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(Download PDF) Corporate Governance Creating Value For Stakeholders Shital Jhunjhunwala Full Chapter PDF
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Shital Jhunjhunwala
Corporate
Governance
Creating Value
for Stakeholders
Corporate Governance
Shital Jhunjhunwala
Corporate Governance
Creating Value for Stakeholders
Shital Jhunjhunwala
Faculty of Commerce and Business,
Delhi School of Economics
University of Delhi
New Delhi, Delhi, India
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
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microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
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now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
Acknowledgements
v
Disclaimer
This book is not intended, and should not be relied upon, as legal advice.
vii
Contents
ix
x CONTENTS
Board Leadership 43
CEO-Chairman Duality 44
Independent Chair 45
Board Committees 45
Selecting a Director: The Nomination Committee 46
Directors’ Remuneration 47
Remuneration Committee 49
References 51
3 Theoretical Perspectives of Corporate Governance 53
Theories and Development of Corporate Governance 53
Property Right Theory: Ownership and Control 53
Concentrated or Dispersed Ownership 53
Differential Voting Rights 55
Control 56
Conflict Theory of Corporate Governance 58
Principal-Agent Conflict: The Agency Theory 59
Principal-Principal Conflict 61
Agent-Agent Conflict 62
Managerial Hegemony Theory 62
Principal Cost Theory 63
Principal Costs 63
Agent Costs 63
Transaction Cost Economics 64
Theories of Harmonic Contract 65
Stewardship Theory 65
Resource Dependency Theory 66
Institutional Theories of Corporate Governance 66
Shareholder Primacy: Internal Pressure 67
Stakeholder Theory: External Pressure 68
National Systems Governance (NSG) Theory: Isomorphic
Pressure 69
References 71
4 Internal Control, Financial Oversight and Risk
Management 73
Financial Oversight 73
CONTENTS xi
Internal Control 75
IT Governance 76
Financial Controls 78
Reliability of Financial Statements 79
Audit and Auditors 86
Audit Committee 90
Composition 90
Role of Audit Committee 91
Risk Management 94
Data Protection 97
References 98
5 Global Corporate Governance Movement 101
The First Scams—UK Shaken, WakesUp 101
Cadbury Report 102
Board Effectiveness 103
Board Committees 103
Auditors 104
Shareholders 104
Disclosure and Transparency 104
UK Corporate Governance Code 105
Greenbury Report 105
Combined Code 105
Turnbull Report 106
The Higgs Report 106
The Smith Report 106
The Scandals of USA 106
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) 107
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (Title I) 107
Auditors Independence (Title II) 108
Corporate Responsibility (Title III) 108
Financial Disclosures (Title IV) 108
Analyst Conflicts of Interest (Title V) 109
Frauds and Penalties 109
The Reactive Regulator 114
Corporate Governance Initiatives in India 114
Background 114
Evolution of Corporate Governance in India 115
Companies Act 2013 119
xii CONTENTS
Index 267
List of Figures
xvii
xviii LIST OF FIGURES
xxi
xxii LIST OF TABLES
SH Company:
international and they need someone who can guide them. After
several months of search, they finally invite Prasad a CEO of a
fortune 500 company to join the board as a non-executive director.
Prasad recommends that to raise money, the company should
convert to a public limited company and then have an initial public
offering. He also advises that they should appoint a company secre-
tary who will ensure that all legal compliances are met. Ramkumar
is made the chief executive officer and given a huge salary hike.
Questions
Governance
2nd century BCE
Corporate
16th century
Corporate Governance
1960
methods for screening ministers and among others ethics and trade—
lessons which hold good even today, not just for governments but also
for companies.
Company: Company is a comparatively newer concept originating in
the sixteenth century in England. The joint-stock company, the basis of
the modern company, was first chartered in 1600s by Queen Elizabeth I
to pursue trading interest of the country. The East India Company had
over 1000 shareholders who elected a governing body of 24 directors
each year. Private companies came later where shares were sold to high
net worth investors who provided capital with limited risk. France was the
first in 1807 to create a law for the formation of company with limited
1 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: AN INTRODUCTION 7
Model Country
Directors Chairman
Chairman
and CEO
Inside Chief
Directors Executive
Officer
Management Management
Traditional Present
Shareholders Employees
Supervision &
Non Executive Supervisory
Accountability
Director Board
Appoint Strategy
Traditional Present
S. JHUNJHUNWALA
President
Shareholders
Appoint Appoint
Government Bank
Board of Audit and
Directors Supervisory
Monitor
Company Board
Keiretsu Management Outside Shareholders
Companies Independent Directors President
Board of Supervisory
Directors Board
Management
Board
X
X Independent
Non Executive
X X Director
Director
X
X
Promoters Nominee X X Executive
Directors X Director
Functional
CMD
Directors
Management
References
Berle, A. A., & Means, G. (1932). The modern corporation and private property.
Macmillan.
Cadbury, A. (1992). Report of the committee on the financial aspects of corporate
governance.
Eells, R. S. F. (1960). The meaning of modern business: An introduction to the
philosophy of large corporate enterprise (p. 108). Columbia University Press.
OECD. (2004). OECD principles of corporate governance.
OECD. (2015). G20/OECD principles of corporate governance. https://www.
oecd.org/corporate/principles-corporate-governance/
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1997). A survey of corporate governance. Journal
of Finance, 52(2), 737–783.
CHAPTER 2
Board of Directors
A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who
jointly oversee the activities of a company. They hold the company in
‘trust’ for the shareholders. As the word itself suggests, the board is
a group of persons entrusted with the overall direction of a corporate
enterprise. Board’s activities are determined by the powers, duties and
responsibilities delegated to it or conferred on it by an authority outside
itself. These matters are typically detailed in law and the organization’s
by-laws (adopted from S. Jhunjhunwala and K. R. Mishra, Diversity &
Effective Board, 2013) (Fig. 2.1).
Does the board actually run the business? The company is owned by
shareholders who elect the board of directors to act as trustees and protect
their investment and interest. The board of directors in turn appoints the
management team, who have operational responsibility of the organiza-
tion. The management periodically reports to the board of directors on
the functioning of the organization. The board is answerable to the share-
holders (adopted from S. Jhunjhunwala and R. K. Mishra, Diversity &
Effective Board, 2013) (Fig. 2.1).
What does the Board Do? (adopted from R. K. Mishra and S.
Jhunjhunwala, Diversity & Effective Board, 2013).
The responsibility of the board is to ‘manage the organization’ and the
responsibility of managers, i.e. the CEO and his team, is to ‘manage the
Corporate Structure
Shareholders
Answerable Elect
Board of Directors
Appoint
Reports &
Monitor
Management
Conducts Business
Direction
and
Governance Strategy
Supervision
and Control
Role of Board
Fig. 2.2 Role of board
• Compliance with the laws of the land and in accordance with the
regulatory environment.
Direct: The directors are responsible for giving strategic direction to the
organization. This entrepreneurial role involves:
»Uudesta säädystäni?»
»Jos olisit ollut täällä, Germano, et siis olisi suonut minulle sisaresi
kättä?»
*****
»Non liquet.»
»Non liquet.»
»Tarkoitan: sisimmässäsi?»
*****
*****
*****
*****
»Älä ota sieltä, Astorre», sanoi Ascanio. »Jos tahdot kuulla minun
neuvoani, niin ostat Dianalle uuden. Kuka tietää, millaisia juttuja
liittyy noihin käytettyihin sormuksiin. Osta uusi sillalta, firenzeläiseltä.
Tunnetko sen miehen? Mitenpä tuntisitkaan. Kuules kun kerron.
Palatessani varhain tänä aamuna Germanon kanssa kaupunkiin ja
ratsastaessamme yli ainoan siltamme täytyi meidän nousta satulasta
ja taluttaa hevosiamme. Oli niin suuri ihmistungos, sillä eräs
kultaseppä oli kuin olikin avannut puodin rappeutuneen siltapylvään
päässä, ja koko Padua temmelsi sen luona kauppaa tehden.
Minkätähden juuri ahtaalla sillalla, kun meillä on niin monta toria?
Siksi että Firenzen kultaseppien kaupat ovat Arnon sillalla. Ihailtavaa
muodin logikkaa: ainoastaan firenzeläiseltä voidaan saada hienoja
koristeita ja firenzeläinen myy aina sillalla. Hän aivan yksinkertaisesti
ei suostu tekemään toisin, muuten hänen tavaransa olisi arvotonta
rihkamaa eikä hän itse olisi mikään firenzeläinen, kuten tämä minun
luullakseni on. Jättiläiskirjaimilla on hänen myymälänsä päällä
kirjoitus: Niccolo Lippo dei Lippi, kultaseppä, jonka Arnon tienoilla
niin tavalliseksi tullut lahjottu, väärä tuomio on karkoittanut
kotiseudultaan. Nyt liikkeelle, Astorre! Nyt lähdetään sillalle!»
Astorre ei vastustanut. Hän tunsi varmaankin itse halua irtautua
kotinsa taikavoimasta, jonka vallassa hän oli ollut siitä saakka, kuin
riisui kaapunsa.
*****