THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLISM ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS'

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AT LURUGAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the rationale of the study, research objectives,

research hypotheses, the significance of the study, scope and delimitation, and

definition of terms.

Rationale of the Study

Alcoholism is a disease in which an individual continues to crave for

alcohol despite of repeated alcohol-related problem. The signs of alcoholism and

alcohol abuse are as very similar and are often just a question of degree or

intensity. Some sign and symptoms of alcoholism as well as alcoholic abuse

include drinking alone, not being able to limit how much alcohol consumed,

dropping hobbies and activities of the person used to enjoy; losing interest in

them, feeling an urge to drink, having relationships problem with the law, having

money problems, and requiring a large quantity of alcohol to feel its effect

(Videbeck, 2007).

Alcohol is one of the most widely used drug substances in the world.

Mostly people drink a small or moderate amount of alcohol to make them relax

and enhance their social activities. Using alcohol in this way is not harmful for

most adult. However, people whose use of alcohol has negative effects on any

aspects of their lives, including health, relationship, work, study, are considered to
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have an alcohol problem. This problem can range from mild to severe (Draves,

2008).

Over the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of high

school students who consume alcohol. Based on a study conducted by Harvard

School of Public Health (1999), 44% of the students studied consumed alcohol

and 23% consumed alcohol frequently.Alcohol consumers are likely to be

involved in some alcohol-related problems such as violence, car accidents, being

injured and the likelihood of losing responsibility in school performance (Pullen,

1994). Alcohol consumption can lead to reduced class attendance, poor

performance on tests and projects and inability to concentrate on the classwork.

Although there were a lot of researches conducted similar to this, there

were no studies conducted yet focusing on the effect of alcoholism on academic

performance of students in the locality. Thus it was necessary to have this kind of

research for it would give relevant insights in the future.

Research Objectives

Generally, this study aimed to determine the possible relationship between

alcoholism and students’ academic performance.

Specifically, this study aimed to:

1. Determine the level of the alcoholism of the respondents as to:

1.1. Kinds of liquors, and

1.2. Number of bottles consumed (per week);

2. Evaluate the level of academic performance of the respondents; and

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3. Assess if the alcoholism has a significant relationship with students’

academic performance.

Research Hypotheses

The following hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance:

Ho1: There is no significant relationship between alcoholism and

students’ academic performance.

Significance of the Study

Generally, this study is significant to its beneficiaries since it will provide

valuable information on the relationship between alcoholism and students’

academic performance. Moreover, it will inform the readers and recipients of this

study on whether alcoholism has a significant relationship with students’

academic performance. Specifically, this study is beneficial to the following

recipients:

School Principal. This study would allow school principal to have better

reality based on information about students’ academic performance toward

alcoholic drinking. Such information would help them to make action that will best

increase awareness of the students to such activities and address this action to

adolescent, and wok toward a common good for the improvement of the living

conditions each member of the society

Teachers. They would be guided to know their students better with this

study. They would come to understand the nature of adolescence in alcoholic

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drinking in relation to their effort to establish their capacity to become good

contributor of society’s development.

Parents. This study would serves as an “eye-opener” to them, enabling

there to see the real scenario of the health nutrition factor of their students. They

should know important factors that will help their students towards the effect of he

alcoholism in the academic performance of the students. In order for them to

realize the important facts that may help their children abstain from such

activities. Moreover, this will encourage them to work hand in hand with their

children to enhance harmonious relationship between their environment and in

school.

Students. The findings of the study would aide them to increase their

awareness about alcohol drinking and alcohol-related issues so that at the early

stage of life they would develop desirable habit and value toward a better and

quality of life.

Future Researchers. The findings of this study offer opportunities for

future researchers and lay the groundwork for more investigation. Future

researchers may explore other determinants that may affect academic

performance that were not investigated in this study.

Scope and Delimitation

The study's main objective was to determine whether alcoholism can

significantly affect students’ academic performance. Hence, the variables being

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studied in this study were delimited to alcoholism and students’ academic

performance only.

This study was conducted during the second semester of the school year

2021 – 2022 at Lurugan National High School students.

Definition of Terms

The variables in this section were defined operationally to understand this

study better.

Alcoholism. Is a broad terms for public with alcohol, and is generally

used in mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcohol beverage,

usually to the detriment to the drinker’s health, personal relationship, and social

standing. In this study it is term by which the respondents consume alcohol

repeatedly that interferes with their behavior and academic performance.

Academic Performance. It refers to the performance of the respondents

in their academic field.

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This section presents the review of related literature, which had a

significant bearing on the conduct of the present study. The discussion in this

section was organized according to the study's variables, which included:

alcoholism and students’ academic performance. This was immediately followed

by the theoretical framework, conceptual framework, and schematic diagram.

Alcoholism on Academic Performance

The word alcoholism was first coined by Magnus Huss (Subash and

Kumar, 2014) and derived from the Arabic word Alkuhi, meaning essence

(Sharma, 2013). The effect of different alcoholic beverages are caused by the

presence of ethyl alcohol or ethanol, a chemical that result from the fermentation

of yeast and grains, malts or fruits. Once swallowed, alcohol is rapidly diffused to

all organs of the body that have a high content of water. (Valfre, 2013). It is a

central nervous system depressant that causes false self confidence, false sense

of belonging and lowering of inhibition (Videbeek, 2006).

Despite its social and economic entrenchment, alcohol is also a substance

whose use is associated with physical, psychological and social harm (Indira

kumar, 2014). From brewing and distillation processes a wide range of alcoholic
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beverages are produced, which range in strength from low alcohol beers at one

percent alcohol by volume to strength spirits at around 60% alcohol by volume,

with many beverages in between.

Alcohol use could conceivably affect a student’s quality of learning and

academic performance regardless of its impact on school completion. This

possibility is suggested by Renna (2008), who uses a research design similar to

that used by Dee and Evans (2003) and finds that although binge drinking does

not affect high school completion rates, it does significantly increase the

probability that a student graduates with a GED rather than a high school

diploma. Drinking could affect learning through a variety of mechanisms. Recent

neurological research suggests that underage drinking can impair learning

directly by causing alterations in the structure and function of the developing

brain with consequences reaching far beyond adolescence (Brown et al., 2000;

White & Swartzwelder, 2004). Negative effects of alcohol use can emerge in

areas such as planning and executive functioning, memory, spatial operations,

and attention (Brown et al., 2000; Giancola & Mezzich, 2000; Tapert & Brown,

1999). Alcohol use could also affect performance by reducing the number of

hours committed to studying, completing homework assignments, and attending

school.

The world health organization estimates that approximately four and a

half percent of the global burden of disease and injury is attributes to alcohol.

Alcohol consumption is estimated to cause from 20% to 50% of cirrhosis of the

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liver, epilepsy, poisonings, road traffic accidents, violence and several types of

cancer.

Moreover, students is often seen as time for individuals to find out their

identity as a person. For many people, its chance to truly explore their

surrounding without the constricting binds they may feel from their caregivers

during this period. People try to new things and exhibits behaviour that would

most likely not occur under other circumstances. For instance many people will

never again get chance to live in a residence hall setting, where they are such

proximity to other people(Pledger and Hooper, 2003).

Theoretical Framework

The theory in which this research is anchored on is social learning theory

(Bandura, 1977). This theory emphasizes the interaction between humans and

their environment through reinforcement and observational learning. Bandura

uses reciprocal interaction (determinism) (Shahabuddin et al., 2007) to describe

human behavior in which humans influence their environment and are also

affected by the environment (Yahya, 2006). In this theory, it is assumed that the

students’ cognitive development results from a behavioral process whereby a

student learns how to drink alcohol through the influences with someone else

usually the parents, friends, neighborhood and peers.

This study was anchored on this theory since the nature and relationship

of the variables in this study were explained by this theory. One important
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objective in the conduct of this study was to validate or nullify this theory by

testing the research hypotheses formulated for this study.

Conceptual Framework

This study involved two variables, one of which was independent, and one

was dependent. The independent variable was the alcoholism, and the

dependent variable was academic performance.

The word alcoholism was first coined by Magnus Huss (Subash and

Kumar, 2014) and derived from the Arabic word Alkuhi, meaning essence

(Sharma, 2013). The effect of different alcoholic beverages are caused by the

presence of ethyl alcohol or ethanol, a chemical that result from the fermentation

of yeast and grains, malts or fruits.

On the other hand, Kupari and Nissinen (2013) stated that students’

academic performance is often associated with the future economic power and

competitiveness of a country, hence, the desire to understand and identify factors

that may have meaningful and consistent relationships with academic

performance which has been shared among national policy makers and

educators around the world.

Schematic Diagram
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Alcoholism as to:

1.1 Kinds of Liquors

1.2 Number of bottles Academic Performance
consumed (per week)

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram showing the relationship between the independent

and dependent variables of the study.

Chapter 3

METHODS
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This chapter presents the research design, research locale, population

and sample, instrument, scoring procedure, data collection, statistical treatment,

and ethical consideration.

Research Design

This study employed a quantitative approach using a descriptive –

correlational research design. The descriptive research design refers to a study

designed to depict the participants accurately. Furthermore, descriptive research

describes people who took part in the study. Meanwhile, correlational research

design measures a relationship between two variables without the researcher

controlling either of them (McCombes, 2019). It aims to determine whether there

is either positive, negative, or zero correlation.

The researchers opted to use this design since the researchers aimed to:

(1) describe the data gathered from the respondents and (2) investigate the

possible relationship between alcoholism and students’ academic performance.

Research Locale
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This study was conducted at Lurugan National High School (LNHS). This

school is a public school located at Lurugan,Valencia City, Bukidnon.

Figure

2. Map of

the

Research Locale

Population and Sample

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The respondents were the high school students of Lurugan National High

School. The researchers intended to choose them as the respondents of the

study since the present study's focus was on the effect of alcoholism on high

school students academic performance. Probability sampling was employed to

determine the sample of the study. Using Raosoft – an online sample size

calculator, the researchers randomly selected 197 respondents out of 400 total

populations.

Research Instrument

The instrument used in collecting data in this study was an adapted

questionnaire from Villegas Genevive (2007) entitled The Effect of Alcoholism

Towards Academic Performance of Civil Engineering Students of Samar State

University. This questionnaire aimed to measure the level of the classroom

alcoholism of the respondents. Meanwhile, the data for mathematics

achievement, which was the study's dependent variable, was taken from the

office of the high school registrar of Lurugan National High School. It must be

noted that academic performance in this study referred to the grades of high

school students of Lurugan National High School of the academic year 2021-

2022. After all the corrections were incorporated after the proposal defense, the

researcher had this questionnaire validated and tested for its reliability.

Scoring Procedure
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The respondents answered the questionnaire for the classroom learning

environment in terms of the physical environment, teacher's personality, and

teaching approach using a five-point Likert scale. Below is a tabular presentation

of the scale to be used with its limits, description, and interpretation.

Scale Limits Description Interpretation

5 4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree Observed all the time

4 3.42 – 4.20 Agree Observed most of the time

3 2.61 – 3.40 Neutral Observed sometimes

2 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree Rarely observed

1 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Never observed

Disagree

Similarly, the researchers described and interpreted the mathematics

achievement of the respondents based on the tabular presentation of their grade

range and its interpretation.

Grade Range Description

95 - 100 Excellent
90 - 94 Very Good
85 - 89 Good
80 - 84 Satisfactory
75 - 79 Fairly Satisfactory
<74 Failed

Data Collection
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The researchers asked permission from the high school principal by

writing a communication letter at the onset of the study. After being given

permission, the researchers immediately asked for the respondents' consent and

their adviser for the conduct of the study. After retrieving the questionnaires, the

researchers tabulated the answers of the respondents. This tabulation was then

sent to the statistician for the statistical analysis of the data. Interpretation of the

result was made as soon as the researchers received the result of the statistical

analysis.

Statistical Treatment

Descriptive and correlational statistics were used to answer the research

questions of this study. To answer research objectives number 1 and 2, mean

and standard deviation were used. Meanwhile, Pearson product-moment

correlation coefficient analysis was used to answer research objective 3.

Ethical Consideration

The researchers made sure that ethical protocols in the conduct of the

research were observed. Permission from the high school principal and

classroom adviser and consent from the respondents were sought first before the

conduct of the study. Respondents were fully informed on the study's objectives

and the possible risks entailed in the conduct of the study. Respondents were

encouraged to participate in the study and were never coerced to do so if they

refused to. In other words, the researchers ensured that all respondents who
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would answer the questionnaires would participate in the study voluntarily. The

researchers ensured that the privacy and confidentiality of the respondents'

personal information were properly observed. No personal information from the

respondents was divulged. No data in the study were falsified and fabricated.

Any form of deceit was avoided. The researchers had their manuscript examined

by plagiarism software to ensure work originality. All these ethical issues were

avoided, and the researchers observed all ethical protocols to develop a quality

and ethically-bound study.