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page i
 page ii

ELEMENTARY STATISTICS

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New

York, NY 10019. Copyright © 2023 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior
written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in
any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not

be available to customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 27 26 25 24 23 22

ISBN 978-1-265-24812-3
MHID 1-265-24812-5

Cover Image: Design Pics/Alamy Stock Photo

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are

considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of
publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an
endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill
LLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at
these sites.

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR page iii

McGraw Hill

Allan G. Bluman
Allan G. Bluman is a professor emeritus at the Community College of
Allegheny County, South Campus, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He
has taught mathematics and statistics for over 35 years. He received
an Apple for the Teacher award in recognition of his bringing
excellence to the learning environment at South Campus. He has
also taught statistics for Penn State University at the Greater
Allegheny (McKeesport) Campus and at the Monroeville Center. He
received his master’s and doctor’s degrees from the University of
Pittsburgh.

He is also author of Elementary Statistics: A Brief Version and he

was a coauthor of Math in Our World. In addition, he is the author of
four mathematics books in the McGraw Hill DeMystified Series. They
are Pre-Algebra, Math Word Problems, Business Math, and
Probability.

He is married and has two sons, a granddaughter, and a grandson.

Dedication: To Betty Bluman, Earl McPeek, and Dr. G. Bradley
Seager, Jr.
CONTENTS page iv
page v
Preface ix

CHAPTER 1
The Nature of Probability and Statistics 1

Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock

Introduction 2
1–1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 3
1–2 Variables and Types of Data 6
1–3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques 11
Random Sampling 12
Systematic Sampling 12
Stratified Sampling 13
Cluster Sampling 14
Other Sampling Methods 14
1–4 Experimental Design 18
Observational and Experimental Studies 18
Uses and Misuses of Statistics 21
1–5 Computers and Calculators 26
Summary 33
CHAPTER 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs 41

Image Source, all rights reserved.

Introduction 42
2–1 Organizing Data 42
Categorical Frequency Distributions 43
Grouped Frequency Distributions 44
2–2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives 58
The Histogram 59
The Frequency Polygon 59
The Ogive 60
Relative Frequency Graphs 62
Distribution Shapes 64
2–3 Other Types of Graphs 76
Bar Graphs 76
Pareto Charts 79
The Time Series Graph 80
The Pie Graph 81
Dotplots 84
Stem and Leaf Plots 85
Misleading Graphs 88
Summary 102

CHAPTER 3
Data Description 111

©Alan Schein/Alamy Stock Photo

Introduction 112
3–1 Measures of Central Tendency 113
The Mean 113
The Median 116
The Mode 118
The Midrange 120
The Weighted Mean 121
Distribution Shapes 123
3–2 Measures of Variation 129
Range 131
Population Variance and Standard Deviation 131
Sample Variance and Standard Deviation 134
Variance and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data 137
Coefficient of Variation 139
Range Rule of Thumb 140
Chebyshev’s Theorem 141
The Empirical (Normal) Rule 143
Linear Transformation of Data 144
3–3 Measures of Position 150
Standard Scores 150

Percentiles 151 page vi

Quartiles and Deciles 157
Outliers 159
3–4 Exploratory Data Analysis 170
 The Five-Number Summary and Boxplots 171
Summary 179

CHAPTER 4
Probability and Counting Rules 187

askhamdesign/E+/ Getty Images

Introduction 188
4–1 Sample Spaces and Probability 188
Basic Concepts 188
Classical Probability 191
Complementary Events 194
Empirical Probability 196
Law of Large Numbers 198
Subjective Probability 198
Probability and Risk Taking 198
4–2 The Addition Rules for Probability 203
4–3 The Multiplication Rules and Conditional Probability 214
The Multiplication Rules 214
Conditional Probability 219
Probabilities for “At Least” 222
4–4 Counting Rules 228
The Fundamental Counting Rule 228
Factorial Notation 231
Permutations 231
Combinations 233
4–5 Probability and Counting Rules 243
Summary 247

CHAPTER 5
Discrete Probability Distributions 257

Suwit Rattiwan/Shutterstock

Introduction 258
5–1 Probability Distributions 258
5–2 Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Expectation 265
Mean 265
Variance and Standard Deviation 267
Expectation 269
5–3 The Binomial Distribution 275
5–4 Other Types of Distributions 289
The Multinomial Distribution 289
The Poisson Distribution 291
The Hypergeometric Distribution 293
The Geometric Distribution 295
Summary 302

CHAPTER 6
The Normal Distribution 309
Fuse/Getty Images

Introduction 310
6–1 Normal Distributions 310
The Standard Normal Distribution 313
Finding Areas Under the Standard Normal Distribution Curve
314
A Normal Distribution Curve as a Probability Distribution
Curve 316
6–2 Applications of the Normal Distribution 326
Finding Data Values Given Specific Probabilities 330
Determining Normality 333
6–3 The Central Limit Theorem 343
Distribution of Sample Means 343
Finite Population Correction Factor (Optional) 349
6–4 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 353
Summary 360

CHAPTER 7
Confidence Intervals and Sample Size 369

Fuse/Getty Images
 Introduction 370
7–1 Confidence Intervals 370
7–2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean When σ Is Known 373
Sample Size 377

7–3 Confidence Intervals for the Mean When σ Is page vii

Unknown 383
7–4 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for Proportions 390
Confidence Intervals 392
Sample Size for Proportions 394
7–5 Confidence Intervals for Variances and Standard Deviations
399
Summary 406

CHAPTER 8
Hypothesis Testing 413

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Introduction 414
8–1 Steps in Hypothesis Testing—Traditional Method 414
P-Value Method for Hypothesis Testing 425
8–2 z Test for a Mean 428
8–3 t Test for a Mean 442
8–4 z Test for a Proportion 453
8–5 χ2 Test for a Variance or Standard Deviation 462
8–6 Additional Topics Regarding Hypothesis Testing 475
Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing 475
Type II Error and the Power of a Test 477
Summary 480

CHAPTER 9
Testing the Difference Between Two Means,
Two Proportions, and Two Variances 489

Fuse/Corbis/Getty Images

Introduction 490
9–1 Testing the Difference Between Two Parameters 490
9–2 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Using the z
Test 493
9–3 Testing the Difference Between Two Means of Independent
Samples: Using the t Test 503
9–4 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Dependent
Samples 511
9–5 Testing the Difference Between Proportions 523
9–6 Testing the Difference Between Two Variances 532
Summary 544
CHAPTER 10
Correlation and Regression 551

Design Pics Inc./Alamy Stock Photo

Introduction 552
10–1 Scatter Plots and Correlation 552
Correlation 556
10–2 Regression 568
Line of Best Fit 568
Determination of the Regression Line Equation 568
10–3 Coefficient of Determination and Standard Error of the
Estimate 586
Types of Variation for the Regression Model 586
Residual Plots 589
Coefficient of Determination 590
Standard Error of the Estimate 591
Prediction Interval 594
10–4 Multiple Regression (Optional) 597
The Multiple Regression Equation 598
Testing the Significance of R 600
Adjusted R2 601
Summary 606

CHAPTER 11
Other Chi-Square Tests 613

Mitch Hrdlicka/Photodisc/ Getty Images

Introduction 614
11–1 Test for Goodness of Fit 614
Test of Normality (Optional) 620
11–2 Tests Using Contingency Tables 628
Test for Independence 628
Test for Homogeneity of Proportions 634
Summary 645

12
page viii
CHAPTER

Analysis of Variance 651

Caiaimage/Glow Images

Introduction 652
12–1 One-Way Analysis of Variance 652
12–2 The Scheffé Test, Tukey Test, and Bonferroni Test 666
Scheffé Test 666
Tukey Test 667
 Bonferroni Test 668
12–3 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 672
Summary 687

CHAPTER 13
Nonparametric Statistics 697

Andrew Resek/McGraw Hill

Introduction 698
13–1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Methods
698
Advantages 698
Disadvantages 698
Ranking 699
13–2 The Sign Test 701
Single-Sample Sign Test 701
Paired-Sample Sign Test 704
13–3 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test 710
13–4 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test 717
13–5 The Kruskal-Wallis Test 722
13–6 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient and the Runs
Test 730
Rank Correlation Coefficient 730
The Runs Test 733
Summary 745
CHAPTER 14
Sampling and Simulation 753

Sonja Flemming/CBS via Getty Images

Introduction 754
14–1 Common Sampling Techniques 754
Random Sampling 755
Systematic Sampling 757
Stratified Sampling 759
Cluster Sampling 761
Other Types of Sampling Techniques 761
14–2 Surveys and Questionnaire Design 768
14–3 Simulation Techniques and the Monte Carlo Method 771
The Monte Carlo Method 771
14–4 Big Data 778
Summary 780

APPENDICES
A Tables 787

B Data Bank 813

C Glossary 820
D Selected Answers SA–1
Annotated Instructor’s Edition replaces Appendix D with all
answers and additional material for instructors.

E Important Formulas E–1

Index I–1

ADDTIONAL TOPICS
(Available online in ALEKS 360)
Algebra Review
Writing the Research Report
Bayes’ Theorem
Alternate Approach to the Standard Normal Distribution
Bibliography

All examples and exercises in this textbook (unless cited) are hypothetical and are
presented to enable students to achieve a basic understanding of the statistical
concepts explained. These examples and exercises should not be used in lieu of
medical, psychological, or other professional advice. Neither the author nor the
publisher shall be held responsible for any misuse of the information presented in
this textbook.
PREFACE page ix

Approach
Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach was written as an aid
in the beginning statistics course to students whose mathematical
background is limited to basic algebra. The book follows a
nontheoretical approach without formal proofs, explaining concepts
intuitively and supporting them with abundant examples. The
applications span a broad range of topics certain to appeal to the
interests of students of diverse backgrounds, and they include
problems in business, sports, health, architecture, education,
entertainment, political science, psychology, history, criminal justice,
the environment, transportation, physical sciences, demographics,
and travel and leisure.

Reflecting the Diverse World Around Us

We believe in unlocking the potential of every learner at every stage
of life. To accomplish that, we are dedicated to creating products
that reflect, and are accessible to, all the diverse, global customers
we serve. Within McGraw Hill, we foster a culture of belonging and
we work with partners who share our commitment to equity,
inclusion, and diversity in all forms.
The eleventh edition of this text received an extensive and thorough
audit to ensure that the examples, applications, and topics
referenced throughout support a welcoming and sensitive experience
for all learners and uphold McGraw Hill’s commitment to equity,
inclusion, and diversity.

About This Book

While a number of important changes have been made in the tenth
edition, the learning system remains untouched and provides
students with a useful framework in which to learn and apply
concepts. Some of the retained features include the following:
• Over 1800 exercises are located at the end of major sections
within each chapter.
• Hypothesis-Testing Summaries are found at the end of
Chapter 9 (z, t, χ2, and F tests for testing means, proportions,
and variances), Chapter 12 (correlation, chi-square, and
ANOVA), and Chapter 13 (nonparametric tests) to show
students the different types of hypotheses and the types of
tests to use.
• A Data Bank containing real data listing various attributes
(educational level, cholesterol level, sex, etc.) for 100 people
and several additional data sets using real data are included and
referenced in various exercises and projects throughout the
book.
• An updated Important Formulas appendix containing the
formulas and the z, t, χ2, and PPMC tables is included with this
textbook.
• End-of-chapter Summaries, Important Terms, and
Important Formulas give students a concise summary of the
chapter topics and provide a good source for quiz or test
preparation.
• Review Exercises are found at the end of each chapter.
• Special sections called Data Analysis require students to work
with a data set to perform various statistical tests or procedures
and then summarize the results. The data are included in the
Data Bank in Appendix B.
• Chapter Quizzes, found at the end of each chapter, include
multiple-choice, true/false, and completion questions along with
exercises to test students’ knowledge and comprehension of
chapter content.
• The Appendixes provide students with extensive reference
tables, a glossary, and answers to all quiz questions and odd-
 numbered exercises. Additional Online Appendixes include
algebra review, an outline for report writing, Bayes’ theorem,
and an alternative method for using the standard normal
distribution. These can also be found in the online resources.

• The Applying the Concepts feature is included in all page x

sections and gives students an opportunity to think
about the new concepts and apply them to examples and
scenarios similar to those found in newspapers, magazines, and
radio and television news programs.

Design Pics/Alamy Stock Photo

Changes in the Eleventh Edition

Global Changes
• Replaced over 100 examples with new or updated ones and
over 550 new or updated exercises.
• Updated the Technology Tips sections.
• Renumbered statistical tables in the Appendix A.
 • Most exercises include the TI answers along with the answers
that use the tables in the book.

Chapter Changes

Chapter 1
• New Statistics Today example.
• New statistical examples to introduce how statistics are used
today.

Chapter 2
• Updated Statistics Today example.

Chapter 5
• Section 5–3 now includes solving problems using the
combination formula in addition to the binomial formula.

Chapters 7, 8, and 9
• These chapters have been revised to allow professors who want
to teach proportions before means to do so. They should cover
the first sections of these chapters and then skip to the
proportions sections, and then do the means sections. For those
who prefer to teach means before proportions, just follow the
sequence of the book.

Chapters 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12

• These chapters allow professors to teach hypothesis testing
using the P-value. It should be noted that some P-values
obtained by technology may differ from those in the book since
the calculations of P-values depend on the number of decimal
places the technology uses to compute the test values.

Chapter 14
• New section on Big Data.
Acknowledgments page xi

It is important to acknowledge the many people whose contributions

have gone into the Eleventh Edition of Elementary Statistics. Very
special thanks are due to Rachel Webb of Portland State University,
who updated the Index of Applications, wrote some new exercises,
made changes for inclusion and diversity, and updated the technology
sections throughout, and to Yolanda Parker of Tarrant County College,
who accuracy checked the manuscript.
Finally, at McGraw Hill, thanks to Caroline Celano, Director,
Mathematics; Megan Platt, Product Developer; Emily DiGiovanna,
Marketing Manager; and Jane Mohr, Lead Content Project Manager.

—Allan G. Bluman

Special thanks for their advice and recommendations for the Eleventh
Edition go to:

Luis Beltran, Miami Dade College, Kendall Campus

Solomon Willis, Cleveland Community College
Nicholas Bianco, Florida Gulf Coast University
Larry L. Southard, Florida Gulf Coast University
Simon Aman, Truman College
Brenda Reed, Navarro College
Dr. Toni Kasper, Bronx Community College (CUNY)
Adam Molnar, Oklahoma State University
H Michael Lueke, St. Louis Community College
Shannon Resweber, Houston Community College
Stacey Culp, West Virginia University
Tracy Leshan, Baltimore City Community College
Jose Olivo, John Jay College
Christine Davidson, Suffolk County Community College
Lisa Crawford, Piedmont Technical College
Genesis Alberto, John Jay College
Alvin Estrada, John Jay College
Petal Sumner, Baltimore City Community College
Said Ngobi, Victor Valley College
Wesley Anderson, Northwest Vista College
Rebecca Head, Bakersfield College
Mohamad Ali Salim, Long Beach City College
Ryan Kasha, Valencia College
Stephen Toner, Victor Valley College
Alice Martinez, El Camino College
Michael Combs, Bunker Hill Community College
Nigie Shi, Bakersfield College
Christopher McCarthy, Borough of Manhattan Community College
(CUNY)
Rachel Repyneck, Daytona State College
Benjamin Etgen, American River College
Eddie Bishop, Northwest Vista College
Jason Samuels, Borough of Manhattan Community College (CUNY)
Michael Kaye, Baltimore City Community College
Tracy Nguyen, Citrus College
Nelson De La Rosa, Miami Dade College, Kendall Campus
Robert Fusco, Broward College
Bridget Dart, Suffolk County Community College
Jae Ki Lee, Borough of Manhattan Community College (CUNY)
Kristin Hartford, Long Beach City College
Jeffrey Zahnen, Daytona State College
Diana Pell, Riverside City College

page xii
page xiii
SUPPLEMENTS page xiv

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MegaStat®
MegaStat® is a statistical add-in for Microsoft Excel, handcrafted by
J. B. Orris of Butler University. When MegaStat is installed, it appears
as a menu item on the Excel menu bar and allows you to perform
statistical analysis on data in an Excel workbook. The MegaStat plug-
in can be purchased at www.mhhe.com/megastat.

MINITAB Statistical Software

The student version of MINITAB statistical software is available with
copies of the text.
Ask your McGraw Hill representative for details.

MINITAB Manual
This manual provides the student with how-to information on data
and file management, conducting various statistical analyses, and
creating presentation-style graphics while following examples from
the text.

page xv
TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator Manual
This friendly, practical manual teaches students to learn about
statistics and solve problems by using these calculators while
following examples from the text.

Excel Manual
This resource, specially designed to accompany the text, provides
additional practice in applying the chapter concepts while using
Excel.

Corequisite Workbook
A comprehensive corequisite workbook accompanying this text is
available to download in the McGraw Hill resources area of ALEKS.

Guided Student Notes

Guided notes provide instructors with the framework of day-by-day
class activities for each section in the book. Each lecture guide can
help instructors make more efficient use of class time and can help
keep students focused on active learning. Students who use the
lecture guides have the framework of well-organized notes that can
be completed with the instructor in class.

Lecture and Exercise Videos

Videos address concepts and problem-solving procedures to help
students comprehend topics throughout the text. They show
students how to work through selected exercises, following
methodology employed in the text.
INDEX OF APPLICATIONS page xvi

CHAPTER 1
The Nature of Probability and Statistics
Education and Testing
Attendance and Grades, 5
Piano Lessons Improve Math Ability, 37
Student Debt, 1, 35
Medicine, Clinical Studies, and Experiments
Beneficial Bacteria, 25
Caffeine and Health, 25
The Worst Day for Weight Loss, 13
Public Health and Nutrition
Today’s Cigarettes, 23
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
ACL Tears in Collegiate Soccer Players, 37
Surveys and Culture
American Culture and Drug Abuse, 17
Smoking and Criminal Behavior, 37
Transportation
Fatal Transportation Injuries, 10
World’s Busiest Airports, 37

CHAPTER 2
Frequency Distributions and Graphs
Animal Facts
Ages of Dogs, 52
Bear Kills, 67
Household Pets, 51
Rabies Virus Cases, 52
Buildings and Structures
Selling Real Estate, 66, 110
Stories in Tall Buildings, 52, 87
Suspension Bridge Spans, 67
Business, Management, and Work
Children’s Living Arrangements, 93
Credit Scores, 94
Elderly in the U.S. Labor Force, 81
Family Size, 103
Hours Worked by Students, 49
Net Worth of Small Businesses, 63
Trip Reimbursements, 95
Demographics and Population Characteristics
Debts of Millennials, 68
Housing Arrangements, 107
World Population, 92
Education and Testing
College Spending for First-Year Students, 76
Completed 4 or More Years of College, 53
Making the Grade, 68
Math and Reading Achievement Scores, 69, 94
Number of College Faculty, 67
Pupils Per Teacher, 67
School Districts in States, 52
Student Summer Development Program, 67
Teacher Strikes, 93
Entertainment
Broadway Stage Engagements, 104
Casino Payoffs, 105
Songs on Albums, 104
Environmental Sciences, Earth, and Space
Coal Consumption, 107
Federal Waste Sites, 84
The Great Lakes, 108
Length of Major Rivers, 94
Ranges of Tides, 53
Record High Temperatures, 47, 59, 60, 61
Recycled Trash, 107
Water Usage, 80, 101, 108
Waterfall Heights, 103
Wind Speed, 52, 53, 103
Food and Dining
Alcohol Consumption, 103
Breakfast Beverages, 43
Cost of Milk, 94
Eating at Fast-Food Restaurants, 52
Non-Alcoholic Beverages, 103
Snack Food, 81, 92, 95
Takeout Food, 103
What’s Cooking, 93
Government, Taxes, Politics, Public Policy, and Voting
Controlled Substances Prescription Guidelines, 92
FEMA Help for Hurricane Victims, 93
How Much Paper Money is in Circulation Today?, 87
Presidential Vetoes, 163
History
Ages of Presidents at Inauguration, 51, 109
Ages of the Vice Presidents at the Time of Their Death, 103
JFK Assassination, 53
Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Car Thefts in a Large City, 86
Causes of Accidental Deaths in the United States, 91, 110
Chicago Homicides, 95
Federal Crime Sentence Lengths, 68
Identity Theft, 41, 107
Murders in the United States, 82
Police Calls, 83
Prior Prison Sentences, 93
Terrorist Attacks, 93
Types of Crimes, 104
Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Behavior
Items Purchased at a Convenience Store, 107
Lottery Winners, 93
Online Ad Spending, 92
Paying Off a College Debt, 92
Medicine, Clinical Studies, and Experiments
Blood Glucose Levels, 44
Blood Type and Donations, 107, 109
Blood Urea Nitrogen Count, 103
Days Worked by Medical Doctors, 52
Medical Prescriptions, 92
Out Patient Cardiograms, 85
Pain Relief, 105
Psychology and Human Behavior
Places Visited During a Day, 68
Road Rage, 109
Public Health and Nutrition
Alcohol Poisoning, 94
Hours of Sleep, 104
Needless Deaths of Children, 108
Organic Foods, 79
Protein Grams in Fast-Food, 69
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
50 Home Run Club, 93
Home Runs, 68
NFL Salaries, 67
Peyton Manning’s Colts Career, 104
Sports-Related Surgery, 52
Weights of Football Players, 104
Years of Experience in Football, 93
Technology
Internet Users, 92, 104
Smartphone Insurance, 104
Trust in Internet Information, 52
Websites, 94
The Sciences
The Value of Pi, 53
Transportation
Automobile Sales, 93
Commuting Times, 93
Parking Meter Revenues, 108
Railroad Crossing Accidents, 67
Time Spent Looking for a Parking Space, 68
Travel and Leisure
Museum Visitors, 108
Public Libraries, 104

CHAPTER 3
Data Description
Animal Facts
Elephants’ Speeds, 125
Shark Attacks, 180
Buildings and Structures
Prices of Homes, 142
Suspension Bridges, 147
Business, Management, and Work
Average Earnings of Workers, 182
Average Weekly Earnings, 163
Bank Failures, 120, 180
Bonuses, 148
Costs to Train Employees, 182
Driving to Work, 147, 181
Employee Years of Service, 184
Hourly Compensation for Production Workers, 125
Hours of Employment, 148
Hours Worked, 182
Labor Charges, 182
Miles Traveled to Work, 147
Missing Work, 147
The Noisy Workplace, 174, 186
Salaries of CEOs, 115, 119
Salaries of Personnel, 120
Time It Takes to Find a Job, 147
Travel Allowances, 143
Demographics and Population Characteristics
Ages of Accountants, 147
Ages of Consumers, 148
Ages of the Top 50 Wealthiest People, 116
Ages of U.S. Astronaut Candidates, 146
Ages of U.S. Residents, 185
City Populations, 163
Marriage Ages, 151
Months Served by Military Personnel, 126
Percentage of College-Educated Population over 25, 126
Population in South Carolina Cities, 162
Weight Gain of Freshmen, 147
Education and Testing
College and University Debt, 161
Enrollments for Selected Independent Religiously Controlled 4-Year
Colleges, 126
Errors on a Typing Test, 184
Exam Completion Time, 182
Exam Grades, 182, 184
Final Grade, 127
Grade Point Average, 121
SAT Scores, 146, 148, 175, 181, 184
School District Enrollments, 175

Teacher Salaries, 124, 186 page xvii

Test Scores, 161, 162, 163, 184
Textbooks in Professors’ Offices, 181
Work Hours for College Faculty, 148
Entertainment
Earnings of Nonliving Celebrities, 125
Households of Four Television Networks, 181
Roller Coasters, 124, 140, 172
Super Bowl Commercials, 125
Top Video Games, 125
Environmental Sciences, Earth, and Space
Air Pollution, 135
Annual Precipitation, 146
Areas of Islands, 175
Chloride Levels, 150
Clear Days in Omaha, Nebraska, 124
Distances of Stars, 125
Farm Sizes, 148
Hurricane Damage, 163, 175
Licensed Nuclear Reactors, 118
Major Earthquakes, 119
Mean Range of Tides, 125
Named Storms, 182
Number of Eclipses, 127
Number of Tornadoes, 176
Oil Spills, 124
Size of Dams, 175
Size of U.S. States, 145
Solid Waste Production, 148
Space Launches, 121, 140, 146
Tornadoes in the United States, 117
Unhealthy Smog Days, 176
Widths of Solar Eclipses, 124
Wind Speeds, 118, 125
Food and Dining
Citrus Fruit Consumption, 148
Fast-Food Expenditures, 161
Hidden Chemicals in Beer, 171
Pizza Delivery, 161
Specialty Coffee Shops, 126
Government, Taxes, Politics, Public Policy, and Voting
Cigarette Taxes, 145
Congressional Travel Expenses, 176
Medical Marijuana 2015 Sales Tax, 163
Taxes, 163
History
Children of U.S. Presidents, 126
Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Calls Received By a 911 Operator, 126
Fire Calls, 146
Police Calls, 182
Sentences for Crimes, 119
Traffic Violations, 155
Manufacturing and Product Development
Comparison of Outdoor Paint, 130, 131, 133
Printer Repairs, 182
Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Behavior
Average Cost of Smoking, 185
Average Cost of Weddings, 185
Cost of a Man’s Haircut, 182
Delivery Charges, 184
Diet Cola Preference, 127
Magazines in Bookstores, 181
Newspapers for Sale, 184
Price of Pet Fish, 148
Prices of Musical Instruments, 148
Sale Price of Homes, 148
Store Sales, 114
Medicine, Clinical Studies, and Experiments
Ages of Hospital Patients, 126
Blood Pressure, 144, 153, 181, 186
Daily Caloric Intake, 161
Determining Dosages, 161, 186
Doctor Visits, 126
Hospital Emergency Waiting Times, 147
Multiple Births, 145
Serum Cholesterol Levels, 148
Sodium Levels, 158
Psychology and Human Behavior
Trials to Learn a Maze, 148
Public Health and Nutrition
Calories in Bagels, 147
Cases of Meningitis, 182
Fat Grams, 126
Sports, Exercise, and Fitness
Marathon Winners, 145
Miles Run per Week, 138
Speeds of the Daytona 500 Winners, 146
Sugar Bowl Winner Scores, 145
Technology
Internet Usage, 114, 131, 147
Texts Sent Daily, 146
Visitors to Websites, 117
Transportation
Airplane Speeds, 162
Annual Miles Driven, 162
Automobile Selling Prices, 126
Congested Urban Areas, 175
Cost of Car Rentals, 181
Costs of Automobile Repairs, 162
Gas Prices for Rental Cars, 185
How Long Are You Delayed by Road Congestion?, 111, 183
Miles per Gallon, 184
Passenger Vehicle Deaths, 146
Road Service Times, 146
Travel and Leisure
Airplane Seats, 125
eBooks, 161
Playing Video Games, 181
Traveler Spending, 145

CHAPTER 4
Probability and Counting Rules
Buildings and Structures
Building a New Home, 211
Construction Site Inspections, 239
Business, Management, and Work
Business Location, 231
Claims Adjuster, 236
Debt Free, 224
Distribution of CEO Ages, 202
Employee Health Care Plans, 251
Job Applications, 246
Manufacturing Tests, 237
Personnel Classification, 251
Promotions, 224
Reasons for Being Fired, 226
Reasons for Quitting a Job, 226
Research and Development Employees, 205
Returning Workers, 209
Starting Salaries, 253
Types of Copy Paper, 250
Unemployed Workers, 217
Work and Weather, 253
Demographics and Population Characteristics
Age and Smoking, 218
Blood Types and Rh Factors, 201, 226
Children’s Obesity, 200
Distribution of Blood Types, 196, 229
Doctorate Degrees and Counselors, 224
Education of Factory Employees, 253
Education Level and Smoking, 250
Eye Color, 253
Family Size, 197
Gender of Children, 190, 192, 201
Living Arrangements for Children, 202
Male Color Blindness, 216
Marital Status of Women, 227
Names for Boys, 251
Population of Midwestern States, 210
Selecting a State, 201
War Veterans, 250
Education and Testing
College Courses, 202, 226
College Debt, 201
College Degrees Awarded, 208
College Enrollment, 228, 229, 251
Computers in Elementary Schools, 201
Doctoral Assistantships, 227
High School Library, 236
Online Course Selection, 249
Prison Education, 210
Reading to Children, 227
Scholarships, 246, 253
Student Financial Aid, 225
Term Paper Selection, 244
Entertainment
Casino Games, 203, 249
Child’s Board Game, 228
de Mere Dice Game, 191, 254
Dominoes, 238
Drawing Cards, 189, 192, 218, 222, 225, 227, 249, 299, 305
Movies, 235, 236, 237, 239, 249, 251
Odds, 203
Poker Hands, 239, 245, 247
Radio Show Guests, 232
Radio Station Call Letters, 236
Rolling Dice, 189, 192, 211, 225, 237, 247, 252
School Musical Plays, 232
Selecting Colored Balls or Chips, 215, 218, 225, 291
State Lottery Number, 244
Tossing a Coin, 199, 202, 215, 228, 255
Video Games, 227
Wheel Spinner, 202
Winning a Door Prize, 225
Winning Tickets, 246
Yahtzee, 251
Environmental Sciences, Earth, and Space
Air Pollution, 238
Apple Production, 211
Bad Weather, 250
Endangered Species, 205, 209, 237
Nuclear Power Plants, 238
Oil Spill Locations, 201
Plant Selection, 247
Sources of Energy Uses in the United States, 201
Food and Dining
Banquet Meal Choices, 253
Breakfast Drink, 249
Buffet Desserts, 238
Inspecting Restaurants, 237
Pizzas and Salads, 226
Purchasing a Pizza, 211
Snack Foods, 209
Government, Taxes, Politics, Public Policy, and Voting
Committee Selection, 235, 238
Federal Government Revenue, 202
Mail Delivery, 210
Municipality Partisanship, 246
Selecting Council Members, 239
Terms of Office, 226
Territorial Selection, 251
Wild Fires, 224
Law and Order: Criminal Justice
Crimes Committed, 201
Guilty or Innocent?, 223

People Who Did Not Show Up for Their Trials, 210 page xviii
Prison Populations, 224, 225
Manufacturing and Product Development
Automobile and Truck Repairs, 237
Automobiles Sold, 247
Defective Items, 225, 244, 246, 250
Factory Output, 250
Flashlight Batteries, 225
Garage Door Openers, 236
Shirt Package Inspection, 238
Marketing, Sales, and Consumer Behavior
Appliance Ownership, 253
Background Color, 237
Commercials, 228
Customer Purchases, 226
Free-Sample Requests, 237
Gift Baskets, 226
Lawnmower and Weed Wacker Ownership, 249
Neckties, 223
New-Car Warranty, 253
On-Time Arrivals, 227
Purchasing Sweaters, 249
Sales, 225
Test Marketing Products, 238
Medicine, Clinical Studies, and Experiments
Autism, 227
Chronic Sinusitis, 250
Contracting a Disease, 254
Doctor Specialties, 226
Effectiveness of a Vaccine, 250
Emergency Room and Medical Tests, 210
Another random document with
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Natural History of aquatic Insects, 1895, p. 376.

[88]

Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. xv. 1888, p. 18.

[89]

Op. cit. v. 1881, p. 91; cf. Sharp, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1882, p. 61.

[90]

P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 341.

[91]

Descent of Man, i. 1890, p. 338; The views of Landois and Recker,

Arch. f. Naturgesch. lvii. 1, 1891, p. 101, are erroneous.

[92]

See J. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. 1876, p. 161.

[93]

For many particulars as to respiration of Dytiscus, and peculiarities

of the larva see Miall, Aquatic Insects, 1895, pp. 39, etc. (In the
figure given on p. 60 the large stigma on the terminal segment of
the abdomen is omitted, though it is referred to in the text.)

[94]

For classification and structure see Sharp, "On Dytiscidae," Sci.

Trans. R. Dublin Soc. (2) ii. 1882.

[95]

Descriptions of larvae that may possibly be those of Paussids

have been published by Xambeu, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, xxxix.
1892, p. 137, and Erichson, Arch. Naturgesch. xiii. 1847, p. 275.

[96]
Arch. Mus. Paris (2), viii. and ix. 1887.

[97]

For classification and monograph of the family, see Régimbart,

Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1882, 1883, and 1886. For a catalogue,
Séverin, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxxiii. 1889.

[98]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, xxi. 1852, p. 619.

[99]

Horn, Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. xv. 1888, p. 23; Riley, Insect Life, i. 1889,
p. 300.

[100]

Insect Life, i. 1889, pp. 200 and 306.

[101]

Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. viii. 1880, pp. 219-321.

[102]

Westwood, Tr. ent. Soc. London (N.S.) iii. 1855, p. 90; Wasmann,
Krit. Verzeichniss Myrmekoph. Arthropod. 1894, p. 121.

[103]

Rev. ent. franc. ix. 1890.

[104]

Die Käfer von Mitteleuropa: II. Familienreihe, Staphylinoidea.

Vienna, 1895 and 1899.

[105]

Vergleichende Studien über Ameisengäste, Nijhoff, 1890; and

Tijdschr. ent. xxxiii. 1890, pp. 93, etc.; Biol. Centralbl. xv. 1895, p.
632.

[106]

Schiödte, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) v. 1857, p. 169.

[107]

Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. 1888, p. 156.

[108]

Monograph, Trichopterygia illustrata, by A. Matthews, London,

1872.

[109]

For further information refer to Matthews, An Essay on

Hydroscapha, London, 1876, 20 pp. 1 pl.

[110]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) xix. 1887, p. 115.

[111]

Larves de Coléoptères, 1878, p. 11, pl. i.

[112]

Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. p. 438.

[113]

The family was monographed by the Abbé de Marseul in Ann.

Soc. ent. France, 1853-1862, but great additions have been made
since then.

[114]

For characters of larvae of various genera, see Perris, Larves, etc.

p. 24.
[115]

SB. Ak. Wien. xxiv. 1857, p. 330.

[116]

Catalogue of Trogositidae, by Leveillé, in Ann. Soc. ent. France,

1888, p. 429.

[117]

For classification, see Sharp, Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. 1894,
p. 443.

[118]

See Ganglbauer, Käf. Mitteleuropas, i. p. 530, as well as Leconte

and Horn Classification, etc., p. 130.

[119]

Perris, Larves, etc., p. 75.

[120]

Ritsema, Catalogue of Helota, Notes Leyden Mus. xiii. 1891, p.

223, and xv. 1893, p. 160.

[121]

Zool. Anz. xviii. 1895, p. 244.

[122]

Gerstaecker, Monographie der Endomychiden, Leipzig, 858, 1433

pp. Since this work was published, the species known have been
multiplied two or three times.

[123]

Stettin. ent. Zeit. xlii. 1881, pp. 104-112.

[124]
It is probable that we do not know more than the fiftieth part of the
existing species, most of which lead lives that render them very
difficult to find.

[125]

Bull. ent. ital. 1886, p. 406, and Ent. Zeit. Stettin, xliii. 1887, pp.
201-206. Emery does not mention the name of the species, but we
presume it to be the common Italian fire-fly, Luciola italica.

[126]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxvii. 1882, p. 354; also Emery, op. cit. xl.
1884, p. 338. For another theory as to the luminescence, see
p. 259.

[127]

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii. 1887, p. 137, postea.

[128]

Deutsche ent. Zeitschr. xxxii. 1888, pp. 145-167.

[129]

Ent. Mag. xxiv. 1887, p. 148.

[130]

Larves des Coléoptères, 1878, p. 208.

[131]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1894, p. 7.

[132]

Perris, Ann. Soc. ent. France (2) ix. 1851, p. 48.

[133]

Arch. Naturgesch. xlviii. 1, 1882, p. 371.

[134]

"Les Élatérides lumineux," Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xi. 1886; also
Leçons de Physiologie générale, Paris, 1898, and C.R. Ac. Sci.
cxxiii. 1896, p. 653.

[135]

It seems impossible to understand the morphology of the anterior

segments by mere inspection; the anterior spiracle being seated
on the segment behind the broad thorax. Considerable difference
of opinion has prevailed as to what is head, what thorax; the aid of
embryology is necessary to settle the point. The larva described by
Westwood (Mod. Classif. i. 1839, p. 229), and figured as probably
Buprestis attenuata is doubtless a Passalid.

[136]

Casey has examined the wings in the genus Blapstinus (an

"apterous" genus), and found that the wings are extremely varied
in development, according to the species; in no case, however, did
they appear to be capable of giving more than a laboured and
feeble flight.—Ann. New York Ac. v. 1890, p. 416.

In Eleodes, though the meso- and meta-notum are formed of

delicate membrane, the wings exist as minute flaps, requiring
some examination for their detection.

[137]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) vi. 1870, p. 314; and Ent. Mag. xxvii. 1891, p.
18.

[138]

Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges. iv. 1876, p. 556.

[139]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, lx. 1891, p. 447.

[140]

"On the Natural History, Anatomy, and Development of the Oil-

Beetle, Meloe," Tr. Linn. Soc. xx. 1851, p. 297; and xxi. 1853, p.
167.

[141]

Rep. U.S. ent. Commission, i. 1878, p. 297.

[142]

Amer. Nat. xvii. 1883, p. 790.

[143]

For illustration of this metamorphosis, see Vol. V. p. 159 of this

work.

[144]

Les Insectes Vésicants, Paris 1890, 554 pp. Parts of this work
were previously published in J. de l'Anat. Phys., xxi. xxii. xxiii. 1886
and 1887.

[145]

Genera des Coléoptères (Suites à Buffon), x. Paris, 1874, p. 15.

[146]

Berlin. ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 325, and 1889, p. 299.

[147]

Ann. Soc. Liége, x. 1855, p. 260.

[148]

Mem. Soc. Liége, xvi. 1861, p. 387.

[149]

Packard, 5th Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm. 1890, p. 689.

[150]

Not a growing tree, but the instrument used for stretching boots.

[151]

Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xli. 1896, SB. p. 22.

[152]

Sharp, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxviii. 1884, CR. p. cvii.

[153]

For a more extensive account of Rhynchites betulae and others

refer to Wasmann. Der Trichterwickler, Münster, 1884, and Debey,
Beiträge zur Lebensund Entwickelungsgeschichte ... der
Attelabiden, Bonn, 1846. The first includes an extensive
philosophical discussion; the second is a valuable collection of
observations.

[154]

Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. ent. New series, No. 7, 1897.

[155]

Perris, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv. 1840, p. 89, pl. iii.

[156]

In the males of the genus Cedeocera the tips of the elytra are
drawn out into processes almost as long as the elytra themselves,
and rivalling the forceps of earwigs.

[157]

The stature of the individuals of the same species is, in some of

these Brenthidae, subject to extreme variation, especially in the
males, some individuals of which—in the case of Brenthus
anchorago—are five times as long as others.
[158]

This remark applies to the Strepsiptera parasitic on Hymenoptera:

nothing whatever is known as to the life-histories of the species
that attack Hemiptera.

[159]

Although not an invariable, it seems that it is a general rule that the

Stylops produced from the body of one individual are all of one
sex; it has even been stated that female bees produce more
especially female Stylops, and male bees male Stylops. If any
correlation as to this latter point exist, it is far from general.

[160]

Von Siebold, Arch. Naturges. ix. 1843, pp. 137-161. Nassonoff's

recent paper is in Russian, but so far as we can gather (cf. Zool.
Centralbl. i. 1894, p. 766), it does not add greatly to the data
furnished by von Siebold.

[161]

Ent. Meddel. v. 1896. p. 148, and Ov. Danske Selsk. 1896, p. 67.

[162]

Horae Soc. ent. Ross. xiv. 1879, p. 14.

[163]

Named by Mr. Distant Callidea baro; according to the Brussels

catalogue of Hemiptera, Chrysocoris grandis var. baro.

[164]

Kellogg, Kansas Quarterly, ii. 1893, p. 51, plate II.

[165]

Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xviii. 1885, p. 751.

[166]

The writer is not quite convinced that the supposed mandibles of

these Macrolepidoptera are really entitled to be considered as
such.

[167]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 263.

[168]

Amer. Natural. xxix. 1895, p. 637. It should be recollected that

many Lepidoptera do not possess any proboscis.

[169]

Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xviii. 1885, p. 168.

[170]

Amer. Natural. xiv. 1880, p. 313.

[171]

For an account of the structures at the tip of the proboscis of this

moth, and of the beautiful manner in which the lobes of the
maxillae are dovetailed together, see Francis Darwin, Quart. J.
Micr. Sci. xv. 1875, p. 385. For details as to numerous
proboscides, and as to the difficulties that exist in comprehending
the exact mode of action of the organ, refer to Breitenbach's
papers, especially Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xv. 1882, p. 151.

[172]

See Cholodkovsky, Zool. Anz. ix. p. 615; Haase, t.c. p. 711; also
Riley, P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 310.

[173]

Fourth Rep. U.S. Entom. Commission, 1885, p. 49.

[174]

C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris, cxviii. 1894, p. 360; and his Thesis, Bordeaux,
1895.

[175]

C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris, cxviii. 1894, p. 542.

[176]

Fauna of British India, Moths, i. 1892, p. 6.

[177]

It is impossible for us to treat of the difficulties that exist on this

point, and we must refer the student to the pamphlet, "The
Venation of the Wings of Insects," by Prof. Comstock, Ithaca,
1895, being a reprint, with an important prefatory note, from the
Elements of Insect Anatomy, by J. H. Comstock and V. L. Kellogg,
also to Packard's discussion of the subject in Mem. Ac. Sci.
Washington, vii. 1895, pp. 84-86. The method of Spuler, alluded to
in these two memoirs, is based on development, and, when
extended, will doubtless have very valuable results. See Spuler,
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. liii. 1892, p. 597.

[178]

The structure and development of scales and nervures is dealt

with as part of the brief study of the development of the wing, on p.
329, etc.

[179]

The internal anatomy of Lepidoptera has not been extensively

studied. For information refer to Dufour, C.R. Ac. Paris, xxxiv.
1852, p. 748; Scudder, Butt. New England, i. 1889, p. 47; Minot
and Burgess, Fourth Rep. U. S. Entom. Comm. 1885, p. 53.

[180]

Tr. Linn. Soc. London (2), v. 1890, p. 143.

[181]

P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 305.

[182]

Acta Ac. German. li. 1887, p. 238.

[183]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1887, pp. 384-404, Pl. 7.

[184]

Isis, 1845, p. 835.

[185]

For anatomy of caterpillars refer to Lyonnet's famous work, Traité

anatomique de la chenille qui ronge le bois de saule, La Haye,
1762.

[186]

See Plateau, Bull. Ac. Belgique, xv. 1888, p. 28; in reference to

structure of ocelli, Blanc, Tête du Bombyx mori ... 1891, pp. 163,
etc.; and Landois in Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xvi. 1866, p. 27.

[187]

Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmetterlinge, Cassel, 1815.

[188]

Tr. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. 2nd Ser., v. 1890, pp. 147, 148.

[189]

For information as to the structure and function of the silk-vessels,

refer to Helm, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxvi. 1876, p. 434; and Gilson,
La Cellule, vi. 1890, p. 116.

[190]
Jahresber. Schlesisch. Ges. lviii. 1881, p. 116.

[191]

The student will find important information as to the varieties of

external form of pupae in Dr. T. A. Chapman's writings; see
especially Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, 1894, and 1896.

[192]

Latter, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1895, p. 399.

[193]

Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, xxx. 1894, No. 115.

[194]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. liii. 1892, p. 623.

[195]

Zool. Jahrb. Anat. iii. 1889, p. 646.

[196]

Amer. Natural., xxvii. 1893, p. 1018.

[197]

Amer. Natural., xxxii. 1898, p. 256.

[198]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. viii. 1857, p. 326.

[199]

Phil. Trans. 186 B, 1896, No. 15.

[200]

Natural Science, viii. 1896, p. 94.

[201]

Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1896, p. 257.

[202]

Ent. Record, vi. 1895, p. 258.

[203]

Trans. ent. Soc. London, 1892, p. 293, etc.

[204]

The term mimicry is sometimes used in a wider sense; but we

think it better to limit it to its original meaning. The word is a most
unfortunate one, being both inadequate and inaccurate.

[205]

Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 1862, p. 507.

[206]

A summary of the chief aspects of the question is contained in

Beddard's Animal Coloration, London, 1892. An account of the
subject with numerous illustrations has been given by Haase,
"Untersuchungen über die Mimicry," Bibl. Zool. iii. 1893, Heft viii.
Those who wish to see the case as stated by an advocate may
refer to Professor Poulton's work, The Colours of Animals
(International Scientific Series), lxviii. London, 1890.

[207]

P. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 372.

[208]

Kosmos, xix. 1886, p. 353. The Insects alluded to by both these

naturalists are now, we believe, placed in the Family Syntomidae
(see p. 388).
[209]

Stett. ent. Zeit. li. 1891, p. 264; and lvi. 1895, p. 234.

[210]

For an account of the antennae of butterflies, see Jordan, Nov.

Zool. v. 1898, pp. 374-415.

[211]

Haase first proposed the name Netrocera (Deutsche ent. Zeit. Lep.
iv. 1891, p. 1) for Hesperiidae, as a division distinct from all other
butterflies; Karsch replaced the name in the following year by
Grypocera, because Netrocera is the name of a genus.

[212]

The literature of butterflies has become extremely extensive. The

following works contain information as to general questions: 1,
Scudder's Butterflies of New England, a beautifully illustrated work
completed in 1889, and replete with interesting discussions. 2,
Staudinger, Schatz and Röber, Exotische Tagfalter, in three folio
volumes (Fürth, 1884-1887), with illustrations of exotic butterflies
and a detailed sketch of their characters. 3, Enzio Reuter, "Uber
die Palpen der Rhopaloceren," in Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. xxii. 1896,
treating fully of classification and phylogeny.

[213]

Journal of Entomology, i. 1862, p. 218: for early instars of South

American Nymphalidae see Müller, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. i. 1886, p.
417.

[214]

This is the subject of Scudder's Life of a Butterfly, 1893.

[215]

P. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 205.

[216]

Finn, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, lxvi. 1896, p. 528; lxvii. 1897, p. 213.

[217]

Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii, 1862, p. 495.

[218]

Kosmos, xix. 1886, p. 355.

[219]

P. ent. Soc. London, 1879, p. xxix.

[220]

Allen's Naturalists' Library, Butterflies, i. 1896.

[221]

A most unfortunate diversity exists in the generic names applied to

these Vanessa, as well as in those of many other Lepidoptera.

[222]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 212.

[223]

P. Zool. Soc. London, 1892, p. 191.

[224]

Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1856, pp. c, ci.

[225]

Baker, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1887, p. 175, Pl. ix.

[226]

Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), vii. 1867, p. 665, Pl. xiii.
[227]

J. Bombay Soc. ix. 1895, pp. 338-341.

[228]

Hopkins, Phil. Trans. 186 B, 1895, p. 661.

[229]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 213. We trust there will not be many
more Künstlers, as this beautiful butterfly must certainly become
extinct, if the female be really as rare as is supposed.

[230]

Mem. Ac. Washington, vii. 1895, p. 57.

[231]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 97, with Suppl. op. cit. 1896, pp. 129
and 567.

[232]

Amer. Natural. xxix. 1895, p. 1066. See also Ann. N. York Ac. viii.
1895, p. 194, and Ent. Record, 1897, pp. 136 and 196.

[233]

Handbook of British Lepidoptera, 1895.

[234]

London, 1892. Published under the authority of the Secretary of

State for India in Council.

[235]

Those numbered 2, 8, 10, 17, 22, 27, 44, and 46 in our

arrangement.

[236]
For explanatory diagram of the wings, see Fig. 161, I. When the
nervuration is obscured by the wing-scales, it may be rendered
temporarily visible by the application, with a camel's-hair brush, of
a little benzine. The wings may be permanently denuded of their
scales by being placed for a short time in Eau de Javelle
(hypochlorite of potash).

[237]

The genus Cyphanta (one species from India) has nervule 5 of the
fore wing proceeding from the lower angle of the cell.

[238]

This is a mistake of Sir George Hampson's. It has long been

known that the female of Heterogynis does not leave the cocoon
(for references see p. 392); the larvae, however, do not live in
cases, as those of Psychidae do.

[239]

See Westwood, Tr. Linn. Soc. London (2), i. 1877, p. 165, etc.

[240]

For habits of some Brazilian Castnia see Seitz, Ent. Zeit. Stettin, li.
1890, p. 258.

[241]

For pupa see Chapman, Ent. Rec. vi. 1895, pp. 286, 288.

[242]

Souvenirs entomologiques, quatrième série, 1891, pp. 39-46.

[243]

Amer. Natural. xii. 1878, p. 379.

[244]
Cotes, "Wild Silk Insects of India," Ind. Mus. Notes, ii. No. 2, 1891,
15 plates.

[245]

See on this subject Pérez, Act. Soc. Bordeaux, xlvii. 1894, p. 236,
etc.

[246]

Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxvii. 1883, p. 9.

[247]

Tr. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, ii. 1885, p. 421.

[248]

Psyche, vi. 1893, p. 385.

[249]

Bar and Laboulbène, Ann. Soc. ent. France, (v.) iii. 1873, p. 300.

[250]

Op cit. (5), vii. 1877, p. 181; and Ent. Zeit. Stettin, xxxix. 1878, p.
221; and xliv. 1883, p. 402.

[251]

Ann. New York Ac. viii. 1893, p. 48.

[252]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, n.s. iii. 1854, p. 1.

[253]

Dyar says, "We may surmise that it is to present a terrifying

appearance toward small enemies." He calls the Insect both
Perophora and Cicinnus, melsheimeri, and states that it belongs
[according to the larva] to Tineidae; the appendages he considers
to be enormously developed setae. J. N. York ent. Soc. iv. 1896, p.
92.

[254]

Tijdsch. Ent. xxxviii. 1895, p. 56, Pl. 4.

[255]

Ann. New York Ac. viii. 1893, p. 48.

[256]

Weyenbergh, Tijdschr. Ent. xvii. 1874, p. 220, Pl. xiii.

[257]

Jones, P. Liverpool Soc. xxxiii. 1879, p. lxxvii.

[258]

Studies in the Theory of Descent, part 2, London, 1881.

[259]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1885 and 1886.

[260]

Tijdschr. Ent. xl. 1897, pp. 27-103, 4 plates.

[261]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1884, p. 351.

[262]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1887, p. 297, Pl. x.

[263]

See Poulton, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1886, etc.