Ch - 1 | Units & Measurements

S.no Physical quantity SI unit symbol

Fundamental Units 1 Mass kilogram kg

2 Length Meter m

3 Time Second s

4 Temperature Kelvin K

Amount Of a
5 mole mol
Substance

6 Electric current Ampere A

7 Luminous intensity Candela Cd

 Supplementary units

Quantity Name of units symbol

Plane angle Radian (rad) 𝜃

Solid angle Steradian (sr) Ω

These Plane Angle & Solid Angle have Units But No Dimensions .
 Quantities Dimensions
Velocity [L1 T-1]
Coefficient of Viscosity [ M1 L-1 T-1]
Force [M1 L1 T-2]
Work [M1 L2 T-2]
Torque [M1 L2 T-2]
Pressure [M1 L-1 T-2]
Stress [M1 L-1 T-2]
Planck's Constant h [M1 L2 T-1]
Self & Mutual inductance [ M1 L2 T-2 A-2]
ε0 [ M-1 L-3 T4 A2]
μ0 [ M1 L1 T-2 A-2]
λ [M0 L0 T-1]
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024 S-I

Match List - I with List - II.

List-I List-II
(A) Coefficient of viscosity (I) [M L2 T-2]
(B) Surface tension (II) [M L2 T-1]
(C) Angular momentum (III) [M L-1 T-1]
(D) Rotational kinetic energy (IV) [M L0 T-2]
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)

B (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

C (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)

D (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

Addition & Subtraction
Multiplication & Division
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024 S-2
A physical quantity Q is found to depend on
quantities a, b, c by the relation The
percentage error in a, b and c are 3%, 4% and 5%
respectively. Then, the percentage error in Q is

A 34%

B 14%

C 66%

D 43%
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024 S-2
A physical quantity Q is found to depend on
quantities a, b, c by the relation The
percentage error in a, b and c are 3%, 4% and 5%
respectively. Then, the percentage error in Q is

A 34%

B 14%

C 66%

D 43%
 Significant figures

521 52001

00521 52100

521.00 0.0012
 Significant figures

Rule-1 Every non zero digit in a reported measurement is assumed to be

significant.

Rule-2 Zeros appearing between nonzero digits are significant.

Rule-3 Leftmost zeros appearing in front of nonzero digits are not

significant.

Rule-4 Zeros at the end of a number will be counted as significant, only if

they are at the right side of a decimal point.
 JEE Main 01st Jan 2024 S-2
Match List - I with List-II.
List - I List - II
(Number) (SIgnificant figure)
(A) 1001 (I) 3
(B) 010.1 (II) 4
(C) 100.100 (III) 5
(D) 0.0010010 (IV) 6
Choose the correct answer from the options
given below

A A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

B A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I

C A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II

D A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

 JEE Main 1st Feb 2024 S-2

Find the number of significant digits in the value

10.05

Ans : 4
Other Units of Length
 Astronomical Unit
It is a distance between Sun & Earth's

1 AU = 149597870 700 m
1 AU ≈ 150 x 106 Km
 Light Year (ly)
It is a distance travelled by light in 1 year.

1 ly = (3 x 108) x (365 x 24 x 60 x 60)

1 ly = 9.4607 × 1012 Km

1 ly = 63241 AU
 Parsec (Pc)
It is the distance at which 1 AU subtends an
angle of 1 Arcsecond (1/3600th of a Degree).

1 Pc = 3.0857×1013 Km

1 Pc = 3.26 ly
1 AU < 1 Ly < 1 Pc
 JEE Main April 2023
Given below are two statements:
Statement I: Astronomical unit (Au). Parsec (Pc)
and Light year (ly) are units for measuring
astronomical distances.
Statement II: Au < Parsec (Pc) < ly
In the light of the above statements. Choose the
most appropriate answer from the options given
below:

A Both Statements I and Statements II are correct

Statements I is correct but Statements II is

B incorrect

C Both Statements I and Statements II are incorrect

Statements I is incorrect but Statements II is

D correct
 JEE Main April 2023
Given below are two statements:
Statement I: Astronomical unit (Au). Parsec (Pc)
and Light year (ly) are units for measuring
astronomical distances.
Statement II: Au < Parsec (Pc) < ly
In the light of the above statements. Choose the
most appropriate answer from the options given
below:

A Both Statements I and Statements II are correct

Statements I is correct but Statements II is

B incorrect

C Both Statements I and Statements II are incorrect

Statements I is incorrect but Statements II is

D correct
Kinematics 1D
Average Velocity Average Speed

vavg
=
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-
2
A person travels x distance with velocity v1 and
then x distance with velocity v2 in the same
direction. The average velocity of the person is v,
then the relation between v, v1 and v2 will be.

A v = v1 + v2

D
Instantaneous Velocity Instantaneous Speed
 Acceleration

Average Acceleration Instantaneous Acceleration

 JEE Main 01th Feb 2024 S-2
A particle initially at rest starts moving from
reference point x = 0 along x-axis, with velocity v
that varies as v = 4√x m /s . The acceleration of
the particle is ______ ms–2.
 JEE Main 01th Feb 2024 S-2
A particle initially at rest starts moving from
reference point x = 0 along x-axis, with velocity v
that varies as v = 4√x m /s . The acceleration of
the particle is ______ ms–2.

Ans: 8
 JEE Main 24th Jan 2023, S-2

The velocity time graph of a body moving in a

straight line is shown in figure.
The ratio of displacement to distance travelled
by the body in time 0 to 10s is.

A 1:1

B 1:4

C 1:2

D 1:3
 JEE Main 24th Jan 2023, S-2

The velocity time graph of a body moving in a

straight line is shown in figure.
The ratio of displacement to distance travelled
by the body in time 0 to 10s is.

A 1:1

B 1:4

C 1:2

D 1:3
 Equations of Motions

These equations are valid only if

1
acceleration is constant.
2

3
Stopping Distance
Vertical Motion
Drop
 X Y

ux = u cos θ uy = u sin θ

ax = 0 ay = -g
 VNet
Vy
Vx = u cos θ
Vy = u cos θ - gt α Vx
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-2
A projectile is launched at an angle ‘α’ with the
horizontal with a velocity 20 ms-1. After 10 s, its
inclination with horizontal is ‘β’. The value of tanβ
will be: (g = 10 ms-2)

A tan α + 5 sec α

B tan α - 5 sec α

C 2 tan α - 5 sec α

D 2 tan α + 5 sec α
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-2
A projectile is launched at an angle ‘α’ with the
horizontal with a velocity 20 ms-1. After 10 s, its
inclination with horizontal is ‘β’. The value of tanβ
will be: (g = 10 ms-2)

A tan α + 5 sec α

B tan α - 5 sec α

C 2 tan α - 5 sec α

D 2 tan α + 5 sec α
 uy = u sinθ

Ux = u cosθ

uy
ux
 H2 T2
90 - θ T1

H1
45° θ

RMax H1 H2 ∝ R2

T1 T2 ∝ R
 JEE Main 8th April 2023 S-1
Two projectiles A and B are thrown with initial
velocities of 40 m/s and 60 m/s at angles 30°
and 60° with the horizontal respectively. The
ratio of their ranges respectively is (g = 10 m/s2)

A 2 : √3

B √3 : 2

C 4:9

D 1:1
 JEE Main 8th April 2023 S-1
Two projectiles A and B are thrown with initial
velocities of 40 m/s and 60 m/s at angles 30°
and 60° with the horizontal respectively. The
ratio of their ranges respectively is (g = 10 m/s2)

A 2 : √3

B √3 : 2

C 4:9

D 1:1
 Horizontal Projectile

H
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024 S-1
A ball rolls off the top of a stairway with
horizontal velocity u. The steps are 0.1 m high
and 0.1 m wide. The minimum velocity u with
which that ball just hits the step 5 of the
stairway will be √x ms–1 where x = _______
[use g = 10 m/s2].
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024 S-1
A ball rolls off the top of a stairway with
horizontal velocity u. The steps are 0.1 m high
and 0.1 m wide. The minimum velocity u with
which that ball just hits the step 5 of the
stairway will be √x ms–1 where x = _______
[use g = 10 m/s2].

Ans: 2
 SHORTEST DISTANCE SHORTEST - TIME

Net VR x
Vm.R d
Vm,R Vnet

VR VR
LOM & Friction
Pulley

m2

m1
2kg

3kg

4kg
 M

Fixed
𝜃
𝜃1 𝜃2
Moving Pulley

On System
 JEE Main 2022

In the arrangement shown in figure a1, a2, a3

and a4 are the accelerations of masses m1,
m2, m3 and m4 respectively. Which of the
following relation is true for this
arrangement?

A 4a1 + 2a2 + a3 + a4 = 0

B a1 + 4a2 + 3a3 + a4 = 0

C a1 + 4a2 + 3a3 +2 a4 =
0

D 2a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 + a4 =

0
 JEE Main 2022

In the arrangement shown in figure a1, a2, a3

and a4 are the accelerations of masses m1,
m2, m3 and m4 respectively. Which of the
following relation is true for this
arrangement?

A 4a1 + 2a2 + a3 + a4 = 0

B a1 + 4a2 + 3a3 + a4 = 0

C a1 + 4a2 + 3a3 +2 a4 =
0

D 2a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 + a4 =

0
 a

M
𝜽
Discuss the variation of frictional force when
Applied force increase from 0 to 10N.

3kg F

𝜇s = 0.2
𝜇k = 0.18
Angle of Repose(θR)

𝜃 = 𝜃R
𝜃 < 𝜃R
𝜃 > 𝜃R
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2023, S-1

A block of mass m slides down the plane inclined

at angle 30° with an acceleration g/4. The value
of coefficient of kinetic friction will be:

D
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2023, S-1

A block of mass m slides down the plane inclined

at angle 30° with an acceleration g/4. The value
of coefficient of kinetic friction will be:

D
 Two Block Problem

m
𝜇
M F

Smooth
 WPE

θ
F d

θ
d
 WPE

θ
F d

θ
d
F = Variable
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-2

A force acts on a particle in the x

direction where F is in newton and x is in meter.
The work done by this force during a
displacement from x = 0 to x = 4 m, is ____J.
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-2

A force acts on a particle in the x

direction where F is in newton and x is in meter.
The work done by this force during a
displacement from x = 0 to x = 4 m, is ____J.

Answer : 32
Work Energy Theorem
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024 S-1

If a block of mass ‘M’ is released from the top of a

frictionless slide, find the velocity when the block
reaches to point ‘B’ that 0.5 m below the starting
point. (g = 9.8 m/s)

A 3.14

B 6.28

C 3.4

D 4.2
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024 S-1

If a block of mass ‘M’ is released from the top of a

frictionless slide, find the velocity when the block
reaches to point ‘B’ that 0.5 m below the starting
point. (g = 9.8 m/s)

A 3.14

B 6.28

C 3.4

D 4.2
Block initially travels with speed v. Find
maximum compression in spring

A
v0
B
m
C mv2/K

D mv/K
Block initially travels with speed v. Find
maximum compression in spring

A
v0
B
m
C mv2/K

D mv/K
POWER
 V = constant

Circular
V = r⍵
ac
r
θ

ω
ac is responsible for change in
direction of velocity
 V
V = r⍵
Circular
aT

ac
r
θ
α
ω

aT is responsible for change in

Magnitude of velocity
 𝛚

𝚹
l

m
 Safe Speed for Turning
UN-BANKED ROAD BANKED ROAD WITHOUT
FRICTION BANKED ROAD WITH FRICTION

μ
v
μ

θ θ
 (ii) Hollow Sphere (iii) ROD
Vertical Circular Motion
LOOPING THE LOOP
Zero

(i) String

L (iv) HOLLOW TUBE

 (x3, y3, z3) COM
(x1, y1, z1) m3
m1

(xCOM, yCOM, zCOM)

m2 (x2, y2, z2)

Also if masses in motion then com is also in
motion such that
 SEMI-SOLID SPHERE
COM

m1 COM m2

HOLLOW CONE

COM
SEMI-RING SEMI-HOLLOW SPHERE

m, R
COM
COM SOLID CONE

COM
 CAVITY PROBLEMS

COM
[Xcom, com
Ycom]

A1 = Total Area of body after

filling cavity
A2 = Area of cavity
Locate xCOM of disc of mass M and radius R
centered at origin which contains a Cavity of
radius R/2 as shown.
Momentum Conservation

m1
x1 xrel = L

m2
x2
 COLLISIONS
V1 V2
u1 u2

m1 m2
m1 m2

Before After

e = 1 elastic collision
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
e = 0 perfectly Inelastic
V2 - V1 = e [u1 - u2]
o < e < 1 Partially Inelastic
 Special case - Elastic

If masses are identical, velocities are interchanged.

v1 = u2 v2 = u1
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-1
A particle of mass m moving with velocity
collides with a stationary particle of mass 2m.
After collision, they stick together and continue
to move together with velocity

A v/2

B v/3

C v/4

D v
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-1
A particle of mass m moving with velocity
collides with a stationary particle of mass 2m.
After collision, they stick together and continue
to move together with velocity

A v/2

B v/3

C v/4

D v
e
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2023, S-2
A ball is dropped from a height of 20 m. If the
coefficient of restitution for the collision between
ball and floor is 0.5, after hitting the floor, the
ball rebounds to a height of_____m.
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2023, S-2
A ball is dropped from a height of 20 m. If the
coefficient of restitution for the collision between
ball and floor is 0.5, after hitting the floor, the
ball rebounds to a height of_____m.

Answer: 5
A ball strikes the ground with velocity u0 at an
angle as shown. Given coefficient of restitution
for surface pair is e, with what velocity it will
rebound?
 ROTATION
MOI Axis PARALLEL AXIS PERPENDICULAR AXIS
THEOREM THEOREM

Io I
Iz
r

CO
m
M

d Iy
I = mr2
Ix
Valid for both 2D & 3D objects]
Iz = I x + I y
I = I0 + md2
Valid for only 2D objects]
 RING
RING SEMI-RING QUARTER RING

I = MR2
MR2

MR2

(M,R) (M, R)
(M,R)
RING
I = MR2

2MR2

(M, R)
 DISC
DISC QUARTER DISC
SEMI-DISC

(M,R) (M,R)
(M,R)
DISC

(M, R)
 HOLLOW CYLINDER SOLID CYLINDER

I = MR2

(M,R,L)
 ROD

M, L
θ

M, L
θ
HOLLOW SOLID SPHERE
SPHERE

(M, R) (M, R)
 SQUARE SHEET

MOI about all axes in Plane passing through center is

CUBE HOLLOW CONE SOLID CONE

M, R
 Radius of Gyration

It is Radius of that Imaginary Ring Which will Give

Same MOI as Given by a Body about any Given Axis .

I = MK2
I = ⅔ MR2 =
I = MR2/2 = MK2 MK2
Disc K = R/√2 K = √⅔ R

Hollow Sphere
The Turning Effect of Force is Called Torque
 Torque

r = Position vector of Point of

Application of Force from
Hinge Point
Hinged Body θ
τ = Torque of Force F
About Hinge Point
Torque is Always
Calculated About the
Point or Axis of Rotation
Hinged Body

τHinge = 0
𝜏 = r Fsinθ
F sin θ = F丄 F
𝜏 = r F丄

θ
r
θ F|| = F cos θ
 r|| = r cos θ
𝜏 = r Fsinθ
θ
r
𝜏 = r 丄F
θ
F
r丄 = r sin θ
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-
2
A force of -P acts on the origin of the
coordinate system. The torque about the point
(2, -3) is The ratio of The
value of x is-
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-
2
A force of -P acts on the origin of the
coordinate system. The torque about the point
(2, -3) is The ratio of The
value of x is-

Answer: 3
L/4
 Fixed Axis Rotation

τ,α

τ and I Should be Calculated

About Same Axis of Rotation
 L/2

Mg
Moving Axis Rotation
 Body Icom Acceleration (a)

Ring or Hollow cycle MR2 g/2 sin θ = 0.5 g sin θ

Disc or solid cycle MR2/2 2/3 g sin θ = 0.66 g sin θ

Hollow sphere 2/3 MR2 3/5 g sin θ = 0.6 g sin θ

Solid sphere 2/5 MR2 5/7 g sin θ = 0.7 g sin θ

a solid sphere > a Disc or solid cyl > a Hollow sphere > a Ring or hollow
cyl

V solid sphere > V Disc or solid cyl > V Hollow sphere > V Ring or hollow
t solid sphere < t Disc or solid cyl < t Hollow sphere < t Ring or
cyl
hollow cyl
Angular Momentum
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024 S-1

A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity

' u ' making an angle of 30° with the horizontal.
The magnitude of angular momentum of the
projectile about the point of projection when the
particle is at its maximum height h is :

D Zero
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024 S-1

A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity

' u ' making an angle of 30° with the horizontal.
The magnitude of angular momentum of the
projectile about the point of projection when the
particle is at its maximum height h is :

D Zero
Fixed Axis Rotation

⍵
 𝜔 𝜔0

M,R M,R m
m
Gently
 GRAVITATION

Superposition Principle

y
M1
M2

r F M2 M0

F M3

M1 x
G = 6 ⋅ 67 × 10-11 Nm2 kg-2
Force is independent of medium
between masses z
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024 S-1

Four identical particles of mass m are kept at

the four corners of a square. If the gravitational
force exerted on one of the masses by the other
masses is , the length of the sides
of the square is

A 2L

B 3L

D 4L
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024 S-1

Four identical particles of mass m are kept at

the four corners of a square. If the gravitational
force exerted on one of the masses by the other
masses is , the length of the sides
of the square is

A 2L

B 3L

D 4L
 g Variation
1. Near Earth Surface 2. Height

g
h g’
(M, R) r
g
R

M, R
 DEPTH
g
d g
(M, R)
g’
r
r

R
∝r
T = 24 hrs
Rotation of Earth

θ = Latitude

θ
g’ = g - R⍵2 cos2 θ
 GRAVITATIONAL FIELD POTENTIAL
Ig
POINT MASS

r
r

M Ig

Vg

r
 RING

M, R
Ig V
g
Ig V
x x
x g

max
 Gravitational Field of a Hollow Sphere

(M, R)
Ig
R

r
r

IG = O r’
Gravitational Potential of a Hollow Sphere

(M, R)

R
x=r
r
r
r’
Ig = O
Vg =
constant
 Gravitational Field of a Solid Sphere
(M, R)
r

Ig

R
r
r
r’

∝r
 Gravitational Potential of a Solid Sphere
(M, R)
V

R
r r

Hyperbola r’

Parabola
 ESCAPE VELOCITY

m Ve
SATELLITE MOTION

|T| = k
T = U/2

For geostationary satellite

M = 35,600 km
 Kepler’s Laws
Areal velocity of a planet
is constant
I.e.,

dA/dt=L/2m

T2 ∝ a3
 ELASTICITY

ΔP
Area = A F Longitudinal Volumetric
Stress Stress

Longitudinal Volumetric
L Strain Strain

F
 ΔL
Area = A

F||

ΔL
L
F||

Shear Stress Shear Strain Modulus of Rigidity

ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

F
 Relation between Y, B, G & n

1 Y = 3B(1- n) Y = Young’s modulus

.

2 Y = 2G (1 +n) B = Bulk modulus

.

3 G = Modulus of Rigidity
.

4 n = Poisson’s ratio
.
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2023 S-1

Choose the correct relationship between

Poisson ratio (σ). bulk modulus (K) and modulus
of rigidity (η) of a given solid object:

D
 FLUIDS
PRESSURE VARIATION

a a
P1 P1 P1

H H H
P3 P3
P2 P3 P2 P2

P2 = P1 + ⍴gH P2 = P1 + ⍴(g + a)H P2 = P1 + ⍴(g - a)H

P2 = P3 P2 = P3 P2 = P3
 a
P0

P2= P1 + ⍴La
H θ

P2 = P0 + ⍴gH
P2 L P1
 BAROMETER MANOMETER

Vacuum
P0

Hg
76 cm
H
Gas

P0 P0 Pg

P0= ⍴gH
Pg = P0 + ⍴gH
P0 ≈ 105 Pa
HYDRAULIC LIFT BUOYANCY

F2
Vi = Inside volume
F1 A2 of body or Volume of
Liquid displaced by
body

B = Weight of Liquid displaced by body

Net upward force of
B = Vi ⍴L g liquid

For Accelerated
cases B = Vi ⍴L geff
 FLOATING SINKING

[⍴B < ⍴L] [⍴B > ⍴L]

Vi

a
 HYDRODYNAMICS
A2
V2

P2
A1
P1 V1
H2

H1
 VELOCITY OF EFFLUX

h
Ve
H

Range is maximum at
R

H H1

2
H1 + H2 = H
 VISCOSITY

STOKES LAW TERMINAL VELOCITY

fv fv
VELOCITY
v + dv
dx VT

fv
v V

Time

fv=6𝝅ηr𝒗
 Poiseuille Equation Surface Tension

P1 > P 2
R
P1 P2

(η)
L
 EXCESS PRESSURE
n drops of radius r

Break Concave Convex

R, S
LIQUID DROP AIR BUBBLE SOAP BUBBLE

P0
P0 P0
Pi Air
Pi Pi
 CAPILLARY

r = Radius of Tube
θ = Contact Angle
 HEAT
TEMP SCALE
 HEAT

THERMAL EXPANSION
L1, α1 L2, α2
Specific Heat & Latent Heat

Sice = 0.5 cal g-1 ℃-1

SW = 1 cal g-1℃-1
Ssteam = 0.47 cal g-1℃-1
Lf = 80 cal g-1
Lv = 540 cal g-1
 HEATING CURVE

Temp F

QAB = MSiceΔT
H2O at 100℃
QB = MLf E
D
QCD = MSwΔT
Steam at 100℃
QDE = MLv
x C θ
QEF = MSsteamΔT B

Ice at H2O at 100℃ Heat

0℃

A
Ice at -10℃
 HEAT TRANSFER (CONDUCTION)

L RT = Thermal Resistance

T2 A Heat (dQ, dt) T1

K = Coefficient of Thermal
conductivity [Js-1 m-1 K-1]

Heat current
Or Thermal current (Js-1 or cal s-1)
 SERIES PARALLEL
ΔT = same
IT = same

If L1 = L2, A1 = A2 then
 TEMP AT Junction Time in which Lake
freezes
T=?

T2 T1

-T0 = surrounding Temp

t ∝ H2

H = Depth of Lake
 RADIATION

BLACK BODY

Non-Black Body

PE = Emissive power [Js-1m-2]

 RADIATION
PE = Spectral emissive power
T0 = surrounding Temp

Max
T Temp = T

λmT = b = constant

b = 2.88 × 10-3 mK
 THERMODYNAMICS

Mean Free Path

● Average speed

n' = No. of molecules per

unit volume ● RMS speed
d = Diameter of molecules
 Fraction of
molecules

● Average speed

● RMS speed

Vm.p. Speed

Vm.p.= Most Probable Speed

Vm.p. < Vavg < VRms

Molar Specific Heat (C)
f = Degree of Freedom

GAS f CV CP 𝛾

Mono 3 3R/2 5R/2 5/3

Diatomic
Or
5 5R/2 7R/2 7/5
Linear
Triatomic

Non-Linear
6 3R 4R 4/3
Triatomic
Mixture of Gases

n1, CV1, CP1, 𝛾1

n2, CP2, CV2, 𝛾2

Internal Energy [U]

U∝T

(K ⋅ E) Internal Energy only depends

(P ⋅ E)
on Temperature of gas

U=K+P
v3
v1
U = n CV T
v2

ΔU = n CV ΔT
 JEE Main 31th Jan 2024 S-2

A gas mixture consists of 8 moles of argon and 6

moles of oxygen at temperature T. Neglecting all
vibrational modes, the total internal energy of
the system is:

A 20RT

B 27RT

C 21RT

D 29RT
 JEE Main 31th Jan 2024 S-2

A gas mixture consists of 8 moles of argon and 6

moles of oxygen at temperature T. Neglecting all
vibrational modes, the total internal energy of
the system is:

A 20RT

B 27RT

C 21RT

D 29RT
 Work done by GAS

Wtotal = ∫ PdV
dW = P dV
W = Area under P-V Graph

dV = change in volume

dV > 0 → Expansion → dW > 0 P

W
dV < 0 → compression → dW < 0

V
 1st Law

dQ = dU + dW
Gas
dW > 0 → V increases
dW = P dV
dW < 0 → V decreases

dQ > 0 → Heat supplied

dQ = n C dT
dQ < 0 → Heat Reflected

dU > O → Temperature Increase

dU = n CV dT
dU < O → V Temperature decrease
 ISOBARIC PROCESS
P = Constant

PV = nRT V2 P

V∝T W=P ∫ dV
V1

W=PΔV
V
 ISOCHORIC PROCESS
V = constant

PV = nRT P
W=0
P∝T

V
 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
T = Constant

PV = nRT

PV = Constant

P1 V1 = P2 V2
 Adiabatic Process
dQ = O

PV𝛾 = C TV𝛾 - 1 = C P1 - 𝛾 T𝛾 = C

T P
P

V T
V
Adiabatic Process
 Cyclic Process

P P

WCLW = + Ve WACW = - Ve

V V

W = Area of cycle
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024 S-1
A thermodynamic system is taken from an
original state A to an intermediate state B by a
linear process as shown in the figure. It's volume
is then reduced to the original value from B to C
by an isobaric process. The total work done by
the gas from A to B and B to C would be :

A 2200 J

B 600 J

C 1200 J

D 33800 J
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024 S-1
A thermodynamic system is taken from an
original state A to an intermediate state B by a
linear process as shown in the figure. It's volume
is then reduced to the original value from B to C
by an isobaric process. The total work done by
the gas from A to B and B to C would be :

A 2200 J

B 600 J

800 J C 1200 J

D 33800 J
Find specific heat for monoatomic gas for
process
(i) PV3 = Constant (ii) PV3/2 = constant

D R
 SHM

-ve MP A +ve

t=0 v

time =t
t=0
T/4

T/2 A/2
T
T1 T2

-ve MP +ve
Energy
T

U
X
 t=0
MP
t=0 t=0

t=0

x = A sin ( ωt + Φ0)
Φ0= Initial Phase
a

M
k k

M
T=
 Y, A, L

a
C

m
 k

m1 m2
l
SIMPLE PENDULUM

a
a
L

→a
PHYSICAL PENDULUM

I = MoI about Axis

ℓ = Distance of Hinge point from com
ℓ

com
WAVES
Velocity of wave on
stretched string
𝝁 = mass per unit
length (kg m-1)

LONGITUDINAL WAVES
time = t
M, L P = Po sin (kx - ωt)
a = g/2 Po= Max Pressure = BAK
t=0 B = Bulk Modulus
INTENSITY OF LONGITUDINAL WAVES

Units (dB) (I0 = 10-12 w m-2)

 STANDING WAVES

ONE END FREE

BOTH ENDS FIXED

OR
ONE END
CLOSED PIPE
OPEN PIPE
 Resonance Column Experiment

fT
L1
L2

fT= freq of Tuning

fork
 BEATS

Filing → f increases
Wax → f decreases
 ELECTROSTATICS

CHARGE COULOMB’S LAW

Scalar qty unit is Coulomb

 Charges in Medium

K = ∈r = Dielectric constant
= Relative permittivity of
Medium
F q1 q2 F
∈ o K = ∈0 ∈r = ∈ r
= Permittivity of Medium K = Dielectric constant
 IN MEDIUM

Find K such that 𝜃

𝜃 remains same

x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
 POINT CHARGE

Q E V

r r
 NULL POINT
LIKE CHARGES UNLIKE CHARGES
d
d
x
|Q1| > |Q2|
Q1 Q2 -Q1 Q2 Null
x Null Point

(Small) (Big)
 RING
Q1 R
Emax

x
E
V x

x
 Hollow Sphere

Einside = O
(Q, R)
Shell Theorem

E E=O R

r
r’

r
 Hollow Sphere

V inside = V surface = = Constant (Q, R)

V
R

r
E=O r1
V = constant

x=R r
 Non Conducting Solid Sphere
(Q, R)
r

E R

∝r r’

r
 Non Conducting Solid Sphere

(Q, R)

R
Parabola r

r1

Hyperbola

R
 SEMI RING ARC

x x x x
x x Q, R
x x
x Q, R
x x
𝜃
E

QUARTER RING
E||

+
+ + + + + + +
DISC
(Q, R) 𝜃
β
⍺ E
d

+++++++++++++
Infinite Sheet

E
𝝈 𝝈 𝝈 -𝝈
+ + + -
+ + + -
+ + + -
+ + + -
+ E=O + + -
E=O E=O
+ + + -
+ + + -
+ + + -
+ + + -
+ + + -
POTENTIAL ENERGY

For multiple changes

take unique pairs
Q L Q

L
L

L Q
Q
Relation between Field & Potential
SELF-ENERGY DIPOLE

a a

-Q p Q
 EQUATORIAL
Enet

AXIAL θ
p
 Enet

α
θ
θ= tan-1√2

θ
 E Stable equilibrium
p
τ

θ p θ = 0°

Unstable equilibrium

p
θ = 180°
FLUX

θ
Q

GAUSS LAW
SPHERE WITH VARIABLE DENSITY CONDUCTORS
E + + +
+ +
+
+
+
r +
+
E=O +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ + +
 CAPACITORS

Q -Q

+ -
+ -
v2 + - v1
+ -
E

Q = CV V = V 2 - V1

C → Independent of Q & V
C → depends on Geometry
 Like plates

+
C1, V1
+
+
+
+
+
-
+ C2, V2 +
+ - +
F F
-
+ Unlike plates
+ - +
C1, V1 +
+ -
+
+
+
+
C2, V2 +
+
 SERIES PARALLEL
C1 C2
Q = same
Q1 C1
V = same
Q
V1 V2
Q2 C2

V
 WSB

C1 C3 Symmetrically unbalanced bridge

C1 C2

C5

C3

C2 C4

C2 C1

Bridge is balanced & remove C5

 DIELECTRICS

Q0 Qi

+ - +
E0 +
- ENet + C’ = kCo
+ +
+ - +
+ - +

t, k

For conductors (k = ∞)
K1 K2

V
K1

K2

b = width of dielectric
 CURRENT

For conductors
T increases → R increases

For semiconductors
n = no. of electrons T decreases → R decreases
per unit volume
Powered by
 SERIES PARALLEL

R1 R2 I = same I1 R1 V = same
I
V1 V2 R2

I2

V
V
 WSB

R1 R2

R5 R3

R2 R1

If

Remove R5
 POWER

Heat
(dH, dt)

I
If p = constant
R

V
If p = variable

Or watt
 Power
R Cells in Series
E eq = E1 + E2+ E3+........
req = r1+ r2+ r3+.........
r E

Pmax
Cells in Parallel

R
r=R
Meter Bridge AMMETER
Im Ig IgG = (Im-Ig) S
R X G

G
Im - Ig S

l 100 - l VOLTMETER

Ig R
Vmax= Ig(R + G)
G

Vmax
 MAGNETIC FIELD
STRAIGHT WIRE
⛒

𝞱 I

d β
B
⍺ ⛒

μo = 4𝜋 × 10-7 T m2 A-1
Infinite wire Semi - Infinite wire Circular Coil
∞
∞

I, R

I
B

d
⛒
∞ B
 CIRCULAR COIL
I I, R

I, R

I, R

x B
 SOLENOID HOLLOW CYLINDER
∞ ∞
I
BInside = 0
i

B BOutside =

B = 𝞵0ni B

n = Turns per unit length (m-

1)ƞ

n = N/L
r
 SOLID CYLINDER
∞ ∞
BInside =
B

BOutside =
∝r
∝ 1/r

∞ ∞
 MAGNETIC FORCE

B
V
𝛳

W Magnetic field = 0
V
𝛳

-Q
CASE I: Velocity is perpendicular to magnetic field.
 CASE II : Velocity is at angle to magnetic field.

B
Q

V
 CURRENT CARRYING WIRE

I, L

I, L Leff

LOOP

F=O
 PARALLEL CURRENTS
B = Uniform ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

d
I, R

I1 I2 I1 I2

F F F F

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

Tension in Ring = BIR

 MAGNETIC MOMENT
I, R
て
M B
N M θ
S
= S N
 EMI

ε
AC Generator
 MOTIONAL EMF

ⓍB

L v
 v1
ⓍB
ⓍB

ε ⍵

v2

ε = B L vavg
SELF INDUCTION

r
SOLENOID

l
 RC circuits

● At t = 0 capacitor acts as
SHORT circuit

● At t = ∞ capacitor acts as
OPEN circuit
 LR Circuit

● At t = 0 Inductor acts as
OPEN circuit

● At t = ∞ Inductor acts as
SHORT circuit
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
 Equivalent Self Induction

Supporting

Leq = L1+ L2+ 2M

Opposing

LRq = L1+ L2- 2M

AC
 SERIES RLC

I = Io sin (⍵t + Φ)
R L C

~
Vo sin ⍵t
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024 S-2

A series LCR circuit with

and R = 10𝛺, is connected across an ac source of

220 V, 50 Hz supply. The power factor of the
circuit would be
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024 S-2

A series LCR circuit with

and R = 10𝛺, is connected across an ac source of

220 V, 50 Hz supply. The power factor of the
circuit would be

Ans : 1
Q
 JEE Main 01st Feb 2024 S-1

In series LCR circuit, the capacitance is charged

from C to 4C. To keep the resonance frequency
unchanged, the new inductance should be :

A Reduced by ¾ L

B Increased to 4 L

C Increased to 2 L

D Reduced by
 JEE Main 01st Feb 2024 S-1

In series LCR circuit, the capacitance is charged

from C to 4C. To keep the resonance frequency
unchanged, the new inductance should be :

A Reduced by ¾ L

B Increased to 4 L

C Increased to 2 L

D Reduced by
LC OSCILLATIONS
 TRANSFORMERS

V1, I1 V2, I2
 JEE Main 1st Feb 2024 S-1

A transformer has an efficiency of 80% and

works at 10 V and 4 kW. If the secondary voltage
is 240 V, then the current in the secondary coil is

A 13.33 A

B 1.33 A

C 1.59 A

D 15.1 A
 JEE Main 1st Feb 2024 S-1

A transformer has an efficiency of 80% and

works at 10 V and 4 kW. If the secondary voltage
is 240 V, then the current in the secondary coil is

A 13.33 A

B 1.33 A

C 1.59 A

D 15.1 A
EM WAVES

MAXWELL EQUATIONS
 E

E = Eo sin (kx - ⍵t)

B = Bo sin (kx - ⍵t)

Energy density Intensity

μE = μB
Radiation Pressure (PR)

Absorbing
 RADIO WAVES MICROWAVES IR WAVES

★ Used in Radio & ★ Used in RADAR ★ Used in

Television systems for PHYSIOTHERAPY
Communication AIRCRAFT
★ Responsible for
navigation
Greenhouse Effect
★ IR LEDs used in
CARS to improve
visibility in Foggy
Days
 UV RAYS X-RAYS 𝛄 -RAYS

★ Used in LASIK ★ Diagnostic Tool ★ Produced in

Eye surgery in Medicine Nuclear Reactions
★ Used in ★ Used in ★ Used to destroy
Sterilizing treatment of CANCER CELLS
Surgical certain forms of
Instrument CANCER
★ Used in Water ★ Study Crystal
purification Structure
WAVE OPTICS

For Constructive Interference

DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
 YDSE
Screen
Δx = S2P - S1P P

1st Assumption
D>>d
Δx = d sin θ
θ

2nd Assumption
y<<D
Bright Fringes DARK Fringes
BF

θβ
BF

θβ = Angular Fringe width

 SLAB Insertion
YDSE in water

t, μ
Pattern
Shift

● β decreases
● Pattern shrinks
● No of maxima &
minima increases
 DIFFRACTION

θ = Diffraction
Angle

a CM
 POLARIZATION

I = I0cos2 θ

I0 I0/2 I = (I0/2) cos2 θ

 Brewster's Law

(μ) i = tan-1 (μ)

Reflection RAY OPTICS
2θ

i
θ
δ

θ θ
 No of Images

If n is even,
No. of images = n - 1
Object

If n is odd,

θ Non-Angle
Bisector

No. of images No. of images

=n-1 =n
MIRROR FORMULA

voy
vIx

vox
vIy
 Sign Magnitude

➔ If m > 0, then 1. If |m| < 1

O & I are on same side Diminished Image

➔ If m < 0, then 1. If |m| = 1

O & I are on opposite side same size of object

1. If |m| > 1
Enlarged Image
 REFRACTION

μi

μi sin i = μr sin r

μr

r
R.R
SLAB

d lateral = t sec (r) sin [i - r]

 TIR Plane Surface Refraction
μr
μR
μi
μD
θC

Object
GOD’s FORMULA
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024 S-2
Two immiscible liquid of refractive indices 8/5
and 3/2 respectively are put in a beaker as
shown in the figure. The height of each column
is 6 cm. A coin is placed at the bottom of the
beaker. For near normal vision, the apparent
depth of the coin is a/4 cm. The value of is___.
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024 S-2
Two immiscible liquid of refractive indices 8/5
and 3/2 respectively are put in a beaker as
shown in the figure. The height of each column
is 6 cm. A coin is placed at the bottom of the
beaker. For near normal vision, the apparent
depth of the coin is a/4 cm. The value of is___.

Ans: 31
 Curved Surface

μi μr

I.R
R.R

Object Image
Lens Maker’s Formula
 R R
μ

Air Air
μ
Air Air
Lens Formula
 25 July - shift 2 2022

A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed in front of convex

mirror with principal axis coinciding each other. The distance
between the lens and mirror is 10 cm. A point object is placed
on principal axis at a distance of 60 cm from the convex lens.
The image formed by combination coincides the object itself.
The focal length of the convex mirror is
 25 July - shift 2 2022

A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed in front of convex

mirror with principal axis coinciding each other. The distance
between the lens and mirror is 10 cm. A point object is placed
on principal axis at a distance of 60 cm from the convex lens.
The image formed by combination coincides the object itself.
The focal length of the convex mirror is

Ans : 10 cm
SILVERING OF LENS CUTTING OF LENS

P, f
P/2, 2f P/2, 2f

P, f
P, f
 PRISM

A
δ
e
i
r1 r2
DISPERSION
 MICROSCOPE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
STRESSED VISION

Relaxed
vision

RELAXED VISION

Stressed vision or
Normal adjustment
TELESCOPE
 Photon

● Photon is a Particle of Light .

● It Travels with Speed of Light .

● The mass of Photon is Not Defined

● It Posses Both Energy and Momentum .

 Intensity [I]
It is defined as Energy Passing per second per unit Area

ΔU, Δt, ΔA
Light [JS-1 m-2] Or ( Wm-2 )
● Intensity of light is linked with No of photons
striking per second.

● Frequency is linked with Energy of Single

Photon .
The Energy corresponding to Threshold
Frequency f0 is called as Work Function ф.

ф = hf0 = hc/λo
λo= Threshold Wavelength
 Light 621 (nm)
Ep = 1242 / 621

Ep = 2 eV

Metal
Ep < ф

ϕ = 2.5 eV

No Photo Emission will Occur

 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024 S-2
In a photoelectric effect experiment a light of
frequency 1.5 times the threshold frequency is
made to fall on the surface of photosensitive
material. Now if the frequency is halved and
intensity is doubled, the number of
photoelectrons emitted will be:

A Doubled

B Zero

C Quadrupled

D Halved
 Light 621 (nm)
Ep = 1242 / 621

Ep = 2 eV

Ep > ф
Metal
Photoemission
Will Occur
Electrons
ϕ = 1.2 eV
Kmax = Ep - ф
Ejected Electrons will
Kmax = 2 eV - 1.2 eV have Range of KE
Kmax = 0.8 eV 0 ≤ K ≤ Kmax
 f > fo Light
[I, f]

These Electrons have

Range of K.E Metal

0 ≤ K ≤ Kmax

Kmax = hf - ϕ Electrons

Kmax = hf - hfo

V
 Current [I]
[I, f]
is

-vo is = Saturation Current VOLTAGE

Vo = stopping Voltage
Kmax = eVo

Kmax = eVo = hf - ϕ
Vo remains Same

Saturation current Increases

Saturation
current [is]

is ∝ I

Intensity [I]
Vo Increases Current

Saturation current remains same

f3 > f2 > f1

f3, I I = Fixed
f2, I f = Increases
f1, I

VOLTAGE
 Vo Stopping Potential
eVo = hf - ϕ

θ f
[Freq]

[0, -
ϕ/e]
 De - Broglie Wavelength
● A Particle Also has a wave Nature with Wavelength.
If a Charge Particle is Accelerated through Potential
Difference ΔV then Kinetic Energy Gained by Particle is

K = qΔV
Important Expressions

λ Will be in Å
∆V is in Volts
 BOHR Model

[n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 …]
Radius
Velocity
Energy
 ni

Photon [λ]

nf
 Energy of Electron in different Orbits
n =∞ (0 eV)
1.51 eV
n = 4 (-0.81 eV)
Brackett series
E(n) - E(n=4) 0.66 eV
n = 3 (-1.51 eV)
Paschen series
2nd excited state E(n) - E(n=3) 1.89 eV

n = 2 (-3.4 eV)
Balmer series
1st excited state E(n) - E(n=2) 2.59eV
12.8 eV
12.1 eV
10.2 eV
13.6 eV

n = 1 (-13.6 eV)
Lyman series
E(n) - E(n=1)
When we go from T → Inc
U → Inc
n = 0 to n =∞ K → Dec
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024 S-1

If the wavelength of the first member of Lyman

series of hydrogen is 𝜆. The wavelength of the
second member will be

D
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024 S-1

The radius of third stationary orbit of electron for

Bohr's atom is R. The radius of fourth stationary
orbit will be :

D
 Nucleus
Neutral
mn > m n
mn = 1.674 × 10–27 kg
We assume

mp ≈ mn ≈ mo ≈ 1.67 × 10-27 kg +
Charge = +e
mp = 1.672 × 10–27 kg
Z = Atomic No = No of Protons = NP

A = Mass No = No of Protons + No of Neutrons = NP+ Nn

 Size of Nucleus
● Radius of nucleus,

R=
R0A1/3
Where, R0 = 1.1 ×10–15 m
A = Mass
number
Density of Nucleus
 B.E. and mass defect

Mass defect

Δm = (NMn + ZMp – Mo)

Binding energy is Energy

ΔE =(Δm)c2 = (NMn+ ZMp– Mo)c2

B.E for 1 amu mass Defect is 931.5 MeV

 Stability of Nucleus
● More BE/nucleon means more is the stability of Nucleus.

10 8.8 MeV
8

BE/ Nucleon (MeV)

6

0
50 100 150 200 250
Mass Number
 Effect of Temperature
Resistivity of Semiconductors Decreases with Increase in
Temperature , because with increase in temperature Number of Free
Electrons Increases due to which Resistance & Resistivity Decreases .
 JEE Main 6th April 2023, S-1

4 The resistivity (𝜌) of semiconductor varies with

temperature. Which of the following curve
represents the correct behavior

A B

C D
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024 S-1

Which of the following circuits is reverse -

biased?

A B

C D
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024 S-1

Which of the following circuits is reverse -

biased?

A B

C D
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024 S-2

In the given circuit, the voltage across load

resistance RL is:

A 8.75 V

B 9.00 V

C 8.50 V

D 14.00 V
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024 S-2

In the given circuit, the voltage across load

resistance RL is:

A 8.75 V

B 9.00 V

C 8.50 V

D 14.00 V
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024 S-1

In the given circuit, the breakdown voltage of

the Zener diode is 3.0 V. What is the value of Iz?

A 7 mA

B 5.5 mA

C 10 mA

D 3.3 mA
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024 S-1

In the given circuit, the breakdown voltage of

the Zener diode is 3.0 V. What is the value of Iz?

A 7 mA

B 5.5 mA

C 10 mA

D 3.3 mA
De-MORGAN’S LAW
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024 S-1

Identify the logic operation performed by the

given circuit.

A AND

B NOR

C NAND

D OR
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024 S-1

Identify the logic operation performed by the

given circuit.

A AND

B NOR

C NAND

D OR
JEE 2024 Free Resource

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