Chapter 4: Analysis of Results & Findings - 35 -

4.1 Results & Findings - 35 -

4.2 Conclusion - 38 -

Chapter 5: Conclusion - 40 -
5.1 Conclusion – Research Objectives and Aim - 40 -
5.2 Conclusion – Research Question - 41 -
5.3 Future Research - 42 -
Reference List - 44 -
Appendix A - Thematic Analysis of Sendai Priorities and Targets - 55 -
Appendix B - Wollongong Emergency Management Literature Review - 66 -

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List of Tables

Table 1 – Illawarra region key word search -35-

Table 2 - Identified emergency management documents for the Illawarra region -37-

Table 3 – Regional emergency management key words -38-

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1.2 Research Question, Research Aim and Research Objective

1.2.1 Research Question

How do the current emergency management plans and policy documents in the Wollongong
Local Government Area (LGA) compare to the global aspirations of the Sendai Framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction?

1.2.2 Research Aims

Evaluate the extent to which the current regional emergency management plans and policy
documents in the Wollongong LGA reflect the goals, targets, and priorities of the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

1.2.3 Research Objectives

 Review existing literature to understand the principles of DRR and more specifically
those established in the Sendai Framework to develop a conceptual framework.

 Utilise the proposed framework to evaluate the extent to which the Wollongong
LGA’s policies and procedures adhere to the outlined objectives of Sendai
Framework.

 Identify and discuss the implications of divergence from/absence of Sendai principles

to enable future strategic planning activities to focus on improving DRR and CCA
policies at a Local Government/ Regional Level.

1.2.4 Research Scope

This analysis focuses on the disaster risk reduction policies of the Wollongong LGA and
aims to determine if the global targets of the Sendai Framework are being achieved at a
regional/ local government level. This region has been selected as it is a coastal community
within NSW and is subject to climate events from land and sea whilst representing a diverse
cross section in geographic location, population densities, topography, infrastructure,
climate, employment and transport networks. Regional emergency management plans and
local government document will be utilised for this report as they support the NSW State
Emergency Management Plan (EMPLAN), whilst providing guidance for local government
agencies developing policy documents across the region.

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Following on from the UNFCCC the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997, this effectively
committed industrialised countries to reduce greenhouse targets through agreed targets.
This required countries to implement strategies and policies to reduce GHG levels and
regularly report on its progress.(United Nations Climate Change, 2020a). In 2015 the Paris
Agreement was developed following the UNFCCC 21st conference of the parties. Its aim is
to enhance action and investment in achieving a sustainable low carbon future, and ensure
the global temperature rise is limited to a maximum of 2 degrees above that at pre industrial
times.(United Nations - Framework Convention of Climate Change, 2020)

In recognising climate change was affecting the earth and was linked to natural disasters
including property destruction, loss of lives and economic impacts, the United Nations mid-
term review of the International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) highlighted
the need for strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change to reduce its impacts on
society(United Nations, 1994). The outcome of this review was the Yokohama Strategy
(1994), which initially established ten goals to provide guidance with DRR and CCA goals
for global communities (International Federation of Red Cross, 2020), subsequently the
Hyogo Framework was adopted in 2005 and more recently the Sendai Framework 2015-
2030. As these documents evolved over the years, they established the founding principles
for DRR and CCA and provide communities with the guidance on building resilience and
disaster risk reduction. The overall aim is to prevent the loss of “lives, livelihoods and health
and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons,
businesses, communities and countries”.(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction,
2020c)

2.3 Climate Change Policy – Australia

The Sendai Framework identifies seven global targets and four key priorities in
implementing the risk reduction. Australia is one of the 195 members in adopting the
framework.(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2020a). Implementation of
strategies and actions in CCA and DRR are aimed at state and local government levels,
however due to the fragmented nature of the Australian political system implementation of
proactive measures has been compromised through lack of commitment and direction over
the past 30 years (Forino et al., 2014). As an example (Fidelman et al., 2013) support this
theory through the investigations on the adaption of climate change throughout the Great
Barrier Reef, whereby multiple actors provide input at a variety of levels to remain
adaptable, however, the development of multiple strategies without coordination creates
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In conjunction with funding, LGNSW has developed land use planning strategies and
workshop packages to assist local government agencies in providing information on climate
change, assessing risks, identifying mitigation methods, actions outcomes and preparing
action plans. (Local Government NSW, 2020b)
In May 2015, the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) and LGNSW conducted a
survey of local governments to determine the level of state government support on climate
change. Respondents covered 74% of NSW Councils and it identified that 69% were
experiencing the effects of climate change, 57% didn’t feel sufficiently prepared for
responding to climate change events, whilst 48% were not very prepared and 10% not
prepared at all. In summary local governments requested greater access to up to date, local
technical data that is relevant to their region and easy to understand, so it could be
communicated at a local level. Funding and staffing remained key obstacles and support
from senior management was essential in driving councils to be able to adapt to
change(Local Government NSW, 2015). This survey was repeated in 2018 and had shown
a 23% increase in councils being affected by climate change and reduction in the
perception that climate change has no impacts. It was found that 79% of the Councils who
responded to the survey were using supplied information to formulate response strategies,
however the general perception is that Councils require further assistance, funding and
leadership to implement change and protect the people and property within their
communities.(Askew, 2018)

These findings support the views of (Forino et al., 2014) and.(Laukkonen et al., 2009) who
argue that vulnerability of communities is not solely defined by its location but how the area
is service by its local authority. Characteristics of how it can respond or adapt to climate
change determines its level of risk and demonstrates a shift in mindset from estimating
damages to reducing damage. This highlights the importance of local government agencies
in DRR and CCA to mitigate climate change effects. Inaction and lack of collaboration
between government agencies places vulnerable communities at risk.
As a solution to this scenario (Forino et al., 2015b) explores the possibilities of hybrid
governance between public and private entities to overcome the hierarchal structure of
government agencies, short term tenures and budgetary constraints which prevent the long
term goals of DRR and CCA being achieved. To further enhance the ability in achieving the
objectives both (Begum et al., 2014) and (Forino et al., 2015a) propose conceptual
frameworks to provide greater understanding and structure for DRR & CCA whilst
accelerating progress for local government authorities.

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As it stands the state government directs local government agencies on climate change
policy and response actions to climate events. The typical structure for these policies
groups councils into emergency management regions. To determine the current level of
implementation for DRR and CCA in a range of local governments across NSW a
conceptual framework will be developed for the Wollongong LGA to ascertain if the
principals of the Sendai Framework are being adopted by the capital city of NSW.

2.5 Regional Characteristics

2.5.1 Illawarra Region

The Illawarra region, inclusive of the Wollongong LGA is located of the south coast of NSW
approximately 60 km south of Sydney and covers approximately 7000m2 of land. It consists
of 200 km of coastline stretching from Garie Beach in the Royal National Park (RNP) to
Durras Lake north of Batemans Bay. The coastal plan is delineated by the Illawarra
escarpment in the north which stretches 120km from the cliffs of the RNP to the Shoalhaven
River with heights ranging from 300-700m above sea level. Further south as the coastal
plain widens and the region is bounded by the rolling hills of the southern tablelands to the
west. The population is located in the major centres of Wollongong, Shellharbour, Kiama,
and Nowra which form a central hub for residential/commercial development, industry, and
tourism. Surrounding these areas, the land consists of manage farmlands, rainforests, and
open forests, which line the various beaches, rivers, and lakes. The climate of the region is
classified as cool temperate, however due to the proximity to the coast and topography of
the land, the climate of the region varies greatly, typical characteristic are mild summers,
cool winters, and consistent rainfall east of the escarpment.(Adapt NSW, 2020b)

2.5.2 Environmental Threats

Environmental consequences of climate change across NSW are increasing average

temperatures, temperature extremes, droughts, bushfires decreasing rainfall, rising sea
level and more severe storms resulting in coastal inundation, flooding, and erosion.
Imbalance in these areas affects the biodiversity of vulnerable ecosystems in coastal, alpine
and rainforest areas all of which are found withing NSW. (NSW Department of Planning,
Industry and Environment, 2020b)

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In addition to this the effects of climate change will also place additional impacts upon
critical infrastructure and social services. Sydney Water identifies the key risks of reduced
water supply, increased demand, increased water load on services following storms events,
changing soils conditions damaging infrastructure and disruption to power supplies in
periods of peak demand. (Sydney Water, 2020) An article prepared by Sydney university
also highlights that climate change in Australia is not just an environmental risk but also a
significant health risk, physical injuries are an obvious impact however it is also noted that
heat stress alone in Australia claimed at least 5332 lives between 1844 and 2010. (Gaffney,
2018)

2.6 Emergency Management Policies

2.6.1 National Policy Governance

In 2011 the Council of Australian Governments developed the National Strategy for Disaster
Resilience (NSDR) following a series of natural disasters and acknowledgement that
Australia’s weather patterns were becoming less predictable and more extreme.
It was identified that Australian communities responded well to natural disaster through a
collaborative approach and well structure emergency response teams, however, to
withstand future events ongoing structural collaboration between federal, state and local
government levels are required for Australia to withstand and recover from disasters.
(Council of Australian Governments, 2011)

Following the UN’s adoption of the Sendai Framework 2015-2030 and Australia becoming
one of the 187 signatories (Reduction., 2020) , the Australian Federal government
established emergency coordination arrangements know and the Australian Government
Crisis Management Framework 2017. This framework establishes the national overarching
decision making strategy to manage all types of emergency events, this includes managing
an event through the prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery phases.
(Elphick, 2020)

This strategy delegates authority to the states and territories and enables collaboration
between all levels of government. Within the Australian constitution the states and territories
are responsible for protecting the lives and properties of their respective communities and
supporting all phases of the disaster cycle.

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2.7 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

To enhance community resilience and preparedness for CCA and DRR the Sendai
Framework 2015-2030 has established priorities and targets for global communities to
achieve. The objectives of each target and priority are as follows.

2.7.1 Priorities for Action

Priority 1

The aim of risk reduction is to implement measures that will prevent or limit the chances of
that risk occurring. In the context of climate change and understanding disaster risk it
relates to providing accurate knowledge and resources towards the scientific investigation of
climate change, its potential impacts and communicating this in an accurate and detailed
manner to the community. To gain a greater understanding at a community level information
must be location specific, current and detail must be relevant to the target audience.
Through knowledge communities and organisations will be aware of the specific disaster
risks within their environment and understand its impact. With this information communities
will be able to implement strategies to mitigate or adapt the risk before it occurs therefore
managing the impact as opposed reacting with disaster response strategies after the event.
(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2020b)

Priority 2

Governance is the control mechanism used to establish processes and structure in within
an organisation. The aim of disaster risk governance is to unite all parties at global, national,
and local platforms to undertake proactive planning methods to reduce the risk and impact
of climate events. Collaboration at all levels is imperative to establish clear guideline on
roles and responsibilities in planning for climate events and the efficient management of
them before, during and after the event. Sound governance in disaster risk also enables
strategic targets to be established and accountable for delivery. Ongoing review of policies
and procedures also allows for continual improvement and adaption to the changing nature
of natural events. It also enables policy makers to communicate their findings with the
community, the intent is to educate and promote understanding on the changes that are
occurring, whist’s informing people what to do in specific climate events, so they are better
protected.
("Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030," 2020)
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Priority 3

The aim of investing in DRR for resilience is to apply funding and resources towards
activities that will reduce the post disaster damage to community infrastructure and
industries, therefore lessening the social and financial burden of a climate event upon a
community. Funding may be directed to enhancing policies and procedures to plan and
respond to events, urban design of regions, enhancing building codes, monitoring and
mapping of key habitats and enhancing the health systems to be better prepared in the
event of a climate incident. Through these preventative measure communities can adapt to
the changes and in the event of a significant climate event the knowledge and guidance on
the :Build Back Better” concept can be implemented in a planned manner, as opposed to a
reactive response.
("Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030," 2020)

Priority 4

Build back better (BBB) is a term evolving from the mid 2000’s following a range of natural
disasters, and has been adopted as a practice to build future resilience in recovery efforts
(Vahanvati & Rafliana, 2019). One aim of BBB is to learn from disaster events and
implement policies and practices to mitigate future known risks, ultimately this reduces the
vulnerability of regions, therefore not repeating the same activities which were affected by
the event in the first place. Additionally, BBB includes future planning through identification
of known risk areas, development of resilient infrastructure, response planning, mitigation
activities to protect these areas and enhancement of early warning systems/ procedures to
alert regions prior to events.
("Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030," 2020)

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2.7.2 Targets

Target A

The aim of target “A” is to reduce the global disaster mortality rate between that of the
Hyogo framework period of 2005-2015 and the Sendai framework period of 2015-2030. This
will be measured per 100,000 population and is aimed at all events that eventuate slowly or
suddenly, are natural or manmade and includes risks that arise through biological,
technological, or environmental forces. Within the 10-year period of 2005-2015 disasters
over 700,000 lives were lost.
(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2020b)

Target B

Target twos goal is to reduce the number of people affected in the 2015-2030 period in
comparison to that of 2005-2015. Overall, 1.4million people were injured and 23 million
were made homeless. In total 1.5 billion people have been affected by disasters. To achieve
this the aim is include all members of society regardless of their age, sex, wealth, and
culture. Particular attention must be paid to regions that are the poorest and vulnerable to
the effects of climate change.
(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2020b)

Target C

The target of reducing economic loss in relation to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is to limit
the impact upon the production of goods and services which adds value to the global
economy (OECD, 2020b). The measure of GDP loss will be derived from the impact upon
agricultural activities, productive assets, damage to dwellings and impact upon critical
infrastructure (UNDRR PreventionWeb, 2020). In the period of 2005-2015 the economic
loss to GDP was $1.3 trillion.
(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2020b)

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Target D

Damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services promotes the concept of
implementing preventative measure for new development of hospitals, schools and supply
infrastructure, therefore building resilience into the assets from the beginning of its lifecycle
so it can remain operational to provide live saving and essential service.
In times of need. This can be achieved through implementing policies, guidelines, and
regulations for entities to follow and achieve compliance. To gain adherence incentives to
private and public entities may be offered to those willing to comply.
(Clarke et al., 2018)

Target E

Aims to substantially increase the number DDR strategies in countries by 2020. The target
is broken down into two core objectives in increasing the number of countries who adopt
and implement DRR strategies and the number of local governments who adopt and
implement strategies in line with the national guidelines.
(Eid, 2019)

Target F

The objective is to promote collaboration between countries to utilise their intellectual and
financial resources to support countries that are less developed or identified as middle-
income countries, that have targeted risks factors that may be beyond their capacity to
rectify. The 2017 Global Platform for DRR identified that developing countries require
additional ongoing support to implement and action processes through timely and
sustainable measures to build reliance to disaster risks. This can be achieved through the
following outcomes. Tracking of financial assistance, coherence between humanitarian and
development activities, cooperation on technology transfer, increased investment, better
use of existing resources and strategic influence of the private sector to promote
international collaboration.
(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2017a)

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Target G

Aims to improve upon the global collection, sharing and reporting of climate event
information before, during and after climate events so this data can be then disseminated to
provide accurate predictions and scientific modelling for future events. In utilising this data,
the development of low cost early warning systems, media protocols and resilient
communication networks must be developed at a national level and available for all
members of the community regardless of age, sex, religion or social economic status. Data
must also be able to be customised to their region to reduce the disaster risk.

(United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2020b)

2.8 Thematic Analysis of Sendai Priorities and Targets

To understand the challenges and determine the success of these global aspirations a
thematic analysis has been undertaken. Please refer to Appendix A for analysis findings.

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2.9 Conclusion

Through analysis of the Sendai frameworks priorities and targets the following the emerging
themes were identified.

 There is an overwhelming difficulty in evaluating progress and quantifying data as

there is a lack of clarity globally on what are reportable events. Poorer countries and
regions may not have access to the relevant data, therefore events that occur at a
national level are reported, however local events don’t have the resources or
mechanisms to capture and store accurate data for future reference.

 To monitor and implement change, reliable, accessible, and sharing of open data
such as (GIS) is a key factor. Reliable statistics may not be fully known for years after
an event and the impact upon human and economic environments.

 Developed countries are key players in the levels of global emissions generated in
the past when becoming developed countries and are partially responsible for the
environmental changes being experienced today. Developed countries have a
responsibility to support developing counties as they have the finance and resources
to make change for the better.

 The implementation of DRR and CCA is impacted by short-term political tenures and
interests in personal gain. The long-term objectives of DRR and CCA need to be
implemented holistically and separated from political affiliations.

 Less developed counties have lower economic loss due to lower asset and
infrastructure damage but higher mortality resulting from lack of protection and
amenity. However developed countries have higher economic loss of material items
and lower mortality through enhanced infrastructure and access to better community
services i.e. healthcare.

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In accordance with the dissertation constraints data derived from primary sources such as
observation and interview are not advised therefore analysis of written secondary data will
be explored to assess the current themes within the DRR realm.

The research methodology will be based on an applied method as the identification of DRR
and CCA policy is concerned with practical applications and aims to solve a problem.
(Guthrie, 2010) discusses that applied research problems begin with scientific curiosity and
with the desire of understanding how things work. However, the researcher does not intend
on directly implementing the findings. To support this idea (Fellows & Liu, 2015) believe that
applied research also endeavours to create change in a social systems, the knowledge
generated is used to effect change and create knowledge about the process of change.

3.3 Method of Data Collection

There are several methods for data collection research available, however in accordance
with the dissertation constraints the reported data method is most applicable for this
research.(Ndukwu, 2020) The objective of this dissertation is to identify if the principles of
the Sendai Framework are being implemented at a regional level in Australia. To achieve
this, document analysis of secondary qualitative data will be undertaken to provide a broad
overview of climate change theory, policy, and emergency management procedures at all
three levels of government in Australia. This will enable the complex themes of the
investigation to be established. (The University of Newcastle, 2020)

Expanding upon this knowledge a thematic analysis using concept coding techniques will
then be undertaken against the aspirations of the Sendai Framework. The output will be a
conceptual framework that identifies the main themes and sub themes evolving from each.
Upon development of these themes, regional specific search criteria for the Illawarra will be
utilised to identify current and relevant literature relating to CCA and DRR within the region.
The selected reference documents will then be analyses against the identified themes of the
Sendai Framework using concept coding techniques resulting in a conceptual framework
being developed to determine if the selected documents overtly imply if the established
themes of the Sendai Framework are being implemented throughout regional emergency
planning and policy documents.

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(Boyatzis, 1998) identifies that thematic analysis is utilised across a number of fields as it
enables the researcher to identify patterns in qualitative data across various areas of
investigation, additionally it enables the finding to be communicated to its audience in and
effective manner and demonstrate various perceptions and phenomenon.
(Braun & Clarke, 2014) support this perspective however also acknowledge that this method
is sometimes criticises within academic circles, however the basis of criticism is generally
derived from lack of understanding and knowledge on the flexibility of this methodology. As
discussed by(Braun & Clarke, 2014) thematic analysis is also beneficial for those
undertaking more applied research and ventures into the area of policies and practices such
as this analysis , whilst making the finding available for those who may not be part of
academic circles.

3.4 Limitations

Through the development of this undergraduate study the following several limitations have
been identified which may vary the outcomes for future research:

 The inability to obtain primary data and collect information from various local and
state government agencies due to ethical restrictions, limits the ability to get a
firsthand insight into the processes, understanding and thoughts on CCA and DRR
within the agencies implementing adopting policies at a local and regional level.
 Inaccuracies and bias of secondary information sources available to the author,
generated through the sceptical nature of beliefs around climate change which may
alter the established themes discovered.
 The literature analysed was sourced from online resources including websites and
journal articles therefore availability of specific data was the responsibility of the
author and alternate themes may have not been captured in this instance.
 Limited timeframe and competing demands restricted a more detailed in-depth
analysis.

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3.4 Conclusion

In establishing the appropriate research methodology for this dissertation several different
practices in researching data were considered, however due to required university
guidelines the applied methodology using a thematic analysis and coding techniques will
enable the author to gain an insight into the realm of DRR and CCA theory. An in-depth
literature review using these thematic coding techniques will be undertaken to ascertain the
key themes generated from the aspirational goals of the Sendai Framework.

To achieve the research aims and objectives the process will involve the collection,
analysis, and reporting of key findings. Data will be sourced peer reviewed journal articles
and government resources to gain a holistic source of knowledge from credible resources.
Upon identifying the key themes from Sendai’s aspirational targets these will be analysed
against the relevant regional policy documents to evaluate if the identified themes are
represented in regional NSW.

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Funding and resources are an important driver for implementation and execution of the
framework’s goals, within their elements there are two key areas for actions, being the
identification of existing vulnerabilities and the prevention of future risks. Wollongong City
Council acknowledges the need for identification of known risks and documents that in the
interim, temporary solutions may need to be implemented to allow time for planning,
budgeting, and approvals to occur. This is successfully being approached through coastal
and floodplain management reports providing scientific data and identification of potential
risks. However, success in the implementation of the Sendai Framework also encourages
better land use planning and data sharing to avoid vulnerabilities in the first place. It is noted
that the current Wollongong DCP fails to provide specific land use planning controls for
coastal development, this is also identified throughout the literature review as a key
omission in the regulatory documentation and its inclusion is recommended. Until this is
addressed this could expose new private and public infrastructure developments to
avoidable future risk. Additionally, unbeknownst to residents of these new developments,
their lives and assets could be a risk from future climate events. Ultimately this is working
against the global aspirations of the Sendai Framework and could be improved through
stricter governance in the current planning policies.

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5.2 Conclusion – Research Question

This research conducts a thematic analysis of the Sendai Framework for disaster risk
reduction with the intent of determining if the principles of the Sendai Framework are being
adopted at a local government level. Encouragingly, throughout the review the key themes
evolving from the conceptual framework were evident throughout the range of policy
documentation. However not all themes were identified within one document and notably
there was the absence of any reference to the Sendai Framework and its associated
principles.

The regional planning documentation reviewed typically addresses the broader climate
change theory and addresses it impacts, however the roles and responsibilities in preparing
for and responding to climate events are placed upon the local government agencies and
emergency services. Of upmost importance and suggested across most documentation is
the requirement for collaborative approach between all stakeholders in data sharing,
planning, and adapting to climate change. From Wollongong City Councils experience with
flooding and coastal inundation in the past there is significant data available that identifies
the vulnerable locations withing the region. Through this “no regrets” or quick win solutions
are encouraged to reduce the immediate hazards, whilst undertaking the planning,
approvals, and funding for long term solutions.

To ensure new vulnerabilities are not introduce there is a common theme in the literature
that development planning plays a key role in reducing the community’s exposure to climate
change hazards. Currently in Wollongong there is an absence of coastal development
guidelines within the Development Control Plan, therefore potentially leaving some new
development expose to future risks. In answering the question are the principles of the
Sendai Framework being implemented at the regional and local level it is evident that some
work has been done to prepare for and mitigate the effects of climate change, however
without a single document acknowledging the existence or principles of the Sendai
Framework it can be determined that at a regional level within the Wollongong LGA there is
still significant work to be done to mitigate risks, reduce vulnerability and achieve the
required global targets for best practice.

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5.3 Future Research

This research forms the basis for a review of global best practice for CCA and DRR in
regional communities. Whilst in this instance it was identified that the Wollongong LGA is
yet to adopted the principles of the Sendai framework, future research unconstrained from
university guidelines and the collection of primary data sources may alter the findings of this
research. Research into the following topics may alter the outcome of this investigation or
provide a greater depth of knowledge on CCA and DRR implementation at a local
government level. Ultimately the outcomes will establish a platform for ongoing future
research and enable others to instigate changes in planning and preparedness policy.

 The implementation of the Sendai Frameworks global aspirations by one regional

LGA may be onerous on existing resources, therefore with limited funding and
guidance from state government agencies the appetite to expand upon its core
busines is limited, however future research into metropolitan councils with broader
funding bases and larger resource pools may provide more successful outcomes.

 Analysis of coastal protection measures in regions such as Sydney’s Northern

Beaches or the Gold Coast whereby coastal inundation is becoming more common
and the barriers to construction of infrastructure to protect dune systems and
manmade structures.

 Investigation of local government agencies who have successfully imbedded the

principles of DRR and CCA in local planning policy i.e. Local Environment Plans
(LEP), Development Control Plans (DCP) Local Strategic Planning Statements
(LSPS) and State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPP). This hierarchy of policy
documents analysed will show chain of command required and considerations
needed to successfully carry the objectives through to the implementation stages.
Omission of identified policy documents may highlight barriers experienced for other
councils in successfully implementing change.

 Investigation of critical infrastructure asset identification i.e. water, power,

communication, and gas by service authorities and their contingency planning to
maintain a reliable service to the community before, during and after emergency
events.

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 Analysis of DRR and CCA principles being implemented for critical state
infrastructure that is assessed in accordance with the secretary’s environmental
assessment requirements (SEARs).

 The effects of climate change upon healthcare in Australia, considering the planning
and development of hospitals and the impact upon human wellbeing. i.e. physical,
mental, or social.

 The creation of hybrid frameworks between public and private entities to develop and
implement infrastructure projects to mitigation risk in vulnerable regions.

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Reference List

Adapt NSW. (2020a). About NARCliM. Accessed online 31st July from
https://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/Climate-projections-for-NSW/About-
NARCliM

Adapt NSW. (2020b). Illawarra Climate Change Snapshot. Accessed online 22nd
September from https://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/Climate-projections-
for-NSW/Climate-projections-for-your-region/Illawarra-Climate-Change-Downloads

Adapt NSW. (2020c, ). Making communities more resilient to climate change. Accessed
online 31st July from https://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/About-climate-
change-in-NSW/NSW-Government-action-on-climate-change

Adapt NSW. (2020d). NSW Climate Change Policy Framework. Accessed online 31st July
from https://climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/About-climate-change-in-
NSW/NSW-Government-action-on-climate-change

Aitsi-Selmi, Amina, & Murray, Virginia. (2016). Protecting the health and well-being of
populations from disasters: health and health care in The Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 31(1), 74-78.

Albris, Kristoffer, Lauta, Kristian Cedervall, & Raju, Emmanuel. (2020). Strengthening
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