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Cognition Marvin Chun Full Chapter PDF
Cognition Marvin Chun Full Chapter PDF
Cognition Marvin Chun Full Chapter PDF
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Cognition
Marvin M. Chun
Yale University
Steven B. Most
University of New South Wales, Sydney
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Marvin M. Chun
Yale University
Steven B. Most
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Marvin M. Chun is the Richard M. Colgate Professor of
Psychology at Yale University, with secondary appointments in the
Cognitive Science Program and the Yale School of Medicine
Department of Neuroscience. He received his PhD in Brain and
Cognitive Sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
where he won a graduate teaching award, followed by postdoctoral
training at Harvard University. Professor Chun leads a cognitive
neuroscience laboratory that uses functional brain imaging and
machine learning to decode and predict how people see, attend,
remember, and perform optimally. His research has been honored
with a Troland Award from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences,
an American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific
Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology in the area of
cognition and human learning, and a Samsung Ho-Am Prize in
Science (South Korea). His teaching has been recognized with both
the Lex Hixon ’63 Prize for Teaching Excellence in the Social
Sciences and the Phi Beta Kappa William Clyde DeVane Medal for
Distinguished Scholarship and Teaching in Yale College.
Steven B. Most is Associate Professor of Psychology at the
University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia (UNSW
Sydney), with an affiliate appointment in the Department of
Psychological and Brain Sciences at the University of Delaware. He
received his BA in psychology from Brandeis University and PhD in
psychology from Harvard University, where he won graduate
teaching awards, followed by postdoctoral training at Vanderbilt and
Yale Universities. Dr. Most leads the Motivated Attention and
Perception Lab at UNSW Sydney, where his team uses behavioral
and physiological measures to understand how attention,
motivation, and emotion shape what people see, remember, and do,
as well as how cognition affects safety and well-being in the real
world (e.g., road safety). Dr. Most’s research has been recognized
through fellowships and awards from the National Institutes of
Health, the Australian Research Council, and the New York
Academy of Sciences, and with an appointment as Fellow of the
Association for Psychological Science. His teaching and mentoring
have been recognized with the Alpha Lambda Delta Excellence in
Teaching Award at the University of Delaware and both a
Postgraduate Supervisor Award and an Outstanding Postgraduate
Supervisor Award at UNSW Sydney.
Marvin M. Chun
Yale University
Steven B. Most
University of New South Wales, Sydney
We discuss the rich topic of memory across the next two chapters.
Chapter 6, Everyday Memory, covers strategies for improving
memory and also shows how memories can be distorted in everyday
life. Chapter 7, Memory Systems, provides an overview of different
types of memory and the brain systems supporting them.
Marvin M. Chun
Yale University
Steven B. Most
University of New South Wales, Sydney
• Test bank
• Instructor’s manual
• Chapter quizzes
Marvin M. Chun
Yale University
Steven B. Most
University of New South Wales, Sydney
The safe landing of Flight 1549 was hailed as “the Miracle on the Hudson.” Because of Captain
Sullenberger’s quick assessment of the situation and skill, all passengers and crew on the
flight survived the emergency landing in the river.
In January 2009, two minutes after taking off from New York’s
LaGuardia Airport, US Airways Flight 1549 slammed into a flock of
birds. The engines lost power. Amid the alarm and confusion, and
with too little time to return to the airport, the pilot, Chesley “Sully”
Sullenberger, made the call to land the plane in the Hudson River.
Miraculously, everyone survived. Captain Sullenberger’s name
became synonymous with cool, collected competence, the result of
rigorous training, and—many would say—heroism. What does this
story have to do with cognitive psychology?
People have wondered how the mind works for thousands of years.
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of how the mind
encodes, stores, and uses information—in other words, it is the
study of cognition. Although questions of cognition sat on the
fringes of mainstream psychology 70 years ago, they now permeate
nearly every corner of the field. The resurgence of the study of
cognition came about from multiple fields—including psychology,
computer science, neuroscience, and more. These fields converged
on the notion that information processing itself can be a fruitful
focus of study.
How much can we trust our memories? To what degree are they
faithfully stored recordings of what we’ve experienced? Not so
much, it turns out. Memory is so suggestible that even very vivid
recollections may contain false information—things we are sure
we experienced but in fact never did. How easy is it to
experience a false memory? In Chapter 6 you will learn about an
easy way to induce false memories in the lab. In the meantime,
watch famed memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus discuss her
groundbreaking research on false memories in her widely
watched TED talk, entitled “How reliable is your memory?” and
viewable on YouTube.
An Explanation of Cognition at
Multiple Levels
Another important idea in cognitive psychology, put forth by the
influential cognitive scientist David Marr (1982), is that it is useful
to understand cognition at multiple levels of analysis. According to
this notion, understanding the function of a mental process is quite
different from understanding the information transformations that
support that function, and both of these are different from
understanding the neural processes involved. In Marr’s terms,
perception and cognition can be probed at three different levels:
computational, algorithmic, and implementational.
“Denise was stuck in a traffic jam. She was worried what her boss
would say.” What do we need to do to understand this text?
Votre Popol.
25. A ma mère.
28 février.
Chère maman,
Votre Paul.
26. A Louis.
8 mars.
Paul.
27. Au même.
15 mars.
Traduisez librement.
— Aux Grecs le génie, aux Grecs le beau parler, avec l’unique
passion de la gloire.
— Fort bien. Après les Romains, qui nous ont d’abord transmis
l’idéal grec, tel qu’ils se l’étaient assimilé, toutes les nations
modernes, depuis des siècles, sont allées et vont encore apprendre
à Athènes ou du moins à Rome, son héritière la plus directe, les
secrets de la beauté littéraire comme de la beauté artistique. Il en
sera ainsi longtemps encore, parce que l’idéal grec n’est pas le fruit
du caprice ou du convenu, mais un type parfaitement raisonné et
admirablement conforme à l’immortelle nature.
— Vous, savez, mon Père, que vous prêchez un converti.
— Oui… mais aussi un convalescent, qui ne doit pas être encore
de force à soutenir un sermon trop long. Tenons-nous-en là, s’il vous
plaît.
— En attendant la suite pour bientôt, n’est-ce pas, mon Père ?
— Si vous êtes sage.
— Je le serai, pour cette raison et pour plusieurs autres.
— Nous sommes d’ailleurs arrivés et j’aperçois le Père Ministre,
qui vient à notre rencontre. »
Le Père Ministre est tout bonnement mon Père spirituel, que tu
connais déjà. Sous sa forme ministérielle, les élèves n’ont guère
avec lui de relations directes. C’est pourtant un gros personnage : il
est le second du Père Recteur, pour tout ce qui regarde l’ordre
général de la maison, et j’ai vu le Père Préfet lui-même venir, sa
barrette à la main, lui demander la permission, un jour qu’il était
fatigué, de prolonger le lendemain son sommeil jusqu’à cinq heures.
C’est le Père Ministre qui gouverne la sacristie, la cuisine, les
travaux intérieurs et tous les services domestiques, par le moyen
des Frères coadjuteurs et du personnel salarié. Il a toutes les clefs, y
compris celles de l’office et de la cave.
A ma vue, ses entrailles deux fois paternelles s’émurent de
compassion et, pour me rendre plus vite mes jambes et mes
couleurs, il nous offrit un petit verre de derrière les fagots avec un
excellent biscuit de Reims. Nous prîmes les deux au grand air, sur
une table champêtre, fort joyeusement, et pour terminer la soirée,
pendant que mon professeur disait son bréviaire dans une avenue,
le Père Ministre voulut bien perdre sur moi une partie d’échecs. Il
s’en vengea en nous ramenant au collège dans sa carriole, pour
nous épargner la route à pied.
Bonne journée. Je t’en souhaite beaucoup de semblables, mon
cher Louis, sans grande chance de réalisation : car tes professeurs
ont à promener leurs jeunes héritiers, et le lycée n’a pas de Père
Ministre.
Demain, je rentre en classe. Quel bonheur !
Ton ami,
Paul.
28. Au même.
26 mars.