SYSTEM OF NUMBERS AND CONVERSION The formulas for conversion to absolute temperature are

as follows:
The following are Roman numeral and their equivalent
°
Arabic numbers: K = °C + 273 °
R = °F + 460

I=1 C = 100
V=5 D = 500 Metric Prefixes
X = 10 M = 1000
L = 50 Metric Prefix Symbol Value
yotta Y 1024
zetta Z 1021
The following is a tabulation of the unit of angle exa E 1018
measurement and the corresponding value in one peta P 1015
revolution: tera T 1012
giga G 109
Unit 1 Revolution mega M 106
Degree 360 kilo k 103
Radian 2π hecto h 102
Grad 400 deka dk 101
Mil 6400 deci d 10-1
centi c 10-2
milli m 10-3
The unit “Celsius” was named after the Swedish micro μ 10-6
astronomer, Anders Celsius (1701-1744). In this unit of nano n 10-9
temperature, the boiling point and freezing point are 100 pico p 10-12
degrees and 0 degree, respectively. femto f 10-15
atto a 10-18
The unit “Fahrenheit” was named after the German zepto z 10-21
physicist, Gabriel Daniel (1686-1736). In this unit of yocto y 10-24
temperature, the boiling point and freezing point are 212
degrees and 32 degrees, respectively.
Conversion of Units from English System to Metric
By ratio and proportion:
System and vice versa
° C−0 ° F−32
= Unit SI Metric
100−0 212−32 0.40468
° C ° F−32 1 Acre 43,560 sq. ft.
= hectares
100 180 1 Are 100 sqm. 119.599 sq. yds.
100 1 Barrel,
° C= ( ° F−32 ) 158.98729 L 42 gallons
180 Petroleum
5 1 Barrel, Proof
° C= ( ° F−32 ) Spirit, US
151.41647 L 40 gallons
9
¿ 1 Barrel, beer 117.34777 L 31 gallons
9 1 Bushel 35.23907 L 4 pecks
° F= °C +32 1 Cable 219.456 m 120 fathoms
5
1 Chain,
20.1168 m 66 ft.
Kelvin was named after British physicist, William Surveyor’s
3
Thompson (1824-1902) the First Baron, Kelvin. 1 Cord (wood) 3.6246 m 128 ft3
1 Cup 0.23659 L 8 ounces
Rankine was named after Scottish engineer and 1 Dram, advp 1.77184 g 0.06255 ounces
physicist, William John Macquom Rankine (1820- 1 Dram, troy 3.88793 grams 0.125 oz.
1872). 1 Dram, liquid 3.69669 ml 0.125 oz.
1 Fathom 1.8288 m 6 ft.
1 Foot 30.48 cm 12 inches
 1 Foot2 929.0302 cm2 144 sq. in. 1 Quintal 100 kg 220.4623 lb.
1 Foot3 28.31684 L 7.48052 gallons 1 Rod 5.0292 m 5.5 yds.
1 Furlong 201,168 m 220 yds. 1 Scruple 1.29598 g 20 grains
1 Gallon, US 3.78541 L 4 quarts 1 Section (US) 2.5899881 km2 1 statute mile2
1 Gill 118.29412 ml 4 oz. 1 Span 22.86 cm 9 in.
1 Grain 64.79891 mg 0.00229 oz. 1 Stere 1 m3 1.30795 yds.3
1 Gram 1000 mg 0.035274 oz. 1 Tablespoon 14.78676 ml 3 teaspoons
1 Hand 10.16 cm 4 in. 0.3333
1 Teaspoon 4.928922 ml
1 Hectare 10,000 sq. m. 2.471054 acres tablespoon
1 1 Ton, metric 1,000 kg 2,204.623 lbs.
Hundredweight 50.80234 kg 112 lbs. 1 Ton, register 2.831685 m3 100 ft3
(Long) 1 Ton, short` 907.185 kg 2,000 lbs.
1 1 Township
93.239572 km2 36 statute mile2
Hundredweight 45.35923 kg 100 lbs. (US)
(Short) 1 Yard 0.9144 m 3 ft.
1 Inch 2.54 cm. 0.08333 ft.
1 Kilogram 0.001 metric ton 2.204623 lbs.
0.621 statute The following are the standard gravitational
1 Kilometer 1,000 m
mi. acceleration:
100 hectares = 247.105 acres
1 Kilometer2 1,000,000 sq. 0.386 statute 32.2 ft/s2
m. mi. 981 cm/s2
1 Knot 9.81 m/s2
1.151 statute
(Nautical mile 1.852 kph
mile per hour
per hour)
1 League,
5.559552 km 3 nautical miles Physical Constants
nautical
1 League,
4.828032 km 3 statute miles Name Symbol Value
statute
Absolute zero 0°K -237.15°C
1 Link,
20.1168 cm 7.92 in. Acceleration
surveyor’s g 9.80665 m/s2
due to gravity
1 Liter 0.001 m3 61.02374 in.3
Atmospheric 760 mm of
1 Meter 100 cm 1.093613 yds.
pressure, p mercury = 14.7
1 Meter2 10,000 cm2 1.19599 yds.2
standard psi
1 Meter3 1,000 L 1.307951 yds.3
Atomic mass 1.66054 x 10-27
1 Micron 0.000001 m 0.0000394 in. 1u
unit kg
1 Mil 0.0254 mm 0.001 in. Avogadro’s 6.02486 x 1026 /
1 Mile, nautical 1.852 km 6080 ft. No
number kg-mol
1 Mile, statute 1.609 km 5,280 ft. Boltzmann’s 1.381 x 10-23
1 Mimim 0.06161 ml 0.002083 oz. k
constant J/°K
1 Ounce, advp 28.349523 g 437.5 grains Charge of 1.60218 x 10-19
1 Ounce, liquid 29.57353 ml 0.0625 pints e
electron C
1 Ounce, troy 31.103477 g 480 grains Charge-to-mass 1.75890 x 1011
1 Pace 76.2 cm 30 in. e/m
ratio of electron C/kg
1 Peck 8.8097675 L 7 quarts Density of
1 Pennyweight 1.5551738 g 24 grains 0.99997 x 103
water ρ
1 Pint, dry (US) 0.55061947 L 0.5 quarts, dry kg/m3
(maximum)
0.5 quarts, Density of
1 Pint, liquid 0.47317647 L 13.5950 x 103
liquid mercury
1 Point kg/m3
0.3514598 mm 0.13837 in. (maximum)
(typographical) Electron volt 1 eV 1.602 x 10-19 J
1 Pound, advp 453.59237 g 16 oz., advp Electron rest
1 Pound, troy 373.24172 g 12 oz., troy mc2 0.511 MeV
energy
1 Quart, dry 1.101221 L 2 pints, dry Energy Mc2 931.494 MeV
1 Quart, liquid 0.946353 L 2 pints, liquid equivalent to 1
 u
Faraday’s 9.65219 x 107
F
constant C/kg-mol The properties of multiplication of integers:
8.31451 J/mol-
Gas constant R °
K 1. Closure property
Gravitational 6.67259 x 10-11
G
constant N-m2/kg2 ab = integer
Mass of 9.10939 x 10-31
me
electron kg 2. Commutative property
1.67262 x 10-27
Mass of neutron mn
kg ab = ba
1.67492 x 10-27
Mass of proton mp
kg 3. Associative property
Mechanical
4.186 J/cal (15°
equivalent of (ab)c = a(bc)
calorie)
heat
Permeability of 4π x 10-7 4. Identity property
μo
free space Wb/A∙m
Permittivity of 8.854 x 10-12 a+1=a
ϵo Note: The number 1 is called the multiplicative
free space C2/N-m2
Planck’s 6.62608 x 10-34 identity.
h
constant J-s
2.99792 x 108 5. Inverse property
Speed of light c
m/s
Volume of ideal
gas (0°C, 1 atm)
V
22.4207 m3/kg-
mol
a ( 1a ) = 1
1
Note: The number is called the multiplicative
a
FUNDAMENTALS IN ALGEBRA inverse.

The properties of addition of integers: 6. Distributive property

1. Closure property a(b + c) = ab + ac

7. Multiplication property of zero
a + b = integer
2. Commutative property a(0) = 0

a+b=b+a
The properties of equality of integers:
3. Associative property
Consider a, b and c as integers or real numbers or
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
variables of an algebraic expression:
4. Identity property
1. Reflexive property
a+0=a
a=a
Note: The number 0 is called the additive identity.
2. Symmetric property
5. Inverse property
If a = b, then b = a
a + (–a) = 0
Note: The number –a is called the additive inverse.
3. Transitive property
6. Distributive property
If a = b and b = c, then a = c
a(b + c) = ab + ac
 4. Substitution property
√n am = ( √n a ) √3 82 = ( √3 8 )
m 2
1. = 22
If a = b, then a can be replaced by b in any expression √3 5 ∙ √3 675 = √3 ( 5 ) ( 675 ) =
2. √ a ∙ √n b = √n a b
n
involving a √3 33 75 = 15
5. Addition / Subtraction property 3.
√n b b √
√n a = n a , b ≠ 0
√3 10 10 √
√3 50 = 3 50 = 3
√5
If a = b, then a + c = b + c 4. √ √ an = mn√ a
m n
√3 √4 15 5= 12√15
If a = b, then a – c = b – c 5. ( √n a ) = a ( √5 2 x ) = 2x
6. Multiplication / Division property √ (−12 )
4 4
= |–12| = 12
(For n = even no.)
If a = b, then ac = bc 6. √n an = |a|
If a = b, then
a b
= with c = 0 √ (−12 )
3 3
= 12
c c (For n = odd no.)

The properties of zero: Different type of surds:

Consider a, b and c as integers or real numbers or Type Example

variables of an algebraic expression. 1. Pure surd √3 + √2
2. Mixed surd 5 √3
1. a + 0 = a and a – 0 = a
2. a(0) = 0
3. Binomial surd 5 + √2
0 4. Trinomial surd 5 + √2 + √3
3. = 0, with a ≠ 0
a
a
4. is undefined Special products are the expressions where the values
0
5. If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0. This is known as can be obtained without execution of long
Zero-Factor property. multiplication.

With x, y and z as real numbers or variables or algebraic

expression, the following are the special products.
The properties of exponents with corresponding
examples: 1. Sum and difference of same terms or Difference
of two squares
Property Example
1. am + an = am+n x2 + x3 = x2+3 = x5 (x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2
m 8
a m-n x 8-3
2. n =a 3 =x = x5
a x 2. Square of a binomial
3. (am)n = amn (y6)2 = y12
4. (ab)m = ambm (2x)4 = 24∙x4 = 16x4 (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
(x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2
() ()
m m 4 4
a a 2 2 16
5. = m = 4= 4
b b x x x 3. Cube of a binomial
m 5
6. a = √ am (4 x ) = √(4 x )
n 3 5
n 3
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
1 1 (x – y)3 = x3 – 3x2y + 3xy2 – y3
7. a-m = m x-5 = 5
a x
8. a0 = 1 (a ≠ 0) (x2 + 2)0 = 1 4. Difference of two cubes

x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)
The properties of radicals with corresponding examples: 5. Sum of two cubes
Property Example x3 + y3 = (x – y)(x2 – xy + y2)
 6. Square of a trinomial

(x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz

Properties of proportion

a x
1. If = , then a : x = y : d
y d

a c a b
2. If = , then =
b d c d

a c b d
3. If = , then =
b d a c

a c a−b c−d
4. If = , then =
b d b d

a c a+b c+ d
5. If = , then =
b d b d

a c a+b c +d
6. If = , then =
b d a−b c−d