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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Andy Ciddor is a technical writer, consultant, educator, and systems

technician. His unhealthy interest in how things work began when he
terminally dismembered an army field telephone at the age of eight.
Andy’s interests eventually expanded into wireless, audio, lighting,
electronics, AV, IT, software, control systems, communications,
technical production, cosmology, rocket science, neurobiology, etc.,
as the opportunities arose. He has contributed on a wide range of
subjects to publications across the English-speaking world and was
the founding editor of AV Technology magazine. His favorite place is
at the bottom of a steep learning curve.

About the Technical Editor

Greg Bronson, CTS-D, is a technical advisor for AVIXA. He has
worked as a technician, service manager, and system
designer/project manager over a 30+ year career in AV. Bronson is a
longtime volunteer and SME for AVIXA, including leadership roles
within its standards, education, committee, and council programs.
Copyright © 2021 by McGraw Hill and AVIXA. All rights reserved.
Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976,
no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any
form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written permission of the publisher, with the
exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and
executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for
publication.

ISBN: 978-1-26-013610-4
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TERMS OF USE

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 CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

Part I The CTS-Installation and CTS-I Exam

Chapter 1 Getting CTS-I Certification
Chapter 2 The CTS-I Exam

Part II The Basics of AV Installation

Chapter 3 Managing an AV Project
Chapter 4 Audiovisual Documentation
Chapter 5 Pre-installation Activities

Part III System Fabrication

Chapter 6 Cable Essentials
Chapter 7 Mounting AV Equipment
Chapter 8 Rack Build

Part IV AV Installation
Chapter 9 Audio Systems Installation
Chapter 10 Video Systems Installation

Part V System Setup, Verification, and Closeout

Chapter 11 Introduction to System Verification
Chapter 12 Networks
Chapter 13 Audiovisual Control Systems
Chapter 14 Audio Gain and System Equalization
Chapter 15 Video System Setup and Verification
Chapter 16 Conducting System Closeout

Part VI Ongoing Project Responsibilities

Chapter 17 Maintaining and Repairing Audiovisual Systems

Part VII Appendixes and Glossary

Appendix A Math Formulas Used in AV Installations
Appendix B AVIXA Standards
Appendix C AVIXA AV Standards Clearinghouse
Appendix D Video Link
Appendix E About the Online Content
Glossary

Index
 CONTENTS

Foreword
Acknowledgments

Part I The CTS-Installation and CTS-I Exam

Chapter 1 Getting CTS-I Certification

What Does a CTS-I Certified Installer Do?
AVIXA Certifications
Why Earn Your CTS-I Credential?
Are You Eligible for the CTS-I Exam?
AVIXA Standards
Getting Started

Chapter 2 The CTS-I Exam

The Scope of the CTS-I Exam
Exam Preparation Strategies
CTS-I Exam Sample Questions
Answers to Sample CTS-I Exam Questions
Mathematical Strategies
The Exam Calculator
Order of Operations
Electrical Calculations
Electrical Basics
The CTS-I Exam Application and Processes
Getting to the Testing Center
Identification Requirements
Items Restricted from the Exam Room
About the Exam
During the Exam
Dismissal or Removal from the Exam
Hazardous Weather or Local Emergencies
 Special Accommodations for Exams
Exam Scoring
Retesting
Chapter Review

Part II The Basics of AV Installation

Chapter 3 Managing an AV Project

Scope of Work
Project Planning
Developing a Plan
Managing Project Resources and Activities
Work Breakdown Structure
Gantt Chart for Project Schedules
Logic Network Diagram for Coordinating Resources
Managing the Project Budget
Monitoring Work at the Client Site
Other Project Management Activities
Providing Project Documentation
Information-Related Documents
Change Documentation
Types of AV Projects
Key Stages of AV Installation
Pre-installation
System Fabrication
AV Installation
AV Verification
System Closeout
Ongoing Project Responsibilities
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Chapter 4 Audiovisual Documentation

Types of Drawings
Audiovisual Drawings and Diagrams
Construction Drawings
Facility Drawings
 System Drawings
As-Built Drawings
The Basics of Drawings
Drawing Scales
Calculating Dimensions from Scaled Drawings
Converting Ratios
Converting Measurements
Drawing Dates
Elements of Drawings
Drawing Abbreviations
Drawing Symbols
Drawing Views
Plan View
Reflected Ceiling Plans
Elevation Drawings
Section Drawings
Detail Drawings
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Chapter 5 Pre-installation Activities

Types of Audiovisual Job Sites
Construction Site
Client-Occupied Space
Conducting a Site Survey
Technical Site Survey
Evaluating Facility Conditions
Drawing Review Process
De-installing Existing Equipment
Reusing Existing Equipment
Job Site Safety Guidelines
Safety Regulations
Safety Equipment
Audiovisual Tools
Working with Stakeholders and Other Trades
Typical Participants
Professional Behavior
Steps to Escalate a Problem
 Procuring Equipment and Supplies
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Part III System Fabrication

Chapter 6 Cable Essentials

Wire and Cable
Conductors
Insulation
Types of Cable Used in AV Systems
Coaxial Cable
Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable
Twisted-Pair Network Cables (Cat x)
Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable
Shielded Twisted-Pair Network Cables
Fiber-Optic Cable
Combination Cables
More About Fiber-Optic Cable
Distance Limitations of Fiber
Fiber Applications
Identifying Connectors
Fiber Connectors
Plotting a Cable Route
Cable Support Systems
Cable Tray
Conduit
Cable Duct
Hook Suspension Systems
Cable Handling
Electrical Boxes
Cable Labels
Cable Pulling
Cable Pulling Tools
Pulling Tension
Cable Pulling Techniques
Cable Snout
Conduit Capacity
 Jam Ratio
Cable Termination
Stripping Cable
Steps to Strip Cable
Stripping Coaxial Cable
Cable Termination Methods
Continuity Testing
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Chapter 7 Mounting AV Equipment

Mounting Process
Mounting Preparations
Review Tools Checklist
Inspect the Building Structure
Load and Weight Considerations
Mounting Hardware
Selecting Fasteners for Mounts
Drilling a Pilot Hole
Measuring Bolt Depth
Mount Placement
Floor Mounting
Wall Mounting
Ceiling Mounting
Mounting Malfunctions
Safety Considerations
Fire Safety
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Chapter 8 Rack Build

Types of AV Racks
Rack Styles
Rack Sizes
Rack Accessories
Rack Elevation Diagrams
Ergonomics
 Weight Distribution
Cooling a Rack
Building a Rack
Rack Assembly
Mounting Equipment
Mounting Wireless Equipment
Rack Wiring
Block Diagrams
Connecting Devices
Power Distribution Within a Rack
Rack Grounding
Signal Separation Within a Rack
Rack Dressing
Rack Build Checklist
Load-In
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Part IV AV Installation

Chapter 9 Audio Systems Installation

Decibels
Calculating Decibel Changes
Decibel Reference Levels
Perceived Sound Pressure Level
Audio Signal Pathway
Balanced and Unbalanced Circuits
Audio Signal Levels
Audio System Components
Microphones
Preamplifiers
Audio Mixers
Audio Processors
Power Amplifiers
Loudspeakers
Loudspeaker Systems
Installing Audio Components
Microphone Installation
 Loudspeaker Installation
Loudspeaker Installation Guidelines
Direct-Coupled and Constant-Voltage Loudspeaker Wiring
Direct-Coupled Loudspeakers
Constant-Voltage Loudspeakers
Loudspeaker Transformers
Loudspeaker Taps
Loudspeaker Wiring
Series Loudspeaker Circuit
Parallel Loudspeaker Circuit
Connecting Loudspeakers
Loudspeaker Impedance
Impedance Meter
Series Circuit Impedance Formula
Parallel Circuit, Same Impedance Formula
Parallel Circuit, Differing Impedance Formula
Series/Parallel Combination Formula
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Chapter 10 Video Systems Installation

Video Signals
Video Terms and Concepts
Aspect Ratio
Frame Rate
Refresh Rate
Interlaced Scanning
Progressive Scanning
High-Definition Video Formats
Analog Video
Analog Video Signal Types
Digital Video
Digital Video Signal Types
Video Transport
Digital Video Bandwidth Requirements
Signal Loss over Distance
HDMI Repeaters
Video System Components
 Cameras
Video Signal Processors
Media Servers
Media Players/Recorders
Projectors
Video Projection Technologies
Projection Screens
Direct View Displays
Video Wiring Schemes
Direct Connection
Looping Scheme
Distributed Scheme
Network Distribution Scheme
Installing Video Source Components
Cameras
Media Players
Media Servers
BYOD Support Connections
Installing Video-Processing Components
Distribution Amplifiers
Matrix Switcher
Transmitters and Receivers
Installing Video Display Components
Front-Projection Screens
Mounting an Electrically Operated Front-Projection Screen
Mounting a Manual Wall-Mounted Projection Screen
Rear-Projection Screens
Rear-Screen Installation
Rear-Screen Mirror Position
Rear-Screen Mirror Mounting
Projector Installation
Projector Position
Projector Offset
Keystone Correction
Ceiling-Mounted Projector
Mounting a Projector to the Ceiling
Flat-Panel Displays
Chapter Review
Review Questions
 Answers

Part V System Setup, Verification, and Closeout

Chapter 11 Introduction to System Verification

Standards Compliance
Performance Verification Standard
System Verification Process
Regional Regulations
Resources for Regional Codes
Verification Tools
Circuit Theory
AC and DC Currents
Circuits: Impedance and Resistance
Verifying Wiring and Power
System Wiring
Powering the System On/Off
Electrical Safety
Verifying Power and Earthing/Grounding
Power Distribution Basics
Safety Earth/Ground
Safety Reminders
Troubleshooting Methods
Step 1: Symptom Recognition and Elaboration
Step 2: List and Localize the Faulty Function
Step 3: Analysis
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Chapter 12 Networks
Role of IT Network Managers
Network Device Inventory
Ports and Protocols
Network Components
Nodes and Connections
Network Interface Controllers and MAC Addresses
Network Devices
The OSI Model
Layers of the OSI Model
The Layers
Data Transmission and OSI
Network Connections
Copper Twisted-Pair Network Cables
RJ-45 (8P8C) Connectors
Fiber-Optic Cable
Wi-Fi Connection
Ethernet
Local Area Networks
Topology
What Is Ethernet?
Isolating LAN Devices
AV over Networks
AV over Ethernet
AV over IP Networks
AES67 Interoperability
Dante
SMPTE ST2110
RAVENNA
Crestron DM NVX
AMX SVSI
Extron NAV
BlueRiver and SDVoE
Q-SYS
Wide Area Networks
WAN Topologies
Private and Public WANs
Internet Protocol
IP Addressing
IPv4 Addressing
Types of IP Addresses
IPv6 Addresses
Address Assignment
Static and Dynamic IP Addresses
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Reserve DHCP
Automatic Private IP Addressing
 Domain Name System
Internal Organizational DNS
Internal DNS Adoption
Transport Protocols
TCP Transport
UDP Transport
TCP vs. UDP
Ports
The Host Layers
The Session Layer
The Presentation Layer
The Application Layer
Bandwidth
Quality of Service
DiffServ
Security Technologies
Network Access Control
Firewall
Network Verification and Troubleshooting
Network Troubleshooting Tools
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Chapter 13 Audiovisual Control Systems

Control Systems Overview
Control System Functions
User Interfaces
Control System Hardware
Firmware
Control System Software
Types of Control Systems
Serial Data
USB
Network Control
Contact Closure
Infrared Control
Radio-Frequency Control
Control System Cable Tips
 Control System Signal-Flow Diagrams
Installing Control Systems
Installing Firmware
Verifying the Control System
Troubleshooting Control Systems
Talking Control with the Customer
Performance Verification Standard
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Chapter 14 Audio Gain and System Equalization

Audio-Testing Tools
Piezo Tweeter
Audio Signal Generators
Sound Pressure Level Meters
Multimeter
Measurement Microphone
Oscilloscope
Setting System Gain
Importance of Setting System Gain
Selecting a Method of Gain Structure
Unity Gain Method
Setting Unity Gain
System Optimization Method
The Benefits of Using the Optimization Method
Setting Gain Using the System Optimization Method
Setting Gain Structure for Audio DSPs
Mixer Input Adjustments
Microphone Input Adjustments
Line Input Adjustments
Power Amplifier Adjustments
Audio Equalization
Equalization Methods
Single-Channel vs. Dual-Channel Measurements
Room-Based Loudspeaker Measurements
Real-Time Analyzer
The RTA Method
Preparation for the RTA Method
 Taking RTA Measurements
Adjusting at the Equalizer
Recommended Response Curves
Dual-Channel FFT
Using Dual-Channel FFT
Tools for Using Dual-Channel FFT
The Dual-Channel FFT Method
Next Steps
Reading a Comb Filter
Adjusting for a Neutral Transfer Function
Finishing the Equalization Process
Performance Verification Standard
Audio Performance Verification Items
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Chapter 15 Video System Setup and Verification

Video Verification
Introduction to EDID
EDID Packets
How EDID Works
EDID Table
EDID Troubleshooting
EDID Tools
Resolution Issues
No Handshake, No Picture
Switching Sources
Managing EDID Solutions
Building an EDID Strategy
Digital Rights Management
High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection
HDCP Interfaces
How HDCP Works
HDCP Device Authentication and Key Exchange
HDCP Locality Check
HDCP Session Key Exchange
HDCP and Switchers
HDCP Authentication with Repeaters
 HDCP Device Limits
HDCP Troubleshooting
Verifying the Video Signal Path
Signal Extenders
Verifying Video Sources
Camera Adjustments
Verifying Display Components
Identify Display Parameters
Set Contrast
Set Chroma Level
Image System Contrast
Audio/Video Sync
Verifying Audio/Video Sync
Correcting Audio/Video Sync Errors
Video Verification Checklists
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Chapter 16 Conducting System Closeout

Performing Site Cleanup
Refuse Management
Cleaning a Screen
Closeout Documentation
Verification Standard for System Closeout
Drawings of Record
Operational Documentation
Punch/Snag/Problem List
Customer Training
Customer Sign-off
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Part VI Ongoing Project Responsibilities

Chapter 17 Maintaining and Repairing Audiovisual Systems

Troubleshooting
 Preparing to Troubleshoot
Selecting a Strategy
Troubleshooting in Live Events
System Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance
Devising a Preventive Maintenance Schedule
Creating a Maintenance Log
Maintaining Your Tools
Staying Sharp
Staying Safe
Staying Accurate
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers

Part VII Appendixes and Glossary

Appendix A Math Formulas Used in AV Installations

Using the Proper Order of Operations
Steps to Solving Word Problems
Step 1: Understand the Problem
Step 2: Create a Plan
Step 3: Execute Your Plan
Step 4: Check Your Answer
Rounding
Some AV Math Formulas

Appendix B AVIXA Standards

Published Standards, Recommended Practices, and Technical Reports
Standards in Development

Appendix C AVIXA AV Standards Clearinghouse

Appendix D Video Link

Appendix E About the Online Content

System Requirements
Your Total Seminars Training Hub Account
 Privacy Notice
Single User License Terms and Conditions
TotalTester Online
Technical Support
Glossary

Index
 FOREWORD

What does it take to create an exceptional audiovisual experience?

What creates a spectacle that wows people or the type of integrated
collaboration space that makes companies more productive? It takes
the right combination of content, space, and technology, but it also
takes you. It takes trained professionals—integrators, designers,
manufacturers, distributors, and technology managers.
AVIXA™, the Audiovisual and Integrated Experience Association,
believes in the value of creating experiences through technology—
experiences that lead to better outcomes through enhanced
communication, entertainment, and education. To deliver these
experiences and outcomes, our industry must continually master its
craft. That means staying well-trained, using and understanding
standards, and committing to professional certifications. Building
integrated audiovisual experiences is guided by the science of sight
and sound, activated by technology, and realized by dedicated
specialists.
For more than 30 years, AVIXA has administered the Certified
Technology Specialist™ (CTS®) program, which is recognized as the
leading AV professional credential. There are three CTS credentials:
general (CTS), design (CTS-D), and installation (CTS-I). There are
currently more than 12,000 CTS holders, and more than 2,000 of
them are CTS-D or CTS-I holders. The CTS program is accredited by
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to meet the
International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ISO/IEC 17024:2012 certifications
of personnel standards.
As you will learn in this guide, a CTS-I installs and maintains AV
systems through a series of industry-accepted skills and best
practices. Those who hold the CTS-I credential, like its counterpart
for the AV design community, the Certified Technology Specialist–
Design (CTS-D), are members of a special group of AV professionals
who have gone beyond foundational experience and dedicated
themselves to quality work, focused expertise, and the confidence of
the people they work with.
So, congratulations on your decision to pursue your CTS-I
certification. We hope this guide helps you reach your goals and
continue to advance this exciting industry.
What’s inside these pages? For starters, everything you might
expect.
Despite changes in AV technology, many skills remain the same.
CTS-I professionals are proficient in building racks, terminating
cables, setting audio gain, and verifying the performance of installed
AV systems. All of those subjects are covered here.
Today’s CTS-I can also configure and troubleshoot modern AV
protocols, such as extended display identification data (EDID) and
high-bandwidth digital content protection (HDCP)—two important
attributes of today’s high-definition video systems. Both, and many
more, are addressed in this guide.
Finally, a CTS-I knows that the so-called convergence of AV and IT
technologies is yesterday’s news. Convergence has happened. As a
result, AV installers must know how to integrate and control AV gear
on a network. They must understand Internet protocols, network
security, and a host of other IT concerns that help ensure networked
AV systems operate as promised without affecting other services.
The CTS-I Certified Technology Specialist–Installation Exam Guide,
Second Edition includes a networking chapter devoted to such AV/IT
skills.
All told, the document in your hands encapsulates the AVIXA
knowledge base for aspiring CTS-I holders. Even if you have never
taken the CTS-I exam, this guide represents a handy reference for
those in the field. It reflects the necessities of being a modern,
expert AV installer; as such, it also reflects that the CTS-I exam as it
has changed over time. For more on the exam itself, see Chapter 2.
The CTS-I Certified Technology Specialist-Installation Exam Guide,
Second Edition will prepare you for the CTS-I exam, but it is not
required reading, and for good reason.
The CTS-I credential is accredited by ANSI under the ISO/IEC 17024
General Requirements for Bodies Operating Certification Schemes of
Persons program. For many, an ANSI/ISO/IEC certification is an
additional mark of distinction. There are roughly 1 million ANSI-
certified professionals across different industries. In accordance with
globally recognized principles, no single publication or class will
necessarily prepare you for the CTS-I exam, nor are you obligated to
enroll in AVIXA courses to take the exam. If, however, you are
interested in other ways that AVIXA can help establish your
professional qualifications, visit us at avixa.org/certification-
section/cts-i.
This is an exciting time to be part of the AV industry. By certifying
your skills, you’ve shown already that you are committed to your
own success and to the success of AV professionals everywhere.
Now you’re ready to go a step further and be a leader in this
industry. We thank you for your commitment and wish you luck in
your certification journey.
David Labuskes, CTS, CAE, RCDD
Chief Executive Officer
AVIXA
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thank you to the countless audiovisual professionals who have

contributed to the knowledge base that resides at AVIXA. These
professionals have also recognized the need for advanced study and
experience in the field of AV systems integration, resulting in the
Certified Technology Specialist-Installation (CTS-I) exam and
certification.
The repository of knowledge at AVIXA continues to grow as
inventors, manufacturers, engineers, system designers, system
integrators, subject matter experts, AV technicians, and instructors
share their expertise and develop new solutions. This edition of the
CTS-I Certified Technology Specialist-Installation Exam Guide draws
heavily on that accumulated knowledge and expertise, together with
help from the volunteer subject matter experts whose efforts
assisted in steering this book down the ever-changing technology
path that is twenty-first-century AV.
I would like to thank AVIXA for giving me the opportunity to work on
this exciting project, with special thanks to the project supervisor,
Bob Higginbotham, CTS-I, CTS-D; our technical editor, Greg
Bronson, CTS-D; and Charles Heureaux and Will Murillo, who
stepped out of their normal roles to prepare the artwork for this
edition. At McGraw Hill, my profound thanks go to Tim Green, Emily
Walters, Claire Yee, and Patty Mon for once more patiently guiding
me through the process of creation. At KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
my thanks are to Garima Poddar and Neelu Sahu and their team for
wrangling the manuscript through the production process.
Most of all, I would like to offer my heartfelt thanks to the countless
legions of technicians, directors, designers, engineers, trainers,
educators, clients, and innocent bystanders who have patiently (and
sometimes not so patiently) answered my questions during a lifetime
of inquiring as to what it is, how it works, and why they did it that
way.
Like every twenty-first-century technical writer, I must acknowledge
the contributions of Vannevar Bush and Ted Nelson, whose concept
of hypertext, and its child, the World Wide Web, made researching
this work possible. I must also tip my hat to Jimmy Wales and his
imperfectly amazing Wikipedia project, which serves as such a
valuable launching point for journeys into the unknown.
This guide happened only because of my partner Val’s
encouragement, support, and tolerance, together with the cheering
on from the sidelines from my adult offspring, Rivka, Lachlan, and
Rhian.
Congratulations for extending your skills to the CTS-I level, and best
wishes for success in the exam.
—Andy Ciddor, 2021

Special thanks go to the AVIXA volunteer task group members Mike

Tomei, CTS-D, CTS-I, Tomei AV Consulting; Mark Madison, CTS-D,
CTS-I, senior director, Diversified, and Jason Antinori, CTS-D, senior
design specialist, TELUS, for sharing both time and expertise
throughout the technical edit process.

2021 AVIXA Board of Directors

Leadership Search Committee Chair: Jeff Day, President, North of IO
Advisors
Chairman: Jon Sidwick, President, Collabtech Group
Vice Chair: Samantha Phenix, CEO, Phenix Consulting
Secretary-Treasurer: Martin Saul, CEO, ICAP Global
Directors: Ian Harris, CTS-D, President and Principal Consultant, ihD
Ltd
Alexis La Broi, CTS, Director of Sales, Mid-Atlantic and New England,
ihD Ltd
Cathryn Lai, Senior Vice President and General Manager of the US
Scientific Games, Digital
Tobias Lang, CEO, Lang AG
Alexandra Rosen, Director of Communications and Thought
Leadership, GoDaddy
Kay Sargent, Senior Principal/Director of Workplace, HOK
Jatan Shah, Chief Operating and Technology Officer, QSC
Brad Sousa, Chief Technology Officer, AVI Systems

AVIXA Staff
David Labuskes, CTS, CAE, RCDD, CEO Dan Goldstein, Chief
Marketing Officer
Pamela M. Taggart, CTS, Vice President, Content Creation
Bob Higginbotham, CTS-D, CTS-I, Director, On-Demand Training and
Standards
Jodi Hughes, Director of Content Delivery
Nicole R. Verardi, Senior Director Marketing
Kelly Smith, Manager Marketing
Zachary Fisher, CTS, Senior Developer On-Demand Content
Chuck Espinoza, CTS-D, CTS-I, Senior Staff Instructor
Leslie Rivera, Developer On-Demand Content
Charles Heureaux, Instructional Graphic Designer
William Murillo, Senior Designer
Michelle Bollen, Standards Developer
Loanna Overcash, Standards Developer
 PART I

The CTS-Installation and CTS-I

Exam

Chapter 1 Getting CTS-I Certification

Chapter 2 The CTS-I Exam
 CHAPTER 1

Getting CTS-I Certification

In this chapter, you will learn about
• What types of work an AV installer does
• The benefits of earning a CTS-I credential
• Eligibility criteria for taking the CTS-I exam
• AVIXA certifications and work on establishing standards

As a Certified Technology Specialist (CTS), you already know what

audiovisual (AV) systems integration firms do for their clients. You
may have performed a number of the basic tasks routinely in your
career. At this point, you are ready to make a greater commitment to
your professional life in AV systems installation and integration by
preparing for the Certified Technology Specialist-Installation (CTS-I)
exam. Congratulations on your decision, and welcome to this self-
study guide.

You may have noticed that some of your colleagues and supervisors
with advanced skills are engaged in specific aspects of complex and
innovative AV projects. For many decades, the commercial AV
industry has been at the forefront of deploying new digital audio,
video, and AV networking technologies that increase workplace
efficiencies and enhance the end-user experience. AVIXA has already
completed 80 years of service and support to the professional AV
community.
The industry employs thousands of technicians, installers, and
designers who are responsible for creating some of the most exciting
AV experiences at museums, trade shows, hotels, arenas,
entertainment complexes, parks, shopping centers, and theaters, as
well as installing dependable AV communication and collaboration
systems at corporations, universities, government, schools, and
other nonprofit institutions. Commercial-grade AV systems are
utilized in just about every industry, and as new technologies
emerge, AV installers are involved in replacing old technologies and
installing new systems.

What Does a CTS-I Certified

Installer Do?
AV projects involve a multitude of skills and knowledge that draw
from several disciplines, including engineering, science, and the arts.
When you prepared for your CTS exam, you studied the basics of
how audio and video systems work. Your study for certification and
work experience would have given you a strong foundation of the
basic skills and general principles that come into play when working
on an AV project.
As you prepare for the CTS-I exam, you will need to hone some of
those basic skills and move ahead with mastering more specific
ones. An installer performs specialized tasks to set up and maintain
AV systems by doing the following:

• Following specifications, schematics, codes, and safety

protocols
• Administering installation process logistics
• Troubleshooting and problem-solving systems
• Maintaining tools and equipment
• Communicating with clients, designers, other trades,
other installers, and staff to provide the best AV solutions
for client needs, on time and within budget
These are the overall or general activities performed by an AV
installer. AVIXA has developed a job task analysis (JTA), which is a
comprehensive list of the key responsibilities (referred to as duties)
and the tasks that an installer should demonstrate proficiency in.
Based on the JTA, AVIXA’s independent certification committee has
created a CTS-I exam content outline. Both the JTA and outline are
available at the organization’s website and are included in the free
CTS-I Candidate Handbook (available in print and online at
www.avixa.org/training-certification/certification/cts-i).
The content and practice exercises in this book do not follow the
CTS-I exam content outline perfectly, or the order in which the exam
questions are presented. Instead, the content follows the course of
installation from pre-installation activities to completion and sign-off.

AVIXA Certifications
Certification shows your commitment to being the best in the AV
field. The continuing education that accompanies certification will
help keep you up to date with advancing technologies. Pursuing
advanced certification is an excellent decision for your company and
career.
Currently, three CTS certifications are available:

• Certified Technology Specialist (CTS)

• Certified Technology Specialist-Design (CTS-D)
• Certified Technology Specialist-Installation (CTS-I)

All three of AVIXA’s certifications have achieved accreditation

through the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and
the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) as administered
by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in the United
States. They have been accredited by ANSI to the ISO/IEC 17024
personnel standard—the AV industry’s only third-party accredited
personnel certification program. These are the only certifications in
the AV industry to achieve ANSI accreditation.
The certification programs are administered independently by
AVIXA’s certification committee. You can learn more about how the
exams are developed and administered, as well as how to maintain
your certification, by visiting the certification website at
www.avixa.org/certification.

Why Earn Your CTS-I Credential?

Earning your CTS-I credential demonstrates to your employer that
you take your job in the AV industry seriously. A career in the
installation world is a commitment. You are dedicating your
professional life to a higher level of excellence that can be achieved
only through education and expertise in the AV field.
Although certification is not a guarantee of performance by certified
individuals, Certified Technology Specialist holders at all levels of
certification (CTS, CTS-D, CTS-I) have demonstrated AV knowledge
and skills. Certified individuals adhere to the CTS Code of Ethics and
Conduct and maintain their status through continued education.
Certification demonstrates commitment to professional growth in the
AV industry and is strongly supported by AVIXA.
The CTS credential is recognized worldwide as the leading AV
professional credential. Holding a CTS shows your professionalism
and technical proficiency and increases your credibility and your
customers’ confidence. So why take the next step toward specialized
certification?
The general CTS is exactly that: general. It demonstrates a broad
base of knowledge and experience in the AV industry. The CTS-I
credential demonstrates mastery of a particular sector of the
industry: systems integration. It is narrower than the CTS, but it is
also more technical, more in-depth, and more advanced. That is why
more than half of independent design consultants require the CTS-I
in their bid specifications, according to the results of the CTS Survey
of Consultants, published by AVIXA.
Employers, technology managers, and design consultants want to
know that the people installing their systems can do the following:

• Perform all the common AV cable termination types

• Spot an improperly connected termination on sight
• Set up systems to meet exacting design specifications
• Configure cutting-edge technologies, including
networked devices, digital signal processors, and
distributed digital video
• Verify that the system performs exactly according to
need, intent, and design
• Perform in-depth troubleshooting
• Shoulder the responsibility of maintaining a system over
the long term

All that takes experience and know-how that a general CTS cannot
necessarily be assumed to have. When a company hires a CTS-I,
however, it can feel confident of getting a seasoned professional who
is ready to execute all these duties independently from day one. A
CTS is a valuable team member. A CTS-I leads the team.
When are you ready to take the next step from general CTS
certification to specialized CTS-I certification? If you are ready to
take on the most challenging technical aspects of systems
integration, if you are ready to take responsibility for the overall
quality of the systems you install, or if you are ready to lead, then
you are ready for the CTS-I.

Are You Eligible for the CTS-I

Exam?
To be considered eligible to sit for the CTS-I certification
examination, you must meet the following prerequisites:

• Hold a current CTS certification

• Be in good standing with the certification committee (in
other words, have no ethics cases or sanctions)
• Have two years of AV industry experience

There are several other process requirements, such as proof of

identity and an application fee. The CTS-I Candidate Handbook
contains all the information on the eligibility requirements, as well as
the application form.

AVIXA Standards
AVIXA is an ANSI-accredited standards developer. When working in
the AV industry, you will need to know the standards set by AVIXA
for guidance in your work or running your AV business. Questions on
the CTS-I exam may also be based on these standards. So, in
addition to what you will be learning in preparation for the CTS-I
exam, you should take a few minutes to become familiar with these
standards.
ANSI/AVIXA-approved standards include the following:

• Audio Coverage Uniformity in Enclosed Listener Areas

• Standard Guide for Audiovisual Systems Design and
Coordination Processes
• Cable Labeling for Audiovisual Systems
 • Image System Contrast Ratio
• Rack Design for Audiovisual Systems
• Audiovisual Systems Energy Management
• Rack Building for Audiovisual Systems
• Audiovisual Systems Performance Verification

Want to learn more about standards? AVIXA has many more

standards currently in development. Visit www.avixa.org/standards
to learn more. AVIXA Elite-level members can download the
standards for free from AVIXA’s website. All completed standards can
be purchased from the AVIXA web store at https://store.avixa.org/.
As technologies evolve and innovations spawn new ones, the need
to develop and establish standards for new devices, software, and
system solutions is ongoing. You can count on AVIXA to address the
need for standardization in the future.

Getting Started
When preparing for a computer-based exam like the CTS-I exam,
your ability to read, analyze, and respond to multiple-choice
questions quickly will make a big difference on your exam scores.
There are many strategies for locating the correct answer in a
multiple-choice question.

VIDEO Watch the videos on multiple-choice questions and on

demystifying AVIXA certification. The tips provided in the multiple-choice

questions video could save you time when separating the right answer from the
distracters, either by reinforcing the correct answer or by eliminating one or
two wrong answers. Check Appendix D for a link to these and other videos.

The next chapter will suggest more ways in which you can prepare
for the CTS-I exam.
 CHAPTER 2

The CTS-I Exam

In this chapter, you will learn about
• The scope of the CTS-I exam
• Exam preparation strategies
• Math strategies
• Sample exam questions
• The CTS-I exam application

Now that you understand what a professional audiovisual installer

does, the benefits of earning Certified Technology Specialist-
Installation (CTS-I) certification, and the eligibility requirements, you
will want to start preparing for the exam. Your preparation for the
CTS-I exam should include courses recognized for CTS-I eligibility
and a study of the material in this exam guide. What you learn on
the job will also help reinforce some of the knowledge you gain from
classroom and online courses, as well as self-study.

This chapter describes the content that the CTS-I exam questions
are based on and the strategies you will need to focus on to
accurately answer the questions. It also provides math strategies to
solve equations by correctly using the order of operations with the
TI-30XS MultiView calculator, as well as a primer on making
calculations based on Ohm’s law.
AVIXA regularly updates the CTS-I exam content and procedures for
taking the exam, so be sure to visit AVIXA’s website to obtain the
latest information and requirements.

The Scope of the CTS-I Exam

The CTS-I exam tests the knowledge and skills required by an
audiovisual professional to earn the CTS-I certification. To create the
CTS-I exam, a group of volunteer audiovisual subject matter experts
(SMEs), guided by professional test development experts,
participated in an audiovisual (AV) system installation job task
analysis (JTA) study. The results of this study form the basis of a
valid, reliable, fair, and realistic assessment of the skills, knowledge,
and abilities required for competent job performance by AV
professionals who specialize in AV system installation and
integration.
In creating the JTA, the group of volunteer SMEs identified major
categories or duties, as well as topics within each duty, based on the
tasks that a certified individual might perform on an AV installation
job. The exam development team examined the importance,
criticality, and frequency of AV installation tasks on typical projects
and used the data to determine the number of CTS-I exam
questions related to each duty and task.
Based on the JTA, the CTS-I exam content outline categorizes the
subject matter in five duties and lists the tasks in each of the areas
that will be addressed in the exam. It includes the percentage each
topic represents and the number of questions dedicated to each on
the exam. Table 2-1 lists the duties and tasks, as well as the number
of questions on the exam for each.
Table 2-1 CTS-I Exam Content Outline

Exam Preparation Strategies

You can prepare for the CTS-I exam in a number of ways, including
studying this book. One place to start is to perform a self-
assessment of your AV installation knowledge in order to identify
your strengths and weaknesses. You will find free sample questions
that are similar to the questions presented on the CTS-I at the link
listed in Appendix E.

NOTE Because the CTS-I exam is designed to comply with ANSI

standards, the CTS-I sample exam is not allowed to include actual exam
questions, and practice questions may not be informed by the exam itself. Any
practice question you find here or elsewhere is written to be similar to an
actual CTS-I exam question.

It is also a good idea to thoroughly review the exam content outline

and the JTA. When reviewing the exam outline, focus on the major
content areas and the tasks listed for each duty. The greater the
number of exam questions for a task, the more emphasis you might
place on studying that content and mastering how to perform that
task. For example, because 37 percent of the exam covers installing
AV systems (duty C), you will want to spend more of your study time
focused on that content and the ten tasks within that area that the
questions will be based on.
The JTA provides a comprehensive list of topics and the skills in each
area. Your work experience may give you confidence in performing
certain tasks and knowing the answers to related questions. For
example, you may have been involved in conducting a technical site
survey (duty A, task 2) and know how to calculate conduit
capacities.
But if you were not involved in conducting field engineering, you
might not know how to make installation decisions in response to
site assessment (duty E, task 4). Hence, you may want to
concentrate your study on topics in the JTA that you are not familiar
with. You may find it useful to download the JTA (from the free CTS-
I Candidate Handbook at www.avixa.org/ctsi) to your mobile device
for easy and frequent review, as well as highlight and annotate the
topics and skills you need to work on.
The content relating to the duties and tasks in the JTA are covered
in this book in five main sections:

I Pre-installation activities such as interpreting

drawings and other documentation
II System fabrication (building AV racks)
III Audio and video systems installation and integration
IV System verification
V Conducting system closeout, including cleanup and
customer training

The content and sample questions in this book are based on the
same JTA and exam content outline as the CTS-I exam. However,
because the exam questions are secret, there can be no guarantee
that this book will cover every question on the exam or that the
exam will address every topic in this book. This book prepares you
for a career as a certified AV installer—not just for the credentialing
exam.
While working in the AV industry, you may have come across
numerous acronyms and technical terms. Study the glossary in this
book to get familiar with the definition of terms.

CTS-I Exam Sample Questions

The CTS-I exam is composed of 100 multiple-choice questions that
address each of the duties and tasks listed in Table 2-1. The
questions focus primarily on issues that an AV professional may
encounter when working on a specific job or task, rather than on
general AV technology knowledge. Ten of the questions are pilot
questions; these questions will not be scored, but you will not know
which of the questions are the pilot ones.

Table 2-2 Characteristics of Voltage, Current, Resistance, Impedance, and Power

Here are five examples of the types of questions that may appear on
the CTS-I exam. For each question, the duty and task from which
the question is drawn are identified within brackets preceding the
question. The correct answer to each question is provided after
these five questions.
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