environmentally-friendly behaviors.
CLIMATE CHANGE- REGIONAL WEATHER
CHANGE
GLOBAL WARMING- INCREASING TEMP.
WORLDWIDE
GLOBAL WARMING
Causes:
o Burning of fossil fuels
o Transportation
o Deforestation and land-use changes,
which reduce the number of trees that
absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.
o Overpopulation
Effects:
o Rising global temperatures, leading to
heatwaves and increased frequency of
hot days and nights.
o Melting polar ice caps and glaciers,
contributing to sea level rise and coastal
flooding.
o Changes in precipitation patterns,
resulting in more intense rainfall events,
floods, and droughts.
o Increased frequency and intensity of
extreme weather events, such as
hurricanes, typhoons, and wildfires.
o Threats to food and water security, as
crop yields decline, and freshwater
sources become scarce in some regions.
o Health impacts, including heat-related
illnesses, respiratory problems from air
pollution, and the spread of vector-borne
diseases.

Solution:

o Increasing the amount of electricity

from clean, renewable energy
sources like solar and wind
o Prevent deforestation and tree-
clearing
o Plant more trees through
reforestation and afforestation
o Save energy at home & water
efficiency
o Walk, cycle or take public transport
o Reduce, reuse, repair & recycle

GREEN HOUSES GASES

Human activities result in emissions of

four principal greenhouse gases: carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide (N2O) and the halocarbons (a group
of gases containing fluorine, chlorine and
bromine). These gases accumulate in the
atmosphere, causing concentrations to
increase with time. Significant increases
in all of these gases have occurred in the
industrial era

CO2

Carbon dioxide has increased from fossil

fuel use in transportation, building
heating and cooling and the manufacture
of cement and other goods.

METHANE

Methane is also released from natural

processes that occur, for example, in
wetlands. Methane concentrations are
not currently increasing in the
atmosphere because growth rates
decreased over the last two decades

N20 NITROUS OXIDE

Nitrous oxide is also emitted by human

activities such as fertilizer use and fossil
fuel burning. Natural processes in soils
and the oceans also release N2O

HALOCARBON GAS

Halocarbon gas concentrations have

increased primarily due to human
activities. Natural processes are also a
small source. The abundance of
chlorofluorocarbon gases is decreasing
as a result of international regulations
designed to protect the ozone layer

Additional Sources of Greenhouse Gas

Emissions:

o Transportation Sector
o Industrial Processes
o Agricultural Sector
o Waste Management