A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

“WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE

PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS OF

THIRD YEAR OF ENGINEERING

(Electronics and Telecommunication)

BY

Kankal Shubhangi Kailas

Patil Vaishnavi Rajendrasingh
Wadekar Onkar Santosh

Under The Guidance of

Mr. B. N. Rajole

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NASHIK DISTRICT MARATHA VIDYA PRASARAK SAMAJ’S

KARMAVEER ADV.BABURAO GANPATRAO THAKARE COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
NASHIK-422 013
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2019-20
 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

This is to certify that Mini Project Entitled

“WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER”
Submitted by

Kankal Shubhangi Kailas Exam No: 71926910F

Patil Vaishnavi Rajendrasingh Exam No: 71926922K
Wadekar Onkar Santosh Exam No: 71926925D

is a bonafide work carried out by Students under the supervision of

Mr. B. N. Rajole and it is submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the
requirement of
Third Year of Engineering (Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering).

Mr. B. N. Rajole Dr.V.M.Birari

Internal Guide HOD

Principal
NDMVPS’s KBT College of Engineering

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

 MINI PROJECT APPROVAL SHEET

A Mini Project Title

“WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER”

Is successfully completed by

Kankal Shubhangi Kailas Exam No:71926910F

Patil Vaishnavi Rajendrasingh ExamNo:71926922K
Wadekar Onkar Santosh Exam No.71926925D

At

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Nashik District Maratha Vidya Prasarak Samaj’s

Karmaveer Adv. Baburao Ganpatrao Thakare
College of Engineering, Nashik-13

Academic Year: 2019-20 (SEM-II)

Mr. B. N. Rajole Dr.V.M.Birari

Internal Guide H.O.D
Dept.of E&TC Engg. Dept.of E&TC Engg.
 Acknowledgement

It gives us great pleasure in presenting the Mini Project report on

‘WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER’.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank our internal guide Mr.B.N.Rajole for giving
us all the help and guidance we needed. We are really grateful to them for their kind support.
Their valuable suggestions werevery helpful.

We are also grateful to Dr.V.M.Birari, Head Department of Electronics &

Telecommunication Engineering, NDMVPS’s KBT- COE, Nashik for his indispensable support,
suggestions.

With deep sense of gratitude we thank to Principal and Management of NDMVPS’s KBT
College of Engineering, Nashik for providing all necessary facilities and their constant
encouragement and support THANK YOU...

Project members :

Kankal Shubhangi

Patil Vaishanavi

Wadekar Onkar
 Abstract

The main objective of the project is this system mainly works on a principle that “water
conducts electricity”. The four wires which are dipped into the tank will indicate the different
water levels. Based on the outputs of these wires, microcontroller displays water level on LCD
as well as controls the motor.The motor is switched OFF when the overhead tank or container
is FULL. Here, the water level of the tank is indicated on LCD (Liquid crystal Display). Using
this system, we can avoid the overflow of the water. But, here we are designing the circuit which
is used to detect and control the water level automatically in overhead tank using 8051
microcontroller.

Water Level Controller using 8051 Microcontroller project will help in automatically
controlling the water motor by sensing the water level in a tank. This system monitors the water
level of the tank and automatically switches ON the motor whenever tank is empty. The motor
is switched OFF when the overhead tank or container is FULL. Here, the water level of the tank
is indicated on LCD (Liquid crystal Display). Using this system, we can avoid the overflow of
the water. But, here we are designing the circuit which is used to detect and control the water
level automatically in overhead tank using 8051 microcontroller. In this system, water sensing
can be done by using a set of 4 wires, which are placed at different levels in tank. DC supply
probe is placed at the base of the tank.
Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction…………………………………..........................................8
1.2 Need of project…………………………………………………………………..9
1.3 Motivation…………………………………………………………………………9
1.4 Objectives………………………………………………………………………….9
1.5 Applications………………………………………………………………………9
1.6 Advantages………………………………………………………………………10
1.7 Limitations………………………………………………………………………10

2. Proposed Work

2.1 Block Diagram………………………………………………………………….12

2.1.1 Block Diagram Explaination…………………………………………13

2.2 Circuit Diagram………………………………………………………………..14

2.2.1 Working Of Circuit Diagram…………………………………………15

2.3 Power Supply Calculations…………………………………………………16

2.4 System Circuit Diagram……………………………………………………..21
2.4.1 Working Of System……………………………………………………..22

3. Analysis And System Approach

3.1 PCB Layout………………………………………………………………………24
3.2 3D View of PCB………………………………………………………………..25
3.3 3D Model of System………………………………………………………….26

4. Software Implementation
4.1 Program Flowchart…………………………………………………………..28
4.2 Program Algorithm…………………………………………………………..29

5. Result
5.1 Simulation Result……………………………………………………………..31

6. Future Scope And Conclusion

6.1 Future Scope…………………………………………………………………….34
6.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….35

7. References…………………………………………………………………………37
 Chapter – 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Water level controller, the name itself indicates that an electronic device or circuit kit
used for controlling the water level can be termed as a water level controller. It is difficult
to know the level of water in the overhead tank such that wastage of water can happen
frequently. To conserve water, avoid overflow of water in the overhead tank which may
cause loss of water, loss of electrical power, etc.,. Thus, ultrasonic water level controller
using 8051 microcontroller is an innovative electronics project application for controlling
water level.

Water Level Controller using 8051 Microcontroller project will help in automatically
controlling the water motor by sensing the water level in a tank. This article explains you
how to detect and control the water level in an overhead tank or any other container. This
system monitors the water level of the tank and automatically switches ON the motor
whenever tank is empty.

The motor is switched OFF when the overhead tank or container is FULL. Here, the
water level of the tank is indicated on LCD (Liquid crystal Display). Using this system, we
can avoid the overflow of the water.

But, here we are designing the circuit which is used to detect and control the water level
automatically in overhead tank using 8051 microcontroller.

In this system, water sensing can be done by using a set of 4 wires, which are placed at
different levels in tank. DC supply probe is placed at the base of the tank. The water level
controller using 8051 microcontroller automatically switches ON the motor
whenever the tank is empty and switches OFF the motor whenever the tank is full.

In our day-to-day life we use overhead water tank, if water level controller is designed,
then we can save water and electrical energy also. The water level controller block diagram
is shown below figure which consists of water sensors, transistor, level indicator, battery.

The water level sensors used in this project are insulated copper cables, three water
sensor cables are used for demonstrating three levels of water, such as empty, half and full
levels of water in overhead tank.
1.2 Need of project:
A water level controller is a device that manages water levels on a variety of systems
such as water tanks, pumps and swimming pools. The basic function of a water level
controller is to regulate water flow and optimize system performance. One of the main
advantages of water level control devices includes the ability to control power fluctuations when
the motor is switched on. Most of these devices ensures uninterrupted water supply by filling the
overhead tank once it is below level. The motor power is switched on when the overhead tank
becomes empty and switches off automatically when the underground tank is empty or the
overhead tank becomes full. In this way it becomes easy to ensure 24 hours water supply without
any kind of interruption.

1.3 Motivation:
The use of water level control devices also avoids running the pumps during odd
hours, particularly at night. It also ensures maximum water supply during peak hours
especially during morning hours. The special sensors and time controllers are apt in
pumping the water level to its maximum before the peak hours. It also maintains the
water level throughout the day.

1.4 Objectives:
The use of water level control also avoids running the pumps during odd hours,
particularly at night. It also ensures maximum water supply during peak hours especially
during morning hours. The special sensors and time controllers are apt in pumping the
water level to its maximum before the peak hours. It also maintains the water level
throughout the day.

1.5 Applications:

• Used in big buildings where the manual monitoring is difficult.

• Used in industries to control the liquid level automatically.
1.6 Advantages:

• Saves Power
Using a water level controller saves power. This is because water levels are controlled
automatically, which limits the amount of electricity used. As a result, less water and power
are used to regulate a water supply. In an age where energy conservation is of utmost
importance, using one of these devices is very beneficial.

• Saves Human Efforts

Works Automatically Another big advantage is that these devices can work on their own.
Thanks to timer switches, there is no need to operate them manually. This means that the
frustrations involved with monitoring something like a water tank is minimized, and the
water levels will be where they should be.

• Maximizes Water Usage

Additionally, water usage can be maximized with a water level controller. Often, water
pumps get more use during the middle of the day. A water level controller is helpful
because it automatically provides more water during the middle of the day and less water
at night. As a result, water remains at its appropriate level at all time

1.7 Limitations:
• The Rust ,Foul And Deteriorate .
• Wire Use In The Tank Can Be Replaced Every two years.
 Chapter – 2
Proposed Work
2.1 Block Diagram

Water Level Controller Using 8051 Microcontroller

 2.1.1 Explanation of Block Diagram

Block Diagram of Water Level controller Using 8051 Microcontroller Is show

in Above Fig. Block Diagram Is Consist 5V Power Supply , 8051 Microcontroller ,
Two Tank Which Is Tank 1 Tank 2 ,LCD(16X2),BC547 Transistor ,SPDT Relay,
Submersible Pump(Motor) , AC Supply Of 230V.

 Power Supply(5v)
This power-supply provide the constant 5v to the LCD, microcontroller ,tank
wires , SPDT relay.

 8051 Microcontroller :
Microcontroller Receive The Input From Tank 1 & Tank 2 And Send the Signal,
According To The Program to LCD And BC547 transistor .

 LCD(16X2):
LCD Indicate The Water Level Of The Tank Which Is Full OR Empty And Also
Indicate The Motor Is ON Or OFF.

 BC547 Transistor:
This Transistor Is Receive The Signal From Microcontroller And It is Use For
Switching Purpose. It Provide Ground To The Relay According The Input.

 SPDT Relay:
This Relay Is Also Use For The Switching Purpose This Relay Complete The
Ground From The Transistor And Connect To The NO & NC To Turn ON Or OFF
The Motor.

 Submersible Pump(Motor):
It Is Submersible Pump(Motor). This Motor Is ON & OFF According To The relay.
This Motor Receive The Water From Tank 2 And Given To Tank1.
2.2 Circuit Diagram

5v Dc Power Supply
2.2.1 Working of Circuit Diagram
 Step-Down Transformer:-

A step down transformer is used to step down the voltage from the input AC to the
required voltage of the electronic device . 230V , 50Hz AC mains supply is applied to the step-
down transformer which convert the high voltage into low voltage. Step down transformer
convert the 230V into the 12V.Then This Voltage Is Given to the Bridge Rectifire.

 Bridge Rectifire:-

The Full wave rectifier consists of four diodes which rectifies the output AC voltage
or current from to its equivalent DC quantity. At the time of conducting only two diodes are
conduct so the voltage drop across the bridge rectifier is 1.4V. The rectified DC output is given
as input to the filter circuit.

 Filter Capacitor:-

The filter circuit is used to convert the high rippled DC output of the FWR to ripple
free DC content. A filter is used to make the waveforms ripple free.

 Voltage Regulator :-

The voltage regulator receives the signal from the filter and delivers a constant
voltage to the load. We Use LM 7805 IC for conctant 5 volts. the drop acroos the 7805 IC is 3
volts.
2.3 Power Supply Calculations:
Power supply :- We Have Require 5V , 1.5Amp Power Supply

A) VOLTAGE:-

1) At outputs we require 5V DC regulated.

2) The Voltage Drop Across 7805 IC is 3V.
3) The Voltage Drop Across the Diode is 1.4V.

Therefore,
VLDC=5V+3V+1.4V=9.4V
1) From VLDC the Vm is calculated,

VLDC = (2Vm/π)
9.4 = ( 2Vm / π)
Vm = [(9.4 × π)/2]
Vm = 14.76 Volts

2) From VM ,VRMS of Transformer step down voltage can be calculated,

VRMS = (Vm/ √2)

VRMS = (14.76/√2)
VRMS =10.44Volts

Because In market transformer with 12,18,24 volts available. So, from them
we are
using 12volts Transformer.

Therefore , VRMS = 12Volts.

3)From VRMS the Vm is calculate as follows:-

During any given time, two diodes will be conducting, while the other two diodes
will have a reverse voltage applied across them. This reverse voltage is the
minimum voltage that the diodes should be able to withstand.

Our transformer output voltage is 12V. This voltage is RMS voltage, and not the
peak output voltage of the transformer
VRMS = (Vm/ √2)
12 = (Vm/√2)
Vm =16.97volts
 B) CURRENT:-

1) Transformer current rating :-

We require ILDC = 1.5Amp as load
therefore
ILDC = (2√2× IRMS)/π
IRMS =( ILDC×π)/2√2
= (1.5Amp × π)/2√2
= 1.66 Amp

Hence we choose Tranformer having 2 amp ratiing

2) Diode selection:-

As Iavg =ILDC = 1.5 Amp

But the diodes must withstand twice this voltage

Therefore reverse voltage will be

VDR = Vm x 2
VDR = 16.92V x 2
VDR = 33.94V

This is the minimum reverse voltage. A good practice is to rate the diodes
for
at least twice the calculated rating:

PIV of diode = VDR x 2

PIV = 33.94V x 2

PIV of diode = 67.88V

The power supply is rated at ILDC= 1.5A contiuous. This is the minimum

current rating of the diodes. A good practice is to rate the diodes grater
than 1.5

Amp and Also As Iavg = 1.35 Amp which can be easily sustain by 1N5402
having current rating of 3 Amp with PIV rating as 200 volt.

1) From Vm ,The VLDC is calculate as follows:-

 VLDC = (2Vm/π)
VLDC = (2× 16.97/ π)
VLDC= 10.80volt

2) so , the output of bridge VLDC is supplied to 7812 IC .

Maximum input Voltage of IC is 37 volts

So it can sustain at 10.80 plus diode drops 1.4 = 9.4 volts.

At the same time Input to 7805 IC will be 12 volts which it can easily sustain

Therefore, input voltage to IC 7812 and 7805 will be 9.4 volts

3) Selection of capacitor:

Lastly, capacitor C is used to filter out the 50Hz components present on the DC
output.

Designing the Power Supply

For each application, the specifications will be different. We will need the
following
information to start with the design:

Normal output voltage

Maximum output current
Maximum output ripple (amount of change on the output voltage)
Line frequency (50Hz)
System voltage
Example

Input Voltage: 220V 50Hz

Output Voltage: 5 volt from 7805

Output Current:-
Relay-500m-750 mAmp
8051 Microcontroller-250mAmp
Lcd 16x2=10mAmp
Reset=250mAmp
All pull Resister & Switches =100mAmp
Total Current=1.5Amp
Maximum Ripple: 5%

Calculations for Capacitor

Calculations for CapacitorCalculations for Capacitor
In the above waveform, the output can be seen behaving almost like a wave. This
change in output voltage is called the Ripple. Capacitor C needs to limit this ripple
to 5% of the output voltage.

Calculating C

Vc x C = I x t

where:

Vc = voltage change allowed on output (ripple, given as 5%)

I = maximum current (given as 1.5A)

t = time period between 2 peaks (50Hz given)

Vc = ( % ripple / 100 ) x Voutput

Vc = ( 5 / 100 ) x 5V

Vc = 0.25V

I = 1.5A, given

t = 1 / ( 2 x frequency )

t = 1 / ( 1.5x 50 )

t = 0.01 second

Now:

Vc x C = I x t

0.25x C = 1.5 x 0.01

C = ( 1.5 x 0.01 ) / 0.25

C = 0.06 Farad

C = 60 000 uF

Capacitor Specification

The capacitor voltage rating must be greater than the maximum output
voltageVm= 16.97 volt,
so a good choice will be to use a 25V, 60000 uF capacitor.

4) Power Consumption:

Transformers ratings are normally specified in VA, which is the amount of current
the transformer can withstand.

Power = V * I

Power = Voltage * Iload

Power = 12V * 1.5Amp

Power = 18VA

Transformer Specification:

Vprimary: 220V AC

Vsecondary: 12V AC

Irating: 1.5Amp

Frequency: 50Hz

Power : 18VA
2.4 Circuit Diagram
 2.4.1 Working Of The System

 This system mainly works on principle of “Water conduct electricity”.

 In this system we have two tanks which is Tank1 and Tank2. Tank1 is underground
tank and Tank2 is upper tank which is on building.

 Tank1 contains only one wire is which is at lower level. This wire is only for
checking whether there is water in Tank1 or not.

 Tank2 contains three wires at the different levels at lower , middle & upper level
.This wires are used for checking the level of tank2 to turn on off the submersible
pump(motor) .

 The both Tanks also contain one more wire which is the ground wire for
completing the circuit loop.

 When the water level of tank2 goes below the lower wire then the ground is
disconnected with which lower wire and high signal is send to the P1.2 port pin of
microcontroller and it also checks tank2 also has water or not.

 As per the program microcontroller send high signal to P3.0 pin and P3.0 is
connected to BC547 transistor. This transistor act as a switch for the relay. When
this transistor receive high signal it acts as close switch and turn on the motor.
Then LCD will display its message that “Tank is EMPTY”

 When the water reaches the middle level ,Now LCD display “Tank is MIDDLE”
and still motor is on.

 When the tank is full, it send low signal to microcontroller P1.0 and as per program
microcontroller send it to P3.0 and then transistor is act as open switch . Relay id
disconnected with ground. Motor is turn off and LCD display the message “Tank is
FULL” ,motor is off.
 Chapter – 3
Analysis &
Design Approach
3.1 PCB Layout

Bottom Copper

Bottom Copper Mirror Image

3.2 3-D View

Front View

Back View
3.3 3D Model Of The System
 Chapter – 4
Software
Implementation
4.1 Program Flowchart:
4.2 Program Algorithm:

Step 1 - Initialize the system

Step 2 - Check whether the underground tank is full or not

Step 3 - If water in upper tank is below lower sensor, turn on the motor and
display the message ‘Tank is empty and Motor is on’.

Step 4 - If water in upper tank is above lower sensor and below the mid sensor,
turn on the motor and display the message ‘Tank is empty and Motor is on’.

Step 5 - If water in upper tank touches the upper sensor, turn off the motor and
display the message ‘Tank is full and motor is off’.
Chapter – 5
Result
5.1 Simulation Result

State 1

TANK IS EMPTY AND MOTOR IS ON SIMMULATION RESULT

State 2

TANK IS FULL AND MOTOR IS OFF SIMMULATION RESULT

 Chapter – 6
Future Scope &
Conclusion
 6.1 Future Scope

• The basics need of human being is water and it is one of the most important
necessary for all living beings. But unfortunately a huge amount of water is being
wasted by uncontrolled use and due to our negligence. Some other automated
water level monitoring system is also offered so far but most of the method has
some shortness in practice. We tried to overcome these problems and
implemented an efficient automated water level monitoring and controlling
system. Main intension of this research work is to establish a flexible, economical
and easy configurable system which can solve water losing problems. In the near
future as home automation web based water level monitoring and controlling
system can be designed, through which the system can be controlled from any
place via internet through mobile phone. This could have a substantial benefit
from this research work for efficient management of water.

• Automatic water level monitoring system has a good scope in future especially for
agriculture sector. There are any areas where we need water level controller. It
could be agricultural fields, overhead tanks. We can make this project wireless by
using NRF transmitter and receiver.

• In this system, future modifications can also be done like interface of GSM module
to send SMS alerts to the user.
 6.2 Conclusion
• This type of water level controller will reduce the human interference. The power
consumption of the motor and the wastage of water because of unwanted overflow
can be controlled.

• This is simple model water level indicator and controller which can be made at your
home.

• This project was intended to design a simple and low cost water level indicator and
controller . This is not only for water tank but also used for oil level and chemical
lab. To design this system, we used transistor as a platform and local materials for
low cost. We tried to design a system in such a way that its components will be
able to prevent the wastage of water.

• The whole system operates automatically. So it does not need any expert person to
operate it. It is not so expensive. This design has much more scope for future
research and development. Though it is a project, we hope some modification in
this project will lead to a reasonable diversity of usage
Chapter – 7
References
 References
 https://www.electronicshub.org/water-level-controller-using-8051-
microcontroller/

 https://youtu.be/tYwQTTG-GDg

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microprocessor/microcontrollers_8051_architec
ture.html

 https://www.electronicsforu.com/resources/learn-electronics/16x2-lcd-pinout-
diagram

 https://www.instructables.com/id/All-You-Need-to-Know-About-Relays/

 https://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/11551/ONSEMI/BC547.html

 http://www.circuitstoday.com/water-level-controller-using-8051

 https://m.indiamart.com/impcat/submersible-pumps.html

 http://www.circuitstoday.com/5v-power-supply-using-7805