This is the scientific study of ways in which people change, as well as stay 0/1

the same, from conception to death.

Human Development

Lifespan Development

Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology Total points 47/102

All of the above

Correct answer

NAME * ···/1
All of the above

Yasmen Amer

While in the zoo, a child saw a horse for the first time and referred to it as a 1/1
dog. The child demonstrated which of the following?

SCHOOL * ···/1
Assimilation
UST
Accommodation

Schematization

Learning

Which of the following statements are true according to Rousseau? 0/1 Who among the following reiterated the importance of physical closeness 1/1
and touching, not mere feeding, as a foundation for attachment?

The environment is especially powerful in the child’s early life because the mind
is the most pliable then. Freud

Children develop according to a natural plan based on their inner biological Harlow
timetable.
Bowlby
Development unfolded in fixed sequences and was activated by genes.
Piaget
Personality is formed during the first few years of life.

Correct answer

Children develop according to a natural plan based on their inner biological

According to Erikson, this is the cornerstone of a healthy personality. 1/1
timetable.

Trust

Hope
This theory suggests that there is interplay between our personality and the0/1
ways we interpret events and how they influence us. Wisdom

Will
Jean Piaget’s theory

Psychosocial Theory

Social Learning Theory

At a toy store, the 3-year-old Donald chose a toy truck as a present for his 1/1
15-year-old sister’s incoming birthday. He proudly chose the truck as a gift
Sociocultural Theory
since he loves watching Thomas and Friends. Based on Piaget’s theory,
Correct answer this is an example of which of the following?

Social Learning Theory

Object permanence

Stranger anxiety

Contact comfort

Egocentrism
Mariposa abhors lying and not telling the truth because according to her 1/1 When it comes to aging, the following statements are true except 0/1
only a bad person lies. She is in what stage of moral development?

Getting out of shape is an inevitable part of aging.

Pre-conventional morality
Aging due to biological factors is called primary aging.
Post-conventional morality
Aging due to controllable factors is called secondary aging.
Conventional morality
None of the above.
Unconventional morality
Correct answer

Getting out of shape is an inevitable part of aging.

Which of the following is the leading cause of death in infants one to 12 1/1
months old?

Which theorist believes that a child only forms attachment with one figure, 0/1
Unknown cause and that this relationship will act as a prototype for all future relations of
the child?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Accidental Suffocation Sigmund Freud

Strangulation in Bed Melanie Klein

John Bowlby

Heinz Kohut
Paolo, a married man and an OFW, found himself slowly falling in love with 1/1
Yan, his co-worker in London. According to Paolo, he could not help himself Correct answer
but be attracted to Yan since they are always together. Paolo is attracted to John Bowlby
Yan based on which of the following factors?

Similarity

Self-disclosure

Proximity

Kaldereta

To fall within the zone of proximal development, which of the following is 1/1 According to Erikson, the most important activity in adulthood is 0/1
true?

Intimacy and romantic relationships

This is the highest level of understanding that a child can achieve in cognitive
development. The ability to settle in a school or occupational identity

This is the minimal level of understanding that a child can achieve in cognitive Procreation
development
To bring productive situation to completion
The lesson must be more advanced than the child could achieve on his own,
and yet close enough to his current abilities. Correct answer

None of the above Procreation

In middle adulthood, this type of person is more prone to develop heart 1/1 Freud placed extraordinary emphasis on which of the following acts of an 0/1
problems. infant?

Type A Thumb-sucking

Type B Toilet training

Type C Breastfeeding

Type D Non-nutritive sucking

Correct answer

Breastfeeding
 Young adults who left home to live independently and later came back to 1/1 When an adult still has manifestations of Babinski reflex, the person could 1/1
the family home are referred to as which of the following? have

Empty nesters the possibility of developing an early onset of neurocognitive disorders

Boomerang kids inherited a gene for Down Syndrome

Kinkeeper been diagnosed with Autism-spectrum disorder

Sandwich generation a central nervous system disorder

Sugar dutifully obeys the traffic lights and crosses the street only when 0/1 Which of the following is not true when it comes to life expectancy? 0/1
allowed because it is the law. She is in what stage of moral development?

Females live longer than males.

Pre-conventional morality
Males have an advantage by selecting the better X chromosome from the mother
Conventional morality or the father.

Post-conventional morality Males are heterogametic.

Unconventional morality None of the above

Correct answer Correct answer

Conventional morality Males have an advantage by selecting the better X chromosome from the mother or
the father.

He is known as the Father of Object-Relations Theory. 0/1 The following statements are true, except 1/1

Jean Piaget Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle tissue as a natural part of aging.

John Bowlby The Hormonal Stress Theory suggests that as we age the ability of the
hypothalamus to regulate hormones in the body begins to decline leading to
Heinz Kohut metabolic problems.

Sigmund Freud It can be observed that only Asians have the tendency to become shorter as
one ages among both sexes.
Correct answer
None of the above
John Bowlby

In attention and problem solving, the following statements are false, except 0/1
Lola Dionisia just turned 76 years old. She belongs in what category in late 1/1
adulthood?
When it comes to attention and problem solving, even when given sufficient time,
older adults still cannot perform as competently as young adults do.
Young-old
Even when speed is not necessary to a task, healthy older adults still show
Old-old cognitive declines.

Oldest-old Younger adults use more effective strategies than older adults in navigating
social and emotional problems.
Centenarians
None of the above

Correct answer

None of the above

 When it comes to retirement by young adulthood, the following statements 0/1 Based on Piaget’s Stages of Moral Reasoning, children in this stage 0/1
are true except seemed to ignore intentions and focus only on consequences.

Some of the workers may choose to work in encore careers, which means they Premoral Development
choose the job similar to their previous one.
Autonomous Stage
Retirement is a process and not a one-time event.
Heteronomous Stage
Most of the workers transition to bridge jobs.
Conventional mortality
None of the above
Correct answer
Correct answer
Heteronomous Stage
Some of the workers may choose to work in encore careers, which means they
choose the job similar to their previous one.

Based on the age period of development, which of the following periods 0/1
starts at 18 until 25 years old.
Carl, a lawyer who just became a partner in a law firm, dreams about taking 0/1
up carpentry, bee-keeping, soap making, archery, horse breeding, and bird-
watching as hobbies in the far future. He wants to go to Paradise Falls and Early adulthood
spend the rest of his life living in a house situated on a cliff to see the view.
Adolescence
He looks forward to not waking up to the sound of an alarm clock
anymore. Carl is in what stage of retirement? Middle adulthood

Emerging adulthood
Remote pre-retirement phase
Correct answer
Honeymoon phase
Emerging adulthood
Disenchantment phase

Reorientation phase

Correct answer

Remote pre-retirement phase

This psychosocial stage includes finding meaning in one’s life and 0/1 This is the fear of one’s own death, as well as the loss of self-sufficiency, 1/1
accepting one’s accomplishments, while also acknowledging those that loved partners and friends.
had not gone as hoped in life.

Stagnation
identity vs. Role Confusion
Thanatos
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Necrophilia
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Despair
Integrity vs. Despair

Correct answer

Integrity vs. Despair Which of the following types of elder abuse is the most common? 0/1

Abuse and neglect

Based on studies, which of the following statements is false? 0/1 Psychological and emotional abuse

Financial abuse
There is a higher risk of death of a widow/widower after the death of the spouse.
Physical abuse
Widowhood increases the risk of dying from almost all causes.
Correct answer
The rate of mortality of widow/widower was lower if they had time to prepare for
the death of their spouse Psychological and emotional abuse

Men show a higher risk of mortality following the death of their spouse if they have
higher health problems.

Correct answer

The rate of mortality of widow/widower was lower if they had time to prepare for
the death of their spouse
 Which of the following statements refer to social death? 0/1 Who among the following believed that children of different ages interpret 0/1
the world in different ways?

Social death occurs when others dehumanize and withdraw from someone who is
terminally ill. Vygotsky

Social death occurs when a person diagnosed with terminal illness ignores Piaget
other people despite their continuous efforts to support them.
Bronfenbrenner
Social death only happens to elderly people with terminal illness or diagnosed with
terminal illness. Skinner

All of the above Correct answer

Correct answer Piaget

Social death occurs when others dehumanize and withdraw from someone who is
terminally ill.

Which of the following statements is true about developmental perceptions1/1

of death?

This is the reflex involved when infants get agitated due to sudden noises 1/1
and sudden movements. Infants do not comprehend death, thus, they cannot react to the separation caused
by death.

Rooting Those in middle adulthood fear death more because of their caretaking
responsibilities.
Moro
Adolescents believe that death is something temporary and reversible.
Righting
None of the above
Withdrawal

At about 4 months of age, ordinarily an infant will be observed to perform 1/1 In his concept of birth order, Adler believed that neurotic, perverts, and 0/1
which of the following? criminals are often

Palmar grasp First-borns

Pincer grasp Youngest children

Picking of small objects and putting them in containers Second-borns

Sitting Only child

Correct answer

First-borns
At this stage, an individual now understands the finality of death and 1/1
knows that everyone will die, but they may think that people die because of
their wrongdoings.
Individuals experiencing this type of grief may suffer intensified symptoms 0/1
Early childhood due to the lack of social support as there are no formal mourning practices
that would comfort the grieving individual.
Middle childhood

Late childhood Complicated grief

Adolescence Disenfranchised grief

Anticipatory grief

Enfranchised grief

Correct answer

Disenfranchised grief
 Which of the following is an example of a child whose moral reasoning is
under Kohlberg’s preconventional morality?
Nami believes that a man, who has a very sick child, can steal from another
person and then everyone will think of him as a good father.
Robin believes that a father of a very sick child can steal from another because life
is more important than property.
Luffy who believes that a person should not steal from another since he might get
punched by the person.
All of the above
Correct answer
Luffy who believes that a person should not steal from another since he might get
punched by the person.
Which of the following statements is false about the five stages of grief by 0/1
Kubler-Ross?
These are not stages that a person goes through in order or only once.
These are stages that occur with the same intensity.
The process of death is influenced by the person’s belief system.
None of the above
Correct answer
These are stages that occur with the same intensity.
The following is true according to Erikson’s theory except
The ego must incorporate only the adaptive ways of coping.
If a conflict at any stage remains unresolved, we are less likely to be able to adapt
to later problems.
Basic strengths are interdependent, one strength cannot develop until the strength
associated with the previous stage has been confirmed.
None of the above
Which of the following statements is true?
Biological age is based on the number of yours since your birth.
Social age is based on the social norms of our culture and the expectations our
culture has for people of our age group.
Chronological age can completely capture a person’s age.
All of the above
Correct answer
Chronological age can completely capture a person’s age.
0/1 Upon retiring, Carl now travels around the world and began birdwatching in 1/1
Paradise Falls. He tried hiking and skiing, and he visited several countries
to experience their culture — things he could never do before. Carl is in
what stage of retirement?
Immediate pre-retirement phase
Actual retirement
Honeymoon phase
Reorientation phase
Which of the following is true based on Bandura? 0/1
He criticized Skinner’s emphasis on individual animal subjects rather than on
human subjects interacting with one another, and thus his approach investigates
behavior as it is formed and modified in a social context.
He denied the existence of an entity called personality and did not seek causes of
behavior within the organism, and believes that human beings are just “empty
organisms”.
He concluded that people function in the same way scientists do.
All of the above
Correct answer
He criticized Skinner’s emphasis on individual animal subjects rather than on human
subjects interacting with one another, and thus his approach investigates behavior
as it is formed and modified in a social context.
1/1 Who among the following argued that one’s environment is the most 0/1
significant factor in the development of personality?
John Locke
Galton
Watson
All of the above
Correct answer
All of the above
0/1
According to the Code of Ethics, which of the following statements is 1/1
false?
Participants cannot withdraw their consent to participate once they have given
their consent in order to protect the integrity of the study.
In conducting experiments with infants and young children, a written informed
consent must be secured from the parents.
In longitudinal research, we can ask for informed consent on more than occasion.
The minor’s guardian is almost always present as the study is conducted, even
when the guardian is not a participant in the experiment.
 Which of the following statements is not true? 1/1 Mariposa was born on January 8, 1997. She thus belong in which of the 0/1
following cohort:

Infants are innately ready to respond to the sounds of any language, but at a certain
point, they will show preference for listening in their native language. Generation Z

Young infants below five months of age can perceive color, but only weaker Millennials
pastel shades.
Generation X
A newborn is sensitive to touch and temperature.
Baby Boomers
Newborns show a preference for sweet flavors.
Correct answer

Generation Z

Which of the following refers to the Principle of Conservation? 1/1

The baby has fun playing peek-a-boo with the caregiver Which of the following best relates to maturational account in motor 0/1
development?
The belief of the child that things can be undone

The belief of the child that some characteristics of things does not change even A baby cannot walk before 1 year of age because the brain structures involved in
though they may change in appearance the motor action are not yet developed.

The ability of the child to arrange things according to a quantitative dimension Extensive training to walk before a child was “ready” had a significant effect in his
development.

Children who have less motor experience than others would show an extensive
motor delay.

All of the above

Correct answer

A baby cannot walk before 1 year of age because the brain structures involved in
the motor action are not yet developed.

According to Piaget, in this stage, children can apply quasi-logical 1/1 According to learning theory, which of the following plays a part in 0/1
operations to concrete information, but they fail to think abstractly or in developing infant bonds?
hypothetical terms.

Feeding schedules
Formal operational period
Type of fixation that developed
Concrete operational period
Caregiver involved, whether mother or father
Preoperational period
The crises involved
Sensorimotor period
Correct answer

Feeding schedules

What is the technique used by mothers to control startle reflex? 0/1

As defined by Ainsworth, this refers to the affectional tie that one person or 1/1
Burping
animal forms between himself and another specific one, a tie that binds
Weaning them together in space and endures over time.

Ferber method
Infant-parent bond
Swaddling
Attachment
Correct answer
Affectionate bond
Swaddling
Social relationship
 This is the reflex involved in the development of infant's hand-eye 0/1 The following statements does not show a true separation distress, except 0/1
coordination.

An infant who was playing with a stranger cried when the stranger left.
Tonic neck
An infant, who cried when his neighbor returned to his house after playing with
Righting him, was then consoled by his mother’s visiting niece.

Moro An infant continued to cry when his mother left him and was unconsolable by
anyone.
Grasp
None of the above
Correct answer
Correct answer
Tonic neck
An infant continued to cry when his mother left him and was unconsolable by
anyone.

Based on Bowlby’s theory, which of the following statements is false? 1/1

At times, strong attachment may develop between an infant and someone who
seldom satisfies the infant’s need for nutrition and comfort.
Dependency is not necessary for a strong attachment.
A toddler, who was running around the second-floor of a building, reached 1/1
the staircase. He was about to jump down when he saw his mother’s face
looking alarmed and distressed, so he backed away and ran back to his
mother. This is an example of which of the following phenomena?

All dependencies lead to attachment.

Social referencing

None of the above

Dependency

Attachment bond

Affectional tie

Which of the following is the correct combination of developmental stage 1/1 Based on Erikson’s theory, this is the period we establish our independence 1/1
and psychosocial crisis? from our parents and begin to function more autonomously as mature,
responsible adults.

Early childhood – Basic trust versus mistrust

Generativity vs. Stagnation
Young adulthood – Identity vs Identity confusion
Identity vs. Identity Confusion
Old age – Generativity versus stagnation
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Play age –Initiative vs guilt
Intimacy vs. Isolation

Which of the following is true according to the dual-process model of 1/1

grieving? Based on Ainsworth’s attachment styles, an infant who actively explores 0/1
new environments when the mother is present, clearly shows distress
when the mother leaves, belongs to which of the following types?
Bereaved individuals move back and forth between grieving and preparing for
life without their loved one.
Insecure/Avoidant attachment
This is a process involving the loss experienced by someone who faces the news of
their impending death. Secure attachment

For bereavement to be completed, an individual must learn how to look back and
Disorganized attachment
forward at the same time.
Insecure/resistant attachment
All of the above

Correct answer

Secure attachment
 Generativity, in Erikson’s theory, refers to which of the following? 1/1 Allicent was diagnosed by her doctor of advanced cancer and that she had 1/1
only two months to live. She questioned the diagnosis and test results
provided by her doctor and continued to look for second opinions. Allicent
It solely refers to having children and raising them.
is in what stage of grief according to Kubler-Ross?
Making major contributions in a career that do not just advance the self
Bargaining
Overly concerned with own needs and not to the community at large
Depression
None of the above
Anger

Denial

Persons suffering this type of grief exhibit symptoms which mirror those 0/1
seen in major depressive disorder and may last six months or longer.

Which of the following statements does not refer to scaffolding? 0/1

Complicated grief

Disenfranchised grief
A child is always aware of how much help he is actually receiving.

Anticipatory grief Children can receive guidance that enables them to take part in more advanced
tasks than they could perform alone.
Enfranchised grief
Adults and older children can be said to take part in the child’s cognitive
Correct answer development.

Complicated grief
None of the above

Correct answer

A child is always aware of how much help he is actually receiving.

An infant who accidentally dropped his favorite rattle between the folds of 1/1 Phoebe’s grandmother, wanting to teach her granddaughter how to bake, 0/1
a blanket would not look for it because it already left his sight. Which carefully laid down all the ingredients and tools on the kitchen counter in
among the following best describes this event according to Piaget? the order Phoebe would need them.This method of guiding the child is
called

Reversibility
Zone of proximal development
Seriation
Scaffolding
Principle of Conservation
Social assistance approach
Object permanence
Cognitive approach

Correct answer

For some moral situations, people have strong convictions of what is right 1/1 Scaffolding
and wrong but are unable to explain why. This phenomenon is referred to
as

Moral dumbfounding Freud believed that personality was shaped and fixed by what age? 0/1

Moral dilemma
5 years old
Black and white phenomenon
4 - 6 months old
Moral simulation
35 to 40 years old

12 – 18 years old

Correct answer

5 years old
 Which of the following does Erikson’s theory emphasize the most? 1/1 Of all the abilities children learn during the early childhood phase, Erikson 1/1
believed that the most important is

Young children
Push and pull
Friendships
Holding on and letting go
Uniqueness
Walking
Identity
Climbing

In elder abuse, which of the following statements is false? 0/1

This is the stage in Piaget’s moral reasoning where children now realize 0/1
that bad things also happen to good people, and as such must not be
Older women are more likely to be victims of elder abuse than men. interpreted as punishments from an external agent.

Older men were less likely to report abuse.

Premoral Development
Perpetrators of elder abuse are typically non-family members, such as the
caregivers in the nursing home. Autonomous Stage

All of the above Heteronomous Stage

Correct answer Conventional mortality

Perpetrators of elder abuse are typically non-family members, such as the

Correct answer
caregivers in the nursing home.
Autonomous Stage

The following statements about moral development are true except 1/1 An infant cried because his mother left and went to the kitchen to get his 0/1
milk bottle. This behavior of the infant is best explained by Piaget through
his concept of
Younger children tend to focus on immediate consequences, while older children
and adults tend to focus more on principles governing the social interactions in a
community. Object permanence

According to Kohlberg, children take a long time to establish reasoning patterns Separation anxiety
about morality, and thus, early on, tend to confuse moral issues with other issues.
Egocentrism
Piaget believed that some patterns of moral reasoning are already available to
children even if they have not reached the relevant stage of moral development, Principle of conservation
as its development is just a matter of harnessing them.
Correct answer
None of the above
Object permanence

Some years after his retirement, Carl decided to settle down and find 0/1
activities that are less hectic and are more likely for him to do. He became According to Erikson, the most important activity in adulthood is 0/1

an active member of the community, volunteering in charity events, and

found a regular routine he can now stick with. Carl is now in what stage of
Intimacy and romantic relationships
retirement?
The ability to settle in a school or occupational identity

Actual retirement Procreativity

Honeymoon phase To bring productive situation to completion

Disenchantment phase
Correct answer
Reorientation phase Procreativity

Correct answer

Reorientation phase
 How does Gilligan’s theory of moral development differ from that of 0/1 Which of the following infant reflexes do not disappear? 0/1
Kohlberg’s?

Rooting reflex
Kolhberg emphasized justice while Gilligan emphasized care and empathy in
moral judgments. Grasping reflex

Children start in preconventional stage, move to conventional stage, and finally at Withdrawal reflex
postconventional stage.
Sucking reflex
Kohlberg, unlike Gilligan, had been scrutinized for possible gender biases,
especially evident in the collection of data. Correct answer

Gilligan believed that the fundamental organizing principle is that people should Withdrawal reflex
help others who are in need or distress.

Correct answer

Gilligan believed that the fundamental organizing principle is that people should The following are differences between Erikson’s theory over Freud’s except 0/1
help others who are in need or distress.
what?

Erikson elaborated on the developmental stages.

Individuals in this life stage have lower fears of death than other adults. 1/1 Erikson emphasized the superego over the ego.

Erikson recognized the impact on personality of culture, society, and history.

Early childhood
None of the above
Middle adulthood
Correct answer
Late adulthood
Erikson emphasized the superego over the ego.
None of the above

Who among the following theorists believed that females tend to progress 0/1 This refers to a kind of magical thinking in which accidents are seen as 0/1
more rapidly in moral development? cases of divine retribution.

Gilligan Eidetic justice

Piaget Pre-moral fairness

Kohlberg Autonomous beliefs

All of the above Immanent justice

Correct answer Correct answer

Gilligan Immanent justice

Research shows that the behavior and intelligence of another can be 1/1 One of the most tragic of aspects of child abuse is its tendency to recur in 1/1
explained on the basis of that person’s place in the family. Which of the ensuing generations of the same family line. This is referred to as
following statements is then true?

Battered child syndrome

First-borns have to compete for parental resources.
Cycle of abuse
First-borns benefit from far more experienced parenting.
Repeated history phenomenon
First-borns had the highest intelligence among the children.
Familial narrative syndrome
None of the above
 Which of the following perspectives does not explain why children of 0/1 Based on the different attachment styles according to Ainsworth, which of 1/1
abusive parents go on to abuse their own children? the following infants belong to Type C?

Attachment theory After a separation episode, Ross appears angry with his mother, despite
maintaining close proximity to her.
Social learning perspective
Monica, after her mother returns, actively avoids contact with her mother by
Environmental perspective running away or ignoring her.

None of the above Rachel, upon the return of her mother, hugs her and appears to be delighted to see
her.
Correct answer
None of the above
None of the above

Which of the following statements is false regarding aging? 1/1

When families get larger, their average overall intellectual climate drops, 0/1
which is a possible cause for birth order effects on intelligence. This
statement is based on what theory? As people progress to middle-life and beyond, they seem to shift to evening as
their most productive time of the day.

Resource theory Those who stay more cognitively active show slower rates of cognitive decline.

Sibling differentiation People tend to decline very rapidly starting in their mid-60’s.

Sibling and family dynamics theory None of the above

Confluence theory

Correct answer
Which of the following is true about Erikson’s theory? 1/1
Confluence theory

In psychosocial conflicts, a healthy individual needs to rely on one trait only.

Erikson failed to take account of culture in his theory.

The challenge in each stage does not affect the next stages.

None of the above

Kohlberg assessed the children’s level of moral development using a 1/1 Who among the following is in the postconventional level of development 0/1
method he devised called based on Kohlberg’s theory?

Strange situation Barney, who believes that stealing medicine is fine because it is worth spending
some time in jail to keep his mother alive.
Moral scenarios
Marshall, who believes that stealing medicine for his dying wife is acceptable as he
Moral dilemma will not be able to live with himself if he lets his wife die.

Intentions and Consequences test Robin, who believes that it is acceptable to steal medicine for her dying child
because a nice person does not let his child die.

Lily, who believes that no matter the reason, stealing is wrong since it is against the
law.
Which of the following is not a correct combination of psychosocial crisis 1/1
and basic strength? Correct answer

Marshall, who believes that stealing medicine for his dying wife is acceptable as he
will not be able to live with himself if he lets his wife die.
Initiative vs Guilt – Purpose

Industry vs. Inferiority – Competence

Autonomy vs Shame and doubt – Care

Based on recent evidence, which of the following attachment styles can be 1/1
All of the above used to predict psychopathology in adolescence?

Type A

Type B

Type C

Type D
 This stage of psychosocial development expresses that children should be 0/1 The core pathology of old age. 1/1
supported and encouraged when they start helping around the house
rather than be scolded and humiliated.
Disdain

Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt Wisdom

Identity vs. Identity confusion Rejectivity

Industry vs. Inferiority Exclusivity

None of the above

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Correct answer

None of the above Forms

Your mother told you that if you got a perfect score in the examination, she 0/1
will relieve you of your chores for a month. This is an example of

Positive reinforcement

Stimulus generalization

Negative reinforcement

Modeling

Correct answer

Positive reinforcement