Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

For the American Public Power Association

1010565

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14234943
 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
For the American Public Power Association

1010565

Technical Update, December 2005

EPRI Project Manager

M. Duvall

ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304-1395 ▪ PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303-0813 ▪ USA
14234943800.313.3774 ▪ 650.855.2121 ▪ askepri@epri.com ▪ www.epri.com
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 CITATIONS
This document was prepared by
EPRI
3420 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Principal Investigator
M. duvall
This document describes research sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).
This publication is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following
manner:
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: For the American Public Power Association, EPRI, Palo Alto,
CA: 2005. 1010565

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14234943
 Plug-In Hybrid
Electric Vehicles

Mark Duvall
American Public Power Association
Plug-In HEV Symposium
November 17, 2005

Electric Transportation Research at EPRI

25 Years of Electric Transportation Research

• Current Activities
– Non-road ET: fast charging, electric material handling, airport
GSE, truckstop electrification, and emissions analyses.
– Plug in HEVs: transit buses and heavy duty vehicles,
paratransit, delivery vans, and passenger vehicles
© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 2

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 Electric-Drive Vehicles (EDVs)

Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

Use on on-board electricity
Recharged from electrical grid

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)

Electric drive system complement
combustion engine
Parallel or series drivetrain
Conventional or plug-in

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

Fuel cell generates electricity from hydrogen to
power and electric motor drive system
Hydrogen generated off-board or on-board
(via hydrocarbon reformation)
© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

Motivation

Four Primary Motivations

• Energy Security: Moderate consumption of petroleum-based
transportation fuels
• Climate Change: Reduce CO2 emissions
• Air Pollution: Attain air quality targets in critical areas.
Reduce well-to-wheels criteria emissions
• Economic Lower cost of business in nonattainment areas
Development Production and manufacturing of innovative and
new technologies
Four Options for Transportation Sustainability
• Energy Efficiency
• Biofuels (or other low CO2 alternative hydrocarbon fuels)
• Electricity (Renewable or low emitting)
• Hydrogen (Also renewable or low emitting)

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

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© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 5

Plug-in Hybrid Operating Strategy

• Maximize stored battery energy 1.2

= ZEV Mode

(to limits of battery performance

1

and durability) “ZEV Mode” 0.8

Battery SOC

Strategy 0.6

• HEV mode triggers include: 0.4

0.2

– Vehicle speed 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

– Battery SOC 1.2

Vehicle Distance Travelled/ZEV Range
= Motor Only
EV State

– Driver accel request

1

Charge-depletion 0.8

(optional)
Battery SOC

HEV 0.6

– Driving location 0.4

0.2

– System temperature 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Vehicle Distance Travelled/ZEV Range

• Need to balance operation with 1.2

= ZEV Mode

low operating costs Greenzone

1

0.8

• Vehicles should operate

Battery SOC

Strategy 0.6

indefinitely at minimum SOC 0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Vehicle Distance Travelled/ZEV Range

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 6

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 Modest Electric Range—Large Impact

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 7

Plug-In Hybrid Sprinter Van

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 8

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 Plug-In Hybrid Powertrain

Power Inverter Module

Fuel Tank
Onboard
Charger Electric Drive
Motor/Clutch System

14 kWh Lithium Ion

Battery System

Transmission
Combustion Engine

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Plug-In Hybrid Motivations

• Energy Security
• Climate Change
• Air Pollution
• Economic Development

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 10

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 Petroleum Consumption Rising Unsustainably

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 11

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 Plugging In Improves Equivalent
Fuel Economy

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 13

Main Impact of PHEV is to Reduce

Petroleum Consumption

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 14

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 Plug-In Hybrid Motivations

• Energy Security
• Climate Change
• Air Pollution
• Economic Development

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 15

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 Plug-In Hybrid Motivations

• Energy Security
• Climate Change
• Air Pollution
• Economic Development

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 17

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 MATES-II Model-Estimated Risk
From All Emission Sources (SCAQMD)

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 19

Power Plant Emissions are Declining

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 20

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 Cost and Market Potential

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 21

Vehicle Costs are Manageable

Retail Price Equivalent*

Vehicle Type RPE $ difference
(Argonne National Lab method)

HEV 0 = $16,400
Compact Sedan HEV 20 = $18,400
$2,000

HEV 0 = $21,370
Mid-size Sedan HEV 20= $22,970
$1,600

HEV 0 = $34,900
Mid-size SUV $2,400
HEV 20 = $37,300

HEV 0 = $42,040
Full size SUV $1,540
HEV 20 = $43,580

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. *based on 100,000/
22 year volumes in next decade

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 Societal Benefits of PHEVs

20 miles all electric range per charge

• = 35,000 – 60,000 ZEV miles with original pack

• Plus up to 70,000 – 100,000 PZEV gasoline ICE miles

• 30 - 40% less NOx and ROG than HEV 0

• 20-30% less CO2 than HEV 0

• 42% less petroleum (and trips to gas station) than

HEV 0
Source: HEVWG
© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 23

Midsize sedan Market Potential vs Price

Retail Price
Vehicle Market Potential
Equivalent

Conventional midsize
$19,000 --
sedan

midsize HEV 0 $21,370 46%

midsize HEV 20 $22,970 47%

• $1.75/gallon gasoline!
• O&M savings and/or pricing methods can pay for incremental cost of HEV 20
vs HEV 0
• Federal tax breaks and pricing methods can achieve HEV 20 price in low
volume near-term production
© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 24

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 Lifecycle Costs at $1.75/gallon

$35,000
CV
HEV 0
NPV Life Cycle Costs

$34,000
PHEV 20
$33,000

$32,000

$31,000

$30,000
$300 $350 $400 $450 $500 $550 $600
Battery Module Cost ($/kWh)

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 25

Batteries are Cost-Effective at

Sufficient Production Volumes

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 26

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 PHEV Load Predominately Off-Peak

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 28

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 The Dodge Plug-in Hybrid Sprinter

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 29

Plug-In Hybrid Utility Trouble Truck

• EATON is OEM
partner
• Utility participants—
LADWP, SCE, PG&E
• Grid-connected
• Off-board auxiliary
worksite power
• Zero worksite
emissions or idle time
• Improved fuel
economy

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 30

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 Technology Development

• PHEV design • PHEV test • Greenhouse gas • Grid impacts

development emissions • Vehicle charging
• Control systems
• Onboard data • Energy usage • Long-term
• Optimization collection • Criteria capacity and
• Battery develop. • Field data pollutants emissions
• Fuel cell analysis • Electricity and
systems • Web-based H2 infrastructure
• Cost model results

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 32

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 Key Challenge – Advanced Batteries

• Long term cycle life durability test with Southern California

Edison
– VARTA Nickel Metal Hydride
– SAFT Lithium Ion
• Based on PHEV Sprinter duty cycle
• Test profile composed of three main stages
– Deplete battery
– Operate battery at constant state-of-charge
– Recharge battery
(Each cycle equivalent to a 2.6-hour / 50-mile drive)

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 33

Lithium Ion Technology is Promising for

Plug-in Hybrids

• High energy, power density

• Likely to meet target cycle life (>2000 deep cycles)
• Cost-volume relationship equal or superior to NiMH
180

160
Battery Cell Energy (Watt-hours)

140

120

100
Assumed End-of-Life
80 (80% original capacity)
60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Cycle
34 number

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 EPRI Plug-in HEV Development Plan

Stage Activity Status

Phase 1 Multi-client study of benefits and impacts Complete
of HEV technology, cost, and market
Phase 2 Detailed feasibility studies of PHEV Complete
application to production vehicle
platforms
Phase 3 Develop and demonstrate prototypes with First U.S.
vehicle OEMs and utility and fleet prototypes
customers entering service
Phase 4 Major fleet demonstrations Scheduled to
begin 2006
Phase 5 Market introduction of PHEVs Underway,
attainable by
2008
© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 35

Plug-In Hybrid Initiative

Summary

• Electricity Must be a Transportation Fuel

– Energy Security
– Co2 Reduction
• Electric Drive System Development and
Integration is Key to a Competitive US Automotive
Industry
• Advanced Battery Technology Price and Maturity
- the Only Technology Hurdle
• EPRI Brings - Leadership, National Alliances,
PHEV Experience and the Alignment of Power
Generation, Transportation & the Environment

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 36

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 How Can Public Agencies Help?

• Participate in the research – EPRI Base Program

– Development of fundamental technologies for PHEVs
– Battery Systems, Energy Management,
Environmental Studies
• Participate in Demonstration Programs
– PHEV Sprinter, Utility Trouble Truck, etc
• Work to Form Collaboratives with OEMs
– Programs are cost-effective and within reach of
modest consortium of utilities or other partners

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 37

Thank You

Contact Info:
Mark Duvall
mduvall@epri.com

(650) 855-2591

Download EPRI Journal

www.epri.com

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19
 EPRI Hybrid Electric Vehicle Reports
(Publicly Available – No Cost)

• Phase 1
Comparing the Benefits and Impacts of Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Options
http://www.epriweb.com/public/000000000001000349.pdf

• Phase 1.5
Comparing the Benefits and Impacts of Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Options for Compact Sedans and Sport Utility Vehicles
http://www.epri.com/OrderableitemDesc.asp?product_id=1006892

• Phase 2
Advanced Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles
A Technology and Cost-Effectiveness Assessment for Battery Electric Vehicles, Power
Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
http://www.epriweb.com/public/000000000001009299.pdf

© 2005 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 39

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