Downsampling

Section 6, Nick Antipa, 3/9/2018

Based on slides by Jon Tamir

Some notes from Giulia Fanti, Frank Ong, Michael Lustig, A

Midterm 1
• ! " = ∑()*+
%&' , - .
*/0%1/)

)*+ 5)*+ ()*+

= 3 , - . */0%1/) + 3 , - . */0%1/) + 3 , - . */0%1/)

%&' %&) %&5)
• What is the problem with this?
My favorite example of aliasing
And
• http://i.imgur.com/8X8Fcoy.gifv
Downsampling

x[n] N y[n] = x[nN ]

• Compresses in the time domain

• Expands in the frequency domain
Alternative derivation of
downsampling DTFT
• Recall: A N-periodic sequence has a discrete Fourier
series (DFS):
N
X1
1 DFS Representation
s̃(m) = S̃k ej2⇡mk/N
N
k=0

N
X1
j2⇡km/N
S̃k = s̃(m)e DFS Coefficients
m=0
Alternative derivation of
downsampling DTFT
• Impulse train: X
s̃(m) = (m kN )
k2Z

• DFS Coefficients (check):

S̃k = 1

• DFS Representation: N
1 X1
s̃(m) = ej2⇡mk/N
N
k=0
Alternative derivation of
downsampling DTFT
x[n] N y[n] = x[nN ]
Alternative derivation of
downsampling DTFT
x[n] N y[n] = x[nN ]
Downsampling x[n] y[n]
N

&'
1. Stretch ! " #$ to !(" )
(

2. Create (N-1) copies of the stretched versions

3. Shift each copy by successive multiples of 2+ and add
4. Divide by N
Decimation (filtering and
downsampling)
Chirp
Q: for a chirp of length L seconds, ranging from !" to !# , what is the expression for
$% & , the continuous-time signal?

!# − !"
A: $% & = sin 2. !" + & &
1

Q: How fast do we need to sample this signal?

A: !2 > 2!#

Q: What is 45 6Ω ? (ignore effects of windowing)

Ω
A: 9:;&
2Ω"
Chirp
*- − *+
!" # = sin 2) *+ + # #
/
Q: What is x[n] if we sample exactly at Nyquist?
*- − *+
! 0 = sin 2) *+ + 10 10
/
Ω+ 0 0
= sin 0) 1− +
Ω- 4 4
omega
Q: Plot the frequency vs n
)
Ω+
)
Ω-

n
4
Downsample by 2 (without AA
filter)
() - -
Recall: ! " = sin "' (*
1−. +.

() 1- 1-
A: ! 2" = sin 2"' (*
1− .
+ .

Q: What is the frequency vs n now?

2'
Ω3 2" 2"
2' 1− +
Ω4 5 5
Ω3
2' '
Ω4
Ω3
'
Ω4
n
5 5
2
Chirp demo
Imaging example
image of an important plot
144

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164
90 92 94 96 98 100
Decimated by 2
decimated by 2
72 . .
decimated by 2
.
73

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75

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79

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81

82
45 46 47 48 49 50
Decimated by 2 again (4 total)
decimated by 4 decimated by 4
36

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40.5

41
22.5 23 23.5 24 24.5 25
Lowpass filter first
blurred image of an important plot
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90 92 94 96 98 100
Resampling looks fine!
properly resampled image properly resampled image
36

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22.5 23 23.5 24 24.5 25
Upsampling

x[n] N y[n]

• Expands in the time domain

• Compresses in the frequency domain

Y (ej! ) = X(ej!N )
Interpolation (Upsampling and
filtering)
Interpolation
1. Smooth discrete-time signal
• Low frequency content

2. Upsample by 3
• No longer smooth! Contains high frequencies

3. LPF
• Removes high frequencies