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 INSTRUCTOR'S
SOLUTIONS MANUAL

DISCRETE AND
COMBINAtORIAL MATHEMATICS

FIFTH EDITION

Ralph P. Gritnaldi
Rose-Hulman Institute o/Technology

Boston San Fra.'1cisco New York

London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Madrid
Mexico City Munich Paris Town
Reproduced by Pearson Addison-Wesley from electronic files supplied by the author.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the Printed in the United States of America.

ISBN 0-201-72660-2

1 2 3 4 5 6 CRS 06 05 04 03

PEARSON
Addison
Wesley
 Dedicated to
the memory of
Nellie and Glen /Fuzzy/ Shidler
 CONTENTS

PART 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF DISCRETE 1

Chapter 1 Fundamental Principles Counting 3

Chapter 2 :Fundamentals of Logic 26

Chapter 3 Set Theory 59

Chapter 4 Properties of the Integel's: Mathematical Induction 95

Chapter 5 Relations and Functions 134

Chapter 6 Languages: Finite State Machines 167

Chapter 7 Relations: The Second Time Around 179

PART 2
FURTHER TOPICS IN ENUMERATION 207

Chapter 8 The Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion 209

Chapter 9 Generating Functions 229

Chapter 10 Recurrence Relations 243

GRAPH 1.'HEORY AND APPLICATIONS

281
 4:

Chapter 14 Riugs and Modular Arithmetic 369

Chapter 15 Boolean Algebra and Switching Functions 396

Chapter 16 Groups, Coding Theory, and Polya's Method. 413

Enumeration

Chapter Fini te Fields and Comhinatorial Designs 440

THE APPENDICES 459

Appendix 1 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 461

Appendix 2 Properties of Matrices 464

Appendix 3 Countable and Uncountable Sets 468

 PART 1

FUNDAMENTALS

OF

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
 CHAPTER 1

Sections and

1. ( a) By the rule of sum, there are 8 5 = 13 for the eventual winner.

(b) Sim~e there are eight Republica,ns and Democrats, the rule of product we have
8 X 5 ::;:;; 40 possible pairs of opposing candidates.
(c) The rule of sum in part (a); the rule of product in part (b).

2. By the rule of product there are 5 x 5 x 5 x 5 x 5 x 5 = 56 license plates where the first
two symbols are vowels and the last four are even digits.

3. By the rule of product there are (a) 4 X 12 X 3 x 2 = 288 distinct Buicks that can be
manufactured. Of these, (b) 4 x 1 x 3 x 2 = 24 are blue.

4. ( a) From the rule of product there are 10 X 9 X 8 X 7 = P( 10, 4) = 5040 possible slates.
(b) (i) There are 3 x 9 x 8 x 7 = 1512 slates where a physician is nominated for president.
(ii) The number of slates with exactly one physician appearing is 4 x [3 x 7 x 6 x 5] = 2520.
=
(iii) There are 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 840 slates where no physician is nominated for any of the
four offices. Consequently, 5040 - 840 = 4200 slates include at least one physician.

5. Based on the evidence supplied by Jennifer and Tiffany, from the rule of product we find
that there are 2 x 2 x 1 x 10 x 10 x 2 = 800 different license plates.

6. (a) Here we are dealing with the permutations of 30 objects (the runners) taken 8 (the first
eight finishing positions) at a trophies can be awarded in P(SO,S) = 30!/22!
ways.
(b) .n.!.Hl>en;(:!, and runners in 6 ways. each
these 6 ways, there are P(28,6) ways for the other 6 finishers (in the top 8) to finish the
race. the are 6· to with
two runners a.U:lon,~ the top

are (a.) 12!

re31~nCl"lOl,LI); (b) (4!)( 8!) ways so that the four ..... ,." ....."'. .
and (c) (4!)(51)(3!) where the top .,..""",.,.... t-
are PT(:JCe:8SE:<1

3
 9. (a) (14)(12) = 168
(b) (14)(12)(6)(18) = 18,144
(c) (8)(18)(6)(3)(14)(12)(14)(12) = 73,156,608
10. Consider one such arrangement - say we have three books on one shelf and on the
other. This can be accomplished 15! ways. fact for any subdivision (resulting in
two nonempty shelves) of the 15 books we get 15! ways to arrange the books on the two
shelves. Since there are 14 ways to subdivide the books so that each shelf has at least one
book, the total number of ways in which Pamela can arrange her books in this manner is
(14)(15!).

11. ( a) There are four roads from town A to town B and three roads from town B to town
C, so by the rule of product there are 4 x 3 = 12 roads from A to C that pass through B.
Since there are two roads from A to C directly, there are 12 + 2 = 14 ways in which Linda
can make the trip from A to C.
(b) Using the result from part (a), together with the rule of product, we find that there
are 14 X 14 = 196 different round trips (from A to C and back to A).
(c) Here there are 14 x 13 = 182 round trips.

12. (1) a,c,t (2) a,t,c (3) c,a,t (4) c,t,a (5) t,a,c (6) t,c,a

13. (a) 8! = P(8, 8) (b) 71 6!

14. (a) P(7,2) = 7!/(7 - 2)! = 7!/5! = (7)(6) = 42
(b) P(8,4) = 8!/(8 - 4)! = 8!/4! = (8)(7)(6)(5) = 1680
(c) P(lO, 7) = 10!/(1O - 7)! = 101/3! = (10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4) = 604,800
(d) P(12, 3) = 12!/(12 - 3)! == 12!/9! = (12)(11)(10) = 1320

15. Here we must place a,b,c,d in the positions denoted by x: e A e A e A e A e. By the rule
of product there are 4! ways to do this.

16. (a) With repetitions allowed there are 40 25 distinct messages.

(b) By the rule of product there are 40 x 30 x 30 x ... x 30 x 30 x 40 = (40 2 )(30 23 )
messages.

Class (21 - 2)(224 - 2) = 2,1 928,964

Class B: 2 (2 - 2) = 1,073,709,056
14 16

C: = 532, 608

system.

(a) 7! == 5040 (b) 4 x 3 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1 =

(3!)(5)( 4!) =

20. Since are three A's, there are 8l/3! = arrangements.

4
 (b) Here we arrange the six symbols D,T,G,R,M, AAA in 6! = 720

21. (a) 121/(3!2!2!2!)

(b) [11!/(3!2!212!)] (for AG) + [11!/(31212!2!)]
(for GA)
(c) Consider one ca.se where the are adjacent: S,C,L,G,C,L, OIOOIA. These
seven symbols can be arranged in (7!)/(2!21) ways. Since O,O,O,I,I,A can be arranged
in (6!)/(3!2!) ways, the number of arrangements with all vowels adjacent is
[7!/(2!2!)}[61/(3!2!)].
22. (Case 1: leading digit is 5) (6!)/(21)
(Case 2: The leading digit is 6) (6!)/(2!)2
(Case 3: leading digit is 7) (61)/(21)2
In total there are (6!)/(2!)][1 + (1/2) + (1/2)J = 6! = 720 such positive integers n.
23. Here the solution is the number of ways we can arrange 12 objects - 4 the first type,
3 of the second, 2 of the third, and 3 of the fourth. There are 12!/( 4!3t2!31) = 277,200
ways.

24. Pen + 1,r) = {n + l)!/(n 1- 1')1 = [en + l)/Cn 1 - r)] . [nt/en - 1')IJ =
fen + 1)/Cn 1- r)]P(n,r).
25. ( a) n = 10 (b) n = 5
(c) 2nl/(n - 2)1 + 50 = (2n)!/(2n - 2)! = } 2n(n -1) + 50 = (2n)(2n -1) = } n 2 = 25 = }
n=5.
26. Any such path fro:m, (0,0) to (7,7) or from (2,7) to (9,14) is an arrangement of 7 R's and
7 U's. There are (141)/(7!7!) such arrangements.
In general I for m, n nonnegative integers, and any real numbers a, b, the number of such
paths from (a, b) to (a + m, b n) is (m n)!/{m!n!).

21. (a) path consists 2 1 V, and 7 A's. There are 10!/(2!1!7!) ways to arrange
these 10 letters and this is the number of paths.

numbers and m~ n, and p are nonnegative integers,

bj to (a m,b+ c +n
times, while those for j and k are py';·rut.PI'I 10-5+ 1 =6

o )
we
the instrudio:o.s in.
k ............'1-'''', resPei:trv'elY,

5
29. (3) & (b) By rrue product print statement is executed x6x8 = 576 times.

five '.<>1'.1':,0,..., x1x1= are 26x26x

X 1 x 1 x 1 = 26
3 letters.
(b) When letters may not appear more than two times, there are 26 x 25 x 24 = 15,600
palindromes for either five or six letters.

31. By rule product are (a) 9 X 9 X 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 = 136,080 six-digit integers

with no leading zeros and no repeated digit. (b) When digits may he repeated there are
9 X 105 such six-digit integers.
(i) (a) (9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 1) (for the integers euding in 0) (8 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4) (for
the integers ending in 2,4,6, or 8) = 68,800. (b) When the digits may be repeated there
are 9 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 5 = 450,000 six-digit even integers.
(ii) (a) (9 X 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 1) (for the integers ending in 0) + (8 x 8 x 7 X 6 x 5 x 1)
(for the integers ending in 5) = 28,560. (b) 9 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 2 = 180,000.
(iii) We use the fact that an integer is divisible by 4 if a.nd only if the integer formed by
the last. two digits is divisible by 4. (a) (8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 6) (last two digits are 04, 08, 20,
40, 60, or 80) + (7 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 16) (last two digits are 12, 16, 24, 28, 32, 36, 48, 52, 56,
64, 68, 72, 76, 84, 92, or 96) = 33,600. (b) 9 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 25 = 225, O~~.

32. (a) For positive integers n, k, where n = 3k, n!/(3!)k is the number of ways to arrange
the n objects Xl! Xt, Xb Xz , X2, X2,' .• ,Xk, Xk, XI;. This must be an integer.
(b) If n,k are positive integers with n = mk, then n!/(m!)" is an integer.

33. (a) With 2 choices per question there are 210 = 1024 wa.ys to answer the examination.
(b) Now there are 3 choices per question and 310 ways.

34. (41/2!) (No 7'8) (4!) (One 7 and one 3) + (2)(4!/21) (One 7 all.d two 3's) (4!/2!) (Two
7'13 and no 3's) (2)(41/20 (Two 7'8 and one 3) + (41/(2121» (Two 7'8 and two 3'15). The
total gives us 1.02 such four-digit Intc~l!elrS

(a) 6!

36. Aon

6
38. The nine women can be situated around the table in 8! Each such arrangement
provides nine spaces (between women) where °a man can placed. VVe can
of these places situate a man each of them (:)6! = {). 8 . 7· 6 . 5· 4 ways.
Consequently, seating arrangements the 18 (:) 6! =
2,438, 553, 600.

39.

procedu.re SumOfFad( i, sum: positive integers; j,k: nonnegative integers;

factorial: array [0 .. 9] of positive integers)
begin
factorial [0] := 1
for i := 1 to 9 do
factorial [~1 := i * factorial [i - 1]

for i := 1 to 9 do
for j := 0 to 9 do
for k := 0 to 9 do
begin
sum := factorial [iJ + factorial [y] factorial [kl
if (100 :+: i + 10 * j + k) = sum then
print (100 * i + 10 * j + k)
end
end

The unique answer is 145 since (II) + (41) + (5!) = 1 24 120 = 145.

Sedion 1.3

1. -- -- - -.
a b b c c e
a c b d c f
a d b e d e
a e b f d f
a f c d e f

2. Order is not relevant can selection in 5 - ways.

= (10)(9)(8)(7)/(4)(3)(2)(1) = 210
(b) = 12!/(7!5!) == (12)(11)(

7
 (c) C(14, = 14!j(1212!) = (14)(13)!{2)(1) c::; 91
(d) G!)
= 151/(10!51) = (15)(14)(13)(12)(11)/(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 3003
4. (a) -1= + (:) (:) = 31
5. (a) are peS,3) = S!j(5 - = 51/2! = (5)(4)(3) = 60 permutations size 3 for the
five letters l, a, f, and t.
(b) There are C(5, 3) = S!j[3!{5 - 3)IJ = 5!/(312!) = combinations of size 3 for the five
letters m, l', a, f, and t. They are
a,f,m a,f,r a,f,t a,m,r a,m,t
a,r ,t f,m,r f,m,t f,r,t m,r,t

6.

(;) (n ~ 1) = (~)(n)(n _ 1) (~)(n - l)(n - 2) = (~)(n -l)[n + (n - 2)J =

n)(n - 1)(2n - 2) = (n - 1)2.

7. (a) (~) (b)eaO) (~)

(c) C20) G~)(2 women) (~O) (~O) (4 women) ... + G~) e!O) (10 women) = Ef=l (;~) (121~2i)
(d) e:) e:)
C50) (7 women) + (~O) (::) (8 women) + (~) (9 women) +
G~) (;0) (10 women) = C?) (l;~i)'
(e) E!!s eiO) (li~i)
(b) (!) (~8) (c) e13) (!) (~) (d) (:) (;)
(f) (~3) (!) C12) (~) = 3744
(Division by 2 is needed since no distinction is made for the order
are result 54, = 1 (!) (~) -3744 =

+
,
r, 1 S

11. (:) (four

six) = (15)(4)

ways.
set G) ways. vOllSe<luelllUJI the 12

8
14.

.l
= (1
= 97
(b) -1) = + _m 1) = -- 2--1 0+1

10
(c) }J1 +(- =2+0+2+0+2+0+2+0+2+0+2=
i",{l

2'1
(._- + +

6
~)( = -1 +2- 3 +4 - 5 + 6 = 3
i;:::l

7
(b) L>~
i;;;;;l

n i +1 1)'
i=O n +i

+ +

1, one +

9
 (;~) - an even locations for (~~) ways
for 0 < i < 5. Then for the positions selected there are tvvo choices; for the 10 - .
'C.u,~C:WJ,,,,.uJ'5 positions there are also two choices - 1,3.

20. (a) We can select 3 vertices from A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H in (:) ways, so there are (:) = 56
distinct inscribed triangles.
(b) (:) = 70 quadrilaterals.
(c) total number of polygons is (~) (:) (:) (:) (~) + (:) = 28 - [(~) (~) + (~) J =
256 - [1 8 + 28] = 219.

21. There are (;) triangles if sides of the n-gon may be used. Of (;) triangles,
when n 4 there al'e n triangles that use two sides of the n-gon and n(n - 4)
trian~les that use only one side. So if the sides of the n-gon cannot be used, then there
are G) - n - n( n - 4), n 2 4, triangles.

22. (a) From the rule of product it follows that there are 4 x 4 x 6 = 96 terms in the complete
expansion of (a + b + c + d)( e f 9 + h)( 'It + V w x y + z).
(b) The terms bvx and egu do not occur as summands in this expansion.

23. (a) en (b) e~2)(23)

(c) Let a = 2x and b = -3y. By the binomial theorem the coefficient of a9 b3 in the
expansion of (a + b)12 is (~). But e;n
a9 b3 = (~2)(2x)9(_3y)3= (~)(29)(_3)3x9y3,so
the e.oefficient of x 9 y3 is e:)(29 )( _3)3,

(a) (1'~'2) = 12 4. ) -
( 0,1,1,2 -
12
(c) (1,i,2)(!~)( -1)( -1)2 = (d) (1,:,2)<-2)(3)2 = -216
(3,2~1,Z)

(d) 4/'
 E (n).
TO
1
E = f1 n
28. a)
i=O
=-
n! n·i=o ; =2n/nl

=- = f
n.
1
E(--lt (n)
n
i=O
: .
~
=
1
-
m+n) _ (m+n)! _ (m+n)! _
29. n( m - n m!n! - m!(n-l)! -
1) (m+n)! ( 1) (m+",)!
( m+n)
(m (m+1)(m!)(n-l)! = m (m+l)!(n-l)! = (m m+l
The sum is the binomial expansion of + 2)n = 3"',
31. (a) 1=[(1 x)- =(1+x)n_-(7) 1 x)n-1 (;)x2(1 x)",-2_ ... (_l)n(:)x n .
(b) 1=[(2 x)-(x+lW'· (c) 2'l = [(2 + x) - x]n

3
33. (a) I:(ai - ai-l) = (al - ao) (a2 - al) + (aa - (2) = as - G()
i:;;;:l
11,

(b) E(ai - ai-d = (al - 0.0) + (a2 - al) + (as - (2)

i=l
an -0.0
100 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) ~(i + 2 - i + 1) = (3 - "2) + (4 - 3) + (:5 - 4) + ...
1 1 1 - 51 -50 -25
102 -"2 = 102 = 102 ::::: 5"1-
34.
procedure Seled2(i,j: positive integers)
begin
for i:= 1 to 5 do
for i:= i + 1 6

end

begin
for *:= 1 to 4, do
j:= i + 1 5
Ii::= j

end

11
 Section 1.4

1. Let Xi,1 :s; i :5 5, denote the arnounts given to the five "'u.J'~'UJ.""·"'4
(a) integer Xl X2 + X3 + X4 + Xl) = 0 :5 Xi, 1 :5 i :5 5, is
(5+i~-l) = G~). Here n = 5, r = 10.
(b) Giving each child one dime results in the equation Xl + X2 X3 X4 X5 = 5, 0 <
Xi, 1 :5 i 5. There are 1
e+:-
) = (:) ways distribute the remaining five dimes.
(c) Let Xs denote the for the oldest child. number of solutions to Xl +
X2 Xa X4 X5 = 10, 0 :5 Xi, 1 :s; i :5 4, 2 :5 X5 is the number of solutions to
Yl Yz + + Y4 + Ys = 8, O:S; Yi, 1 i :5 5, which is C'+:-1)
= (~2).
2. Let Xi, 1 i:5 5, denote the number of candy bars for the five children with Xl
the number for the youngest. (Xl = 1): X2 + Xs + X4 Xs = 14. Here there are
(4+~:-1) = (i:) distributions. (Xl = 2): X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 = 13. Here the number of
distributions is (4+!~-1) = G:). The answer is G~) G:) by the rule of sum.

3. ( ~H20-1)
20
_. (23)
- 20

4. (a) (~;) (b) e

1 12 1
+1 2 - ) = G;)
(c) There are 31 ways to have 12 cones with the same flavor. So there are (:;) - 31 ways
to order the 12 cones and have at least two flavors.

5. (&) 25
(b) For each of the n distinct objects there are two choices. If an object is not selected,
then one of the n identical objects is used in the selection. This results in 21'1. possible
selections of size n.

1. (a) e+:!--l) = (;~) (b) e+;:~-l) = (;!)

e+:-1)= C;) (d) 1
(e) X4 = 1
OVJ'U",~V£.I":> to
Ya + 'lI4 = 40, Yi

8.

12
10. Here we want the number of integer for Xl X2 X3 + X4 X.r; X6 = 100,
Xi ?: 3, 1 :s; i :s; 6. (For 1 ::; i :s; 6, Xi counts the number of times the face with i
dots is rolled.) This is equal to the numher of nonnegative integer solutions there are to
'113 +'115+116 = > 1:S i Consequently the answer is e+:;-l) = (:;).

11. (a) ('0+55-1) = e}4) (h) ('+:-1) SC'+:-l) + 3(7+;-1) + e+~~l) =

en -t 3(~O) 3(:) (~), where the first summand accounts
the case where none of
1,3,7 ap~ars, the second summand for when exactly one of 1,3,7 appears once, the
summand for th~ case exactly two of digits appearing once each, and the last
summand for when all three appear.

12. (a) The number of solutions for Xl + X2 +.. . X5 < 40, Xi ?: 0, 1 < i 5, is the same as
the number for Xl + X2 ••• + X5 < 39, Xi ?: 0, 1 :S i < 5, and this equals the number of
solutions for Xl + X2 ••• + X5 + X6 = 39, Xi 2: 0, 1 :S i ::; 6. There are C,+:-l) = (::)
such solutions.
(b) Let 'IIi = Xi 3, 1 :S i :5 5, and consider the inequality '111 + '112 + ... + '115 :s; 54, 'IIi > O.
There are in part (a)] e+::-1)
= (!:) solutions.

13. (a) e+:- 1)= G).

(b) e+~-l) (container 4 has one marble) e+!-l) (container 4 has three marbles)
e+~-l) (container 4 has five marbles) + (3+~-1) (container 4 has seven marbles)
= Lr:o (~=~~).
14. (a) (2t4.~,O,1)(3r~(2)4
vaw bxCyd ze
e+:-1)== e:)
(b) The terms in the expansion have the forID where a, h, c, d, e are
nonnegative integers that sum to There are terms.

Consider one sum dist:dbutioll - the one where are six books on tP..ach of four
shelves. Here there are 24! ways for this to happen. And we see that there a:re also 24!
books any other
lS

+ Tl?, + + '114 = 20.

13
 For (1) we the nonnegative 1U~"'K'C;"
WI W:;t + Ws +... W19 = n -19, where Wi 0 for alll
(:"::-1~)' The number of positive integer solutions equation IS number of nonneg-
ative integer solutions for

Z64 =n - 64,
hi . (64+(n-S4)--1) _
and t S IS (n-M) -
(n-1)
n-64 •

So (:.:-~~) = (::;4) = (n~l) and n - 19 = 63. Hence n = 82.

(b)

18. (a) There are e+:-

1) = (:) solutions for Xl +X2 X3 = 6 and (4+i~-l) = (~) solutions
for X4 + XI) x~ + X7 = 31, where Xi 2: 0, 1 ::; i ::; 7. By the rule of product the pair of
equations has \:) (~) solutions.
(b) (~) (~i)
19. Here there are r = 4 nested for loops, so 1 < m ::; k ::; j ::; i ::; 20. We are making
selections, with repetition, of size r = 4 from a collection of size n = 20. Hence the
print statement is executed eO+,t1)
= (~3) times.

20. Here there are r = 3 nested for loops and 1::; i ::; j < k ::; 15. So we are making
selections, with repetition, of size r =
3 from a collection of size n = 15. Therefore the
statement
counter := COftnier +1

is executed
690.
C5+aS-l) = en times, and the final value of the variable counteris 10+ e:) =

21. The begin..end segment executed e°",;a-l) = :3 = 220 times. execution of

this segment the value of the variable Bum is i = (220)(221 )/2 = 24,310.

24. (a)
 for i := 0 to 10 do
for j := 0 to 10 - i do
. .\
10 - t - J)
end

(b) For all 1:5 i ::; 4 = Xi + 2 2:: O. the number of integer solutions to
Xl + X2 + X3 X4 = 4, where -2::; Xi for 1::; i :5 4, is the number of integer solutions

to !II + !l2 + '!J3 - where !Ii 2:: 0 1 ::; i < 4. use this observation the
following.

procedure Selectio'n$2(i,j,k: nonnegative integers)

begin
for i := 0 to 12 do
for j := 0 to 12 - i do
for k := 0 to 12 - i - j do
print (i,j,k, 12 - i - j - k)
end

25. If the smmnands must all be even, then consider one such composition - say,

20 = 10 + 4 + 2 + 4 = 2(5 + 2 + 1 + 2).

Here we notice that 5 + 2 + 1 + 2 provides a composition 10. Further, each composition

of 10, when multiplied through by 2, provides a composition 20, where each summand is
even. we see the number 20, e8,(".h summand
even, equals the nUlnher of compositions of 10 ~ namely, 2 - = 29.
10 1

26. m. Consequently,
a is a

Consequently, 6 = 10 an~~enlellts that runs.

c)
 the run we number of solutions for Xl
Xz + X3 X4 = 12, whe,re Xl + xa = 5, XI, X3 > 0 and X2
e+:-1)
X", = XZ, X4 > This
number is e+~-l) = (!) (:) = 4·6 = \Vhen the first run consists of tails we get
(:) (:) = 6 . 4 = 24 arrangements.
all there are 2(24) = 48 arrangements with four runs.
d) If the first run starts with an H, thel1 we need the number of integer solutions for
Xl + Xz + Xs X4 + +
Xs = Xl Xs X5 = + +
Xl) Xa, X5 > and X2 X4 = 0 + 7,
Xz, X4 > O.
This is e+~-l) C+:-l)
= (:) (:) = 36. For the case where the first run starts
with a T, the number of arrangements is e+:-1)e+;-l) = (!) = 60.
hI total tha'e are 36 60 = 96 ways for these 12 t()sses to determine five runs.
e) e+:-1) e+~-l) = (:) = 90 - the number of arrangel'uents which result in six runs, if
G)
the first run starts with an H. But this is also the number when the first run starts with
a T. Consequently, six runs come about in 2·90 = 180 ways.
f) 2C+:-l) e~:-1)+2e+~-1) e+:- 1) +2(3+;-1) e+:-1)+2(4+!-1) (4+~-1)+2(5+6-1) e+~-l) =
2 L,t:::o (i~i) (6~i) = 2fl . 1 4 . () () . 15 + 4 . 20 + 1 . 15] = 420.
28. (a) For n 4, cIOn sider the strings made up of n bits - that is, a total of nO's and 1's.
In particular, c()nsider those strings where there are (exactly) two ()ccurrences ()f 01. For
example, if n = 6 we want to include strings such a..~ 010010 and 100101, but not 101111
or 010101. How many such strings are there?
(b) For n ~ 6, how many strings ()f nO's and l's contain (exactly) three occurrences of 01?
(c) Provide a combinatorial proof for the foll()wing:

For n~ 1, 2ft = (n ~ 1) + (n 3 1)
(a) type of :1::1 followed X2 followed X3 1'8 foll()wed by
x" O's followed by Xs 1'8 followed by X6 O's, where,
Xs > O•
..."n",,,,.,,, the of ~J""""""""lD
Y5 + Ya = n- o for 1 t 6.

Us = n - 6, o 1 ~
 _ (n+l)
- 'i •

(C) There are strings n 1 strings where there are k followed by n ,- k

for k = 0, .. '/: n. n 1 strings contain no occur:rence~ of 01, so there are
21'1, - (n 1) = - \ntl) strings that contain at least one occurrence of are
(n;l) strings that contain (exactly) one occurrence of 01, (nil) strings with (exactly) two
occurrences, (n~l) strings with (exactly) three occurrences, ... ) and for
n odd, we can have at most 1'1.;1 occurrences of 01. number of strings with
occurrences of 01 is the number of integer solutions for

This is the same as the number of integer solutions for

= n - (n - 1) = 1, where
1116+1 !II, 112, ••• ,111'1.+1 0.

This number is (n+1)+1- 1) = (n+l) _ (1'1,+1) _ ( n+l )

1 1 - n - 2( ~)+1 .
n
(ii) n even, we can have at most ~ occurrences of The number of strings 2"
occurrences of 01 is the number of integer solutions for

This is the same as the number of integer solutions for

YI + Y2 +,., + YnH = n - n = 0, where Y' ~ 0 for 1 :::; i :::; n + 2.

This number is (1'1.+2)+0-1)
() () -_ ("'n+1
= (1'1,+1) +1) -_ ( 1'1,+1
2(~)+1
)•
Consequently, .

{ ~;~;~: : odd

follows.
 blO = 16796

bs)j 14(=
(b) For n ;:: 0 there are bn ( = (~) such from (0,0) to (n,n).
(e) n 2: 0 the move is U and the la.st

4. (a) lis = 132 (b) bs = 07 = 429

5. Using the results third column of Table 1.10 we have:

111000 110010 101010

123 125 135

456 346 246

6.
(a) (i) 1347 (ii) 1 2 5 7 (iii) 1235
2568 3468 4678

(b) (i) 10111000 (ii) 11100010 (iii) 11011000

7. There are bs( = 42) ways.

8. (a) (i) 1110001010 (ii) 1010101010 (iii) 1111001000

(b) (i) «(ab(c(de H> «(ab)(c(de»)f)
Oi) «ab((cd(e H> «ab)«cd)(ef»)
(iii) (a«(bc(de H> (a«(bc)(de»f»
9. (i) When n = 4 there are 14(= b4 ) such diagrams.
(li) For any n 0, there are bn different drawings of n semicircles on and above a horizontal
line, with no two semicircles intersecting. Consider, for instance, the diagram part (f)
of the figure. Going from left to right, write 1 the first time you encounter a semicircle
write 0 IS en(:oUltltel~ed.
corresponds with the dn\'wing
such rlr""'i:vn~
""u,::;<"". as

10.

R R U RRR
18
 Here condition is violated, for the first time, after the third U. Transform the

U R +-'?RU U UUU.
Here the entries up to and including the first violation remain unchanged, while those
following first violation are changed: become U's and U's become R'a. This
cOITesponcience sbows us that the number of paths that violate the given condition the
same as the
such paths.
of paths up of eight U's and two R's - and there are = e:) e:)
Consequently, the answer is
(10) _ (10) _ lQi _ JQl _ 10!(S) _ 1O!(3} = (2) 1O! _ (1±1-3) (10)
'1 8 - 7131 8!2! - 8!3! 8!3! 8 7!3! - 1+1 '1'

(b) (m+n)
n -
(m+'ll) _ (m+n)!
n+1 - n!m! -
(m+n)!
(n+1}!(m-l)!
= = (n±l-m)«m+n)!) = (n±l-m)(m+n).
(mtn)!(n+1)-(m+».)!m
(n+l)!m! '11.+1 n!m! '1+1 n
[Note that when m = n, this becomes (n!l)(~)' the formula for the nth Catalan number.]

11. Consider one oUlle C~!l) e~6) = n) e:) ways in which the $5 and $10 bills can be arranged
- say,
(*) $5, $5, $10, $5, $5, $10, $10, $10, $5, $5, $10, $10.
Here we consider the six $5 bills as indistinguishable -likewise, for the six $10 bills. How-
ever, we consider the patrons as distinct. Hence, there are 6! ways for tbe six patrons, each
with a $5 bill, to occupy positions 1, 2~ 4, 5, 9, and 10, in the arrangement (*). Likewise,
there are 6f ways to locate the othe:r six patrons (each with a $10 hill). Consequently, here
the number of arrangements is

seen in
Consequently, the largest UW,UVPJl.
all (~2) 495. =
4. (a) e:t
(b) 3 e15):I (~) (four hymns from one book, one from each the other two)
hymn from one two hymns a <:>""AJJ.J.U and
6e15)e:) e:)
third book)
3
:I ( two from each of the three books).

5. (a) 1025
(b) There are 10 choices for the first flag. For the second flag there are 11 choices: The
poles with no flag, above or below the first flag on the pole where it is situated.
There are 12 choices for the third choices for fourth, ... , and 34 choices for the
last (25th). Hence there are (34!)/(91) possible arrangements.
(c) There are 251 ways to arrange the flags. For each arrange:tnent consider the 24 spaces,
one between each pair of flags. Selecting 9 of these spaces provides a distribution among
the 10 flagpoles where every flagpole has at least one flag and order is relevant. Hence
there are (25!)(~) such arrangements.

6. Consider the 45 heads and the 46 positions they determine: (1) One position to the left
of the first head; (2) One position between the i-th head and the (i l)-st head, where
1 SiS 44; and, (3) One position to the right of the 45-th (last) head. To answer the
question posed we need to select 15 of the 46 positions. This we can do in (::) ways.
In an alternate way, let Xi denote the number of heads to the left of the i-th tail, for
1 siS. 15. Let X16 denote the number heads to the right of the 15th taiL Then we
want the number of integer solutions for

Xl + XzXa + ... + Xli; + XIS = 45,

where Xl > 0, Xi6 2 0, and Xi > 0 for 2 sis 15. This is th.e number of integer solutions
for
111 + Ya '1/3 ••• +1115 Y16 = 31,
with Yi > 0 for 1 z 16. Consequently

P(12, 8)

8. ,N
not adjacent to a

9. (a) There are two blocks,

only
only
wooden
 (i) S12~e: there are 1 x 2 = 2
(li) Material, color: pair yields 1 X 4 = 4 such blocks.
(iii) Material, shape: For this pair we obtain 1 x 5 := 5 such blocks.
(iv) Size, we get 2 X 4 = 8 of the ULV....!\.O
(v) Size, shape: This pair gives us 2 x 5 = 10 such blocks.
(vi) Color, shape: this pair we find 4 x 5 = 20 the blocks we need count.

In total there are 2 +4 5+8 :=

+ 20 49 of blocks that differ from the
large blue plfUltic hexagonal block in exactly two ways.

10.
en
Sinc..e 'R' is the 18th letter of
= (17)(16)/2 = 136 ways.
alphabet, the first and middle initials can be chosen in

Alternately, since 'R' is the 18th letter of the alphabet, consider what happens when the
middle initial is any letter between 'B' and 'Q'. For middle initial 'Q' there are 16 possible
first initials. For middle initial 'P' there are 15 possible choices. Continuing back to 'B'
where there is only one choice (namely' A') for the first initial, we that the total
number of choices is 1 + 2 + 3 15 16 = (16)(17)/2 = 136.

11. The number of linear arrangements of the 11 horses is 11!/(513!31). Each circular arrange-
ment represents 11Unear arrangements, so there are (1/11)[111/(5!313!)J ways to arrange
the horses on the carousel.

12. (a) P(16,12) (b) (;2) P(15, 10)

13. (a) (!) e) (!) + (!)
(i) (ii) e+:-1 ) + e+;-l) C'+;-1) e+:-1):= (!) +
(~) (D + G) (iii) (:) + (~) (;) + (~) - 9
(b) (i) (n (!) (!) (~)
1
(ii) and (iii) (~) e+:- ) e+;-l) (~) = (D (:) + G) (:).

14. (a) there are no restrictions Mr. Kelly can nl.ake the a8sigmnenis 12! = 479,001,600

UGAU."Ocan in 4 x 3 = 12 ways, the

assigned in 10! ways. Consequently, in Mr.

348,364,800.

13. (a)
 can be arranged as a decreasing :l:O'!.U'-(l1f!lt UM,"-'.",,"'oI.

'To complete the solution we ZIlust account for the decreasing four-digit integers where the
units digit is are (:) = 84 of these. .

Consequently there are 2 (!) (:) = 343 such four-digit integers.

(b) For each ~ondecrea8ing four-digit integer we . four nonzero digits, with repetitions
allowed. These four digits can be selected e+!-l) en = ways. And these same four
digits account for a nonincreasing four-digit integer, So at this point we have 2cn - 9 of
the four-digit integers we waut to count. (The reason we subtract 9 because we have
counted the nine integers 2222,3333, .. " 9999 twice 2(~2).)
We have not accounted for those nonincreasing four-digit integers where the units digit is
O. There are Cil+3S-1) -
1 = (;2) -
1 of these four-digit integers. (Here we subtracted 1
since we do not want to include 0000.)
Therefore there are [2C42) - 9} + {(;2) -- 1] = [2e,n (~)] - 10 = 1200 such four-digit
integers.

16. (a) (~,~,2)(1/2)2( _3)2 = 135/2

(b) Each term is of the form :e nt yn2 zrl.S where each ni, 1 < i :s; 3, is a nonnegative
integer and nl + n2 + n3 = 5. Consequently, there are = terms. e+:-1) G)
ec) Replace x, y, and z by 1. Then the sum of all the coefficients in the expansion is
«1/2) + 1 - 3)5 = (-3/2)5.

17. (a) First place person A at the table. There are five distinguishable places available for
A (e.g., any of the positions occupied by A,B,C,D,E in Fig. 1.11(a». Then position the
other nine people relative to A. This can be done in 9! ways, so there are (5)(91) seating
arrangements.
(b) There are three distinct ways to position A,B 80 that are seated on longer sides
table across from each other. other eight people can then be 8!
different ways, so the total nw::-qber of arrangements is (3)(8!).

18. (a) For Xl 3''>;1 + X3 = 6 are e+:- 1

) = (:)nonnegative ultel:€~'
Xl X2 X3:= 6 X2 X4 = 15,
solutions for X4 - . The number of <>'-P.... ",.""...'''' of

scores for each set scores to

 can win sets e) ways, soores can be """I"nr-d"l1'>F1 (~)74 ways.
So if A wins in four or five the scores can be recorded in [(;) (:) 75 ] ways.
Since B may be the winner, the final answer is 2[(~)74 (~)75].

20. We can choose r objects from ,n in (:) ways. Once the r objects are selected they can
be' arranged a circle (1" - 1)! ways. So there are (~) circular arrangements
of the n objects taken 1" at a

21. For every positive integer n, 0 == (1 - l)n = (~)(1)o - (~)(1)1 + (;)(1Y' """' (;)(1)3 + ...
(-l)n(:)(l)\and (~)+(~) (~)+ ... =(7)+(;) (~)
22. (a) 7!/3! (b) 5! (c) (~)(4!)
23. (a) There are P(20, 12) == 2~! = (20)(19)(18)··· (11)(10)(9) ways in which Francesca can
fill her bookshelf.
(b)' There are enways in which Francesca can select nine othe~ books. Then she can
arrange those nine books and the three books on tennis on her bookshelf in 12! ways.
Consequently, among the arrangements in part (a), there are e:)(12!) arrangements that
include Francesca's three books on tennis.

24. Following the execution of this prognuu segment the value of counter is
10+(12-1+1)(1"-1 1)(2) [3+4 ... +(s-3+1)](4)+(12-3+1)(6)+(t-7 1)(8) ==
10 + (12)(1')(2) [(1/2)(8 - 3 + 1)(8 - 3 + 2) - 2 - 1}(4) + (10)(6) + (t - 6)(8) =
22 24,., + 8t + 2(8 - 2)(8 -1) - 12 = 14 + 24r + 8t 2S(8 - 3).
25. (a) For .17 there must be an odd munber, between 1 and 17 inclusive, of l's.
For 2k + 1 1'5, where 0:::; k 8, there are 2k + 2 locations to select, with repetitions
allowed. The selection size is the number of 2'£1, which is (1/2)[17 - (2k + 1)) = 8 - k. The
selection can be made in (2k+2+(S-k)-1)
a-Ie = (9+k).
8-k" ,
wavg and so the answer is ",8_ (9+k) =
'-'k_O 8-/;
2584.
(b) 18 even:2k, for 0:::; k :::; 9. there are 2k
1 (1/2)( = 9- k

n as an

(b) 1 (six
. (four 3's) (:)
 5- 1 =4 horizontal moves 9 -2 = 7
in 111/(4!71) ways.
move xnov\,:,
diagonal moves is hetween 0 Cl'lS(:"ii are M

4 7
:3 R's, {}
2 5
1 R, 4, 8!j(3!1!4J)
o R'g, 3 71/( 410!3!)
sum of the results: 2.:1=0[(11- i)!j(i!(4--

29. 1
[11 - [4!/(2!2!)][4!/(3!l!)]
[11!/(7!4!)J + [10!/(6!3!1!)] + [9!/(5!212!)] +
1!/('7I4!)) + [101/(613!1!)] [9!j(5!2!2!)] + [8!/(4!1!3!)] +
[([4!/(2!2!)] + [3!j(1!1!1!)] + [2!j2!]} x ([4!/(3!H)] + [3!/(2!1!)J}]
Hexe we want certain paths from (1,1) to (14,4) where the moves are of the
(m, ~ (m + 1, n + 1), ifthe (n + l)-st ballot is for Katalin.
(m, -+ + 1,11. --1)) iHhc (n + l)~st ballot is for Donna.
paths are ollesthat never touch or cross the horizontal
(Tn, n) here indicates that m ballots have been counted
...",...!I""".,,,,,, pair
hy n votes. number of ways to count the ballots according to
18

corners
O$a<c~8 O$b'<fl~
b,d
 answer IS

33. are (:) = wa.ys to choose the

FrY[' of these choices ofiour (lUarh'!I's, there are 12·11, 10·9 ways to """"",,'p.,u
in total, there axe (~) ·12 ·11 ' 10·9 = 178,200 ways for to

Consider the as one unit. Then we are trying to arra:n.ge

family and the eight other people -- around the table. This can be dOllEl in
the family unit can be arranged in four WdYS, total number
'U'~"'f'"""'U"T' conditions is 4(8!).
 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGIC

Section 2.1

1. The sentences in parts (a), (c), (d), and (f) are statements.

2. The statements in parts (a), (c), and (f) are primitive statements.

3. Since p -+ q is false the truth value for p is 1 and that of q is O. Consequently, the truth
values for the given compound statements are
(a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 0

4. (a) r -+ q (b) q -+ p (c) (sAr)-+q

5. (a) If triangle ABC is equilateral, then it is isosceles.

(b) If triangle ABC is not isosceles, then it is not equilateral.
(c) Triangle ABC is equilateral if and only if it is equiangular.
(d) Triangle ABC is isosceles but it is not equilateral.
(e) If triangle ABC is equiangular, then it is isosceles.

6. (a) True (1) (b) False (0) (c) True (1)

7. (a) If Dard practices her serve daily then she will have a good chance of winning the
tennis tournament.
(c) If Mary is to be allowed on Larry's motorcycle, then she must wear her hehnet.

8.
(a) P--HI q-+p -+(q-+p)
1 1 1
1 0 o
o 1 1

P-Hl pA
1
1 0 1 1
0 1
1 1 0
 p q r q -} -r , (b) p -} (q-} '1 p-}q (c) (p-}q)-}r (h)
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 i 1
!
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
I 1
1
1.
1.
1
0
1.
1
'0 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1. 1 1. 0 I 1 1
1
I
1 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1. 1 1 I 1. 1

9. Propositions (a), (e), (f), and (h) are tautologies.

10.
t

p q r
.----.
p-}(q-}r)
II
r '"
(p -} q) -} (p-+ r)" s -} t
0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1. 1
1 0 1 1. 1. 1
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

11. (a) 25 = 32
12. (a) [(p 1\ q) 1\ rJ -} (8 V t) is false (0) when (p 1\ q) 1\ r is true (1) and s V t is false (0).
Hence p, q, and r must be true (1) while s and t must be false (0).

13. p: 0; r; 0; 8: 0

14. (a) n =9 (b) n = 19 (c) n=1.9

15.
(a) m = 3, n = 6 (b) m = n =9 (c) m = 18, n = 9
m=4, 11>=9 ~n= n=9
16.
=90
-10=
11. Consider the possibilities:
(i) Suppose the or the second statement is true one. statements
and (4) are false - so are true. And we
eat the piece of pie - (4) we conclude that Tyler
Now (3) is the
and (4) no longer contradict other. But now statement (2)

27
guilty statement (2» and Tyler guilty (from statement (3».
(iii) Finally, the last possibility - that is, statement (4) is true one. Once
again statements (3) and (4) do not contradict each other, and here we learn from statement
(2) Dawn is the vile

Section 2.2

(a)
(i)
p q r qAr p -+ (q !\ 1» p-+q p -+ r I (p -+ q) A (p -+ r)
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 , 1 I 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
0
1
1 1
0 0
1
0
I 1
0
I 1
0
1
0
I
1
0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(ii)
p q r pVq (p V q) -+ r p-+r q-+r (p-+ r)A(q -+ r)
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 , 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(iii)
Ip q r lqVr p -+ (q V 'r) p"~ q -'1' -> (p -+ q) I
1010 0 0 1 1 1
0 o! 1 1 1 1 1

~I
0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1
I
1 1 1 1 1 1 I
 b)
[p -l> (q V 1")] {::=::} [.1' -l> (p -l> q)] From part (iii) of part (a)
{::=:;} [-.1' -l> C.p V q)] By the 2nd Substitution Rule,
and (p -l> {::=:;} (.p V
By the 1st Substitution Rule,
and (8 -l> t) {::=::} (--.t -l> -'s), for
primitive statements s, t
¢=::} [( -"p A -.q) -l> 1'} By DeMorgan's Law, Double Negation
and the 2nd Substitution Rule
{::=::} [(p A -.q) -l> r] By Double Negation and the
2nd Substitution Rule

2.
p q pAq P V (p A q)
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1

3. a) For a primitive statement 3, 8 V -'8 {=:::} To. Replace each occurrence of s by

p V (q A r) and the result follows by the 1st Substitution Rule.

b) For primitive statements s, t we have (s -l> t) ¢=} (-,t -l> -'8). Replace each
occurrence of .5 by p V q, and each occurrence of t by r, and the result is a consequence
of the 1st Substitution Rule.

4. (1) [(p A '1) A rJ V [(p A q) A -,r] {=} (p A q) A (r V -,r) ¢=} (p A q) A To ¢=} P A q.

(2) [(p A q) V """Iq] {=:::} (p V .q) A (q V .q) {=:::} (p V -,q) A To ¢=} p V -'q.
Therefore, given statement simplifies to (p V .q) -l> S or (q -l> p) -l> S

5. a) Kelsey placed her studies before her interest cheerleading, but she (still) did not get
a good

or ",n.'''''u practicing
lesson.

6. (a) A(qV A{-.pV.qVr)] ¢=} V A.r)V(pAqA ¢=} (.q A -'1' ) V [..,p V

(p A q A .1")] ¢=::} A -'1") V A ( ""p V (q A ¢=} A V V A -,r)] '¢=:}
V !(-,q V A -'1') ¢=} -'p V -'1".
-'[(p A -l> 1"] {=} A V
pA V
 7.
v q) A (p A (p /\ q» p /\ q
o 0
o o
o o
1 1

b) (.,p /\ q) V (p V (p V q» {::=:} p Vq
8. ( a) q ---;. p {:=} -'q V p, so (q ---;. p)d <==} 'q A p.
(b) p---;.(qAr){:::::? V(qAr), so(p---;.(qAr)]d{:=} A(qVr).
(c) p +-7c q {:::::? (p ---;. q)/\(q -7 p) {:::::=? (-.pVq)A(.qVp), so (p +-7c q)d {:::=::> (-,pAq)V( . . . qAp).
(d) P)/Jl ¢=::} (p A -,q) V ("'p /\ q), 80 (p'i.q)d {:::=::> (p V ..... q) A (,p V q).

9. (a) If 0 = 0, then 2 + 2 = l.
0
Let p : 0 + 0 = 0, q : 1 1 .:. . . 1.
(The implication: p --+ q) - If 0 + 0 = 0, then 1 + 1 = 1. - False.
(The Converse of p ---;. q: q -7 p) - If 1 + 1 = 1, then 0 0 = O. - True
(The Inverse of p -7 q: -7 -.q) - If 0 + 0 =1= 0, then 1 + 1 =1= 1. - True

(The Contrapositive of p -7 q: -.q -7 .....p) - If 1 + 1 =1= 1, then 0 + 0 =1= o. - False

(b) If -1 < 3 and 3 + 7 = 10, then sine;) = -1. (TRUE)
Converse: If sine;) = -1, then < 3 and 3 + 7 = 10. (TRUE)
Inverse: If -1 :;::: 3 or 3 + 7 =1= 10, then sine;) =1= -1. (TRUE)
Contrapositive: If sin(~) =1= -1, then -1 :;::: 3 or 3 7 =1= 10.

10. (a.) True (b) True (c) True

11. a.) (q ---;. r) V "'p b) ( ..... q V r) V 'p

12.
I
i
p q p'i.q pA -'q -'p A q I (p A '41) V ( "'p A q) -'(p +-7c 41)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1
1 0
1
1
I 0
1 0
1 1
1
1
1
1 1 0 I 0 0 0 0
13.
p q r
0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

14.
q pAq q -+ (pA q) P -+ [q -+ (p A q)]
0 0 0 1 1
(a) 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1

(b) Replace each occurrence of p by pV q. Then we have the tautology (pV q) -+ {q-+
[(p V q) A q]] by the first substitution rule. Since (p V q) A q {::::=} q, by the absorption laws,
it follows that (p V q) -+ [q -+ q) {::::=} To.

p q pVq pAq q -+ (p A q) (p V q) -+ [q -+ (p A q)]

0 0 0 0 1 1
(c) 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
So the given statement is not a tautology. If we try to apply the second substitution rule
to the result in part (a) we would replace the first occurrence of p by p V q. But this
does not result in a tautology because it is not a valid application of this substitution rule
- for p is not logically equivalent to p V q.

15. (a) -'p ¢:=:} (p i p)

(b) p V q {:=:} ..( -op A -,q) ~ ('p """'q) ~ r t (q i q) r
pA q <f;=:} A t q) {::=} (p i q) i (p i
(d) p-+q4';:;" Vq~ 1\ {=} i ~pt(qiq)
(e) p H- q ~ (p -+ q) /\ (q --+ p) {:=:} t /\ u {::::=} (t '1£) i i u), where t r
r r
p (q and u for q (p r r
16. (a) ¢:=> (p L p)
pVq~ V <==> 4=} 1 l (p 1
P A q {::=} ,"'p A <==> 1 {.=::::} (p 1 p) ! (q 1
P -+ q ~ V q {::::::::} 1 q) 1 (..,p 1 1 p) 1 q] 1 r(p 1 1 q}
(e) pH- q {.=::::} 1 '1') 1 (8 ! r [(p 1 1 1 {(p 1 p) 1 and s
for lq)!p]![(q!q)!

31
17.
I
11' q
-'(p! '1) (-'1' r -.q) -'(p i q) ("p 1 -'(1)
0 0 0 0 0 0 I

0 1 1 1 0 0
I1
I1
0 1
1 1 I 1
1
0
1
0
1

18.
(a) [(1'Vq)/\(1'V-,q)]Vq Reasons
<=> [p V (q A ,q)J V '1 Distributive Law of V over A
<=> (1' V Fo) V q q /\ {:> Fo (Inverse Law)

<=> pV'1 1'V Fo {:> l' (Identity Law)

(b) (1' - t q) 1\ [-,q A (1' V -.q)J Reasons

{:> (1' - t q) A.q Absorption Law (and the
Commutative Law of V)
<=> ('1' V (1) A -''1 1'-+q{:> V'1
¢} -'q A (-,pV (1) Commutative Law of A
{:> (-.q A -'1') V ( -q A q) Distributive Law of A over V
¢} ( -.q A "'1') V Fo Inverse Law
{:> -.q A..,1' Identity Law
{:> -.('1 VI') DeMorgan's Laws

19.
(a) pV [pA (1'V q)] Reasons
{:} pV1' Absorption Law
{:> l' Idempotent Law of V

(b) pV q V ("'1' A -''1 A 1') Reasons

{:> (1' V q) V [-.(1' V q) A r] DeMorgan's Laws
¢} [(1' V (1) V -'(1' V q)] A (p V q V r) Distributive Law V over A
{:} To 1\ (1' V q V r) Law
{:> 1'VqVr Law

(c) -+(1'AqA
# V(pAqAr)
# V I\qt\
# I\ql\
<* pl\q

20. 1\ (-,t' V q V -,q)J V V t V -'1') 1\ -,q) ¢::;::::> [p A (-'1' V V [(To V t) 1\

(1' 1\ V 1\ ~ l' V -q
(b) V (p A V (1' /\ q /\ /\ [{p /\ r 1\ V t] <¢=> P /\ t by the Absorption
 Section. 2.3

1. (a)
p q r p -). q I (p V q) (p V q) -). r
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 I
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1
I
1 1
1 1
0
1
1
1 J
1
1 I 0
1
The validity of the argument follows from the results in the last row. (The first seven rows
may be ignored.)

'b)
p q (p A q) -). r
r -.q p -). -"'Y' ,pV'(j
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
The validity of the argument follows from the results in rows 1, 2, and 5 of the table. The
results in the other five rows may be ignored.

pV(qVr) [pV(qVr)]A,q pVr

0 0 0
1 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1

Consider the last truth Here we that whenever

value IF V \j A truth value p Vr
 rows of table are for assessing argument are rows
2, and 6. Rows 1, 3, 7, 8 may

2. a)
p q
P-H l 'r q---+'r p->rr (p ---+ q) A (q ---+ r)] ---+ (p ---+ r)
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1,0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

b)
p q p---+q (p ---+ q) A -.q r(p ---+ q) 1\ ,qJ ---+ 'p
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1
c)
p q 0p pVq (pVq)l\.p [(p V q) 1\ -.p] ---+ q
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1

(d)
s
....----.
p q r p---+'r q---+r' (p V q) ---+ r [(p ->r r) 1\ (q ---+ r)] ---+ s
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 1
o 111 1 1 1 1
1 0 0
1 o 11
I
0
1
I 1
1
0
1
1
1
1 1 10 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1

80 P A q.
0, tlu:m truth value p (and thai of q) is
the truth [(p V q) 1\ -'PJ IS regardless of

stal~en:Jlent q Vs value 0 only each of 8 truth Then

 (p q) has truth value 1 when p has truth value
---j> oS) has truth value 1 when
---j> r
has value O. But then (p V r) must have truth value 0,
(e) For (-,p V the truth value is 0 when both p, r have truth value 1. This then
forces '1, s to have truth 'value 1, for (p ---} q), ('1' ---} to have value 1.
However this results in
j value 0 ( -.q V

4. (a) Janice's daughter Angela will check Janice's spark plugs. (Modus Ponens)
(b) Brady did not solve the first problem correctly. (Modus ToBena)
(c) This is a repeat-until loop. (Modus Ponens)
(d) Tim watched television ill the evening. (Modus Tollens)

5. ( a) Rule of Conjunctive Simplification

(b) Invalid - attempt to argue by the converse
(c) Modus ToUens
(d) Rule of Disjunctive Syllogism
(e) Invalid - attempt to argue by the inverse

6. (a)
Steps Reasons
(1) qAr Premise
(2) q Step (1) and the Rule of Conjunctive Simplification
(3) /. q V r Step (2) and the Rule of Disjunctive Amplification
Consequently, (q 1\ r) ---} (q V r) is a tautology, or q A r =? q V r.
(b) Consider the truth value assignments p : 0, q : 1, and r : O. For these assignments
[p A (q A r)} V -,[p V (q 1\ r)] has truth value 1, while [p A (q V r)] V -,[p V (q V r)J has truth
value O. Therefore, P ---j> PI is not a tautology, or P '::fo Pl'

1.
(1) & (2) Premise
(3) Steps (1), (2) and the Rule of Detachment
(4) Premise
(5) (4)

(7)
(8) Steps (6), (7) and the Rule of Disjunctive
(8)

8.
(1)

(4) of Detachment
 (5) Rule of Conjunctive
Rule
(7) Premise
(8) Step and [r -.~ V {=} V t) -4
(9) Step (8) DeMorgan's Laws
(10) Steps (6), (9) and the Rule of Detachment
(11)
(12) . Step [(-,p V q) -4 <====} [-,." -4 V q)]
(13) Step (12) and DeMorgan's Laws and the Law of Negation
(14) Steps (10), (13) and the Rule of Detachment
(15) Step (14) and the Rule of Conjunctive Simplification

9. (a)

(1) Premise (The Negation of the Conclusion)

(2) Step (1) and -,(-..,q -4 8) {=} -{"""q V 8) {=} ..(q V 8) {:.=.} -'q A...,s
(3) Step (2) and the Rule of Conjunctive Simplification
(4) Premise
(5) Steps (3), (4) and the Rule of Disjunctive Syllogism
(6) Premise
(7) Step (2) and the Rule of Conjunctive Simplification
(8) Steps (6), (7) and Modus Tollens
(9) Premise
(10) Steps (8), (9) and the Rule of Disjunctive Syllogism
(11) Steps (5), (10) and the Rule of Conjunction
(12) Step (11) and the Method of Proof by Contradiction

(b)

(1) p-"q
,t} "..~

pVr
-4,-
-4r
-,rV 8
r-4,fJ

(2)
 (3) "'p -1> q Step (2) and the Rule of Conjunctive Simplification
(4) q-1>'r

(5) -'P -1> r Steps (3), (4) and the Law of the Syllogism
Premise
(7) ","" p Steps (5), (6) and Modus Tollens.

10. (3)

(1) p/\-,q Premise

(2) p Step (1) and the Rule of Conjunctive Simplification
(3) r Premise
(4) pAr- Steps (2), (3) and the Rule Conjunction
(5) /; (pAr)Vq Step (4) and the Rule of Disjunctive Amplification

(b)

(1) p, p - t q Premises
(2) q Step (1) and the Rule of Detachment
(3) "-Iq V r Premise
(4) q-1>1" Step (3) and -.q V r <¢::=> (q -1> r)
(5) /" l' Steps (2), (4) and the Rule of Detachment

(c)
(1) p - t q, -.q Premises
(2) "'p Step (1) and Modus Tollens
(3) -'1' Premise
(4) -'p A. -l)" Steps (2), (3) and Rule of Conjunction
(5) /" -.(p V r) Step (4) and DeMorgan's Laws

(d)

Rule of
(3) p-tq Premise
(2),
(e)
(1) p Premise
(2) - Premise
(3) p- q Step (2) (p - q) ¢:::::} -
(4) q Steps (1), (3) and the Rule of Detachment
(5) pAq Steps (1), (4) and the Rule of Conjunction
(6) p - (q - r) Premise
(7) (p 1\ q) - r Step (6), and [p - (q - r)] {:::::::> [(p 1\ q) - r]
(8) :~ :r Steps (5), (7) and the Rule of Detachment

(f)
(1) pAq Premise
(2) P Step (1) and the Rule of Conjunctive Simplification
(3) p-(rl\q) Premise
(4) rl\q Steps (2), (3) and the Rule of Detachment
(5) r Step (4) and the Rule of Conjunctive Simplification
(6) r - (.5 V t) Premise
(7) s Vt Steps (5), (6) and the Rule of Detachment
(8) -'8 Premise
(9) ,,".. t Steps (7), (8) and the Rule of Disjunctive Syllogism

(g)
(1) -'S, pVs Premises
(2) P Step (1) and the Rule of Disjunctive Syllogism
(3) p - (q - r) Premise
(4) q- r Steps (2), (3) and of Uet,aCIlmeJ[U
(5) t - q Premise
t - r Steps (4), and of Syllogism
(7) ~"q -,r- Step (6) and -

Vr
p-r (p- {::} Vr)
(3) -''1' Premise
Steps (3)
(5) pVq
(6) -q -q)
,,"'$ q
 (a) p: 1 q:O r :1
(b) p:O q:O r : 0 or 1
p:O q:l r:l
(c) p,q,r: 1 8:0
(d) p,q,t': 1 8:0

12. a) p: Rochelle gets the supervisor's position.

q: Rochelle works hard.
T: Rochelle gets a raise.
s: Rochelle buys a new car.

(p A q) --+ r
r--+s
-'8
..
.$ ,. -'P V -'q

(1) -'8 Premise

(2) r -4 8 Premise
(3) -'1' Steps (1), (2) and Modus TollellS
(4) (pAq) -4 l' Premise
(5) .(p A q) Steps (3), (4) and Modus Tollens
(6) ...." .p V.q Step (5) and -.(p A q) {:::::::> -'p V -'q.

b) p: Dominic goes to the racetrack.

q: Helen gets mad.
r: Ralph plays cards all night.
s: Carmela gets mad.
t: Veronica is notified.

(q -> t

Modus Tollens
 (9) 'f' ~ s Premise
(10) "'1' Steps (8), (9) and Modus Tollens
(11) / .. ..,p A . . . r Steps (7), (10) Rule Conjunction

c) p: There is a chance of rain.

q: Lois' red head scarf is missing.
r: Lois does 110t mow her lawn.
s: The temperature is over 80°

The following truth value assignments provide a counterexample to the validity of this
argument:
p : 0; q : 0; 'f' : 1; s : 1

(a) t
p q r pVq ..,pV r (p V q) A ( "'p V r) qVr t~(qVr)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
13.
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
From the last column of truth table it follows that [(p V q) 1\ ( ...... p V r)] ~ (q V 18 a
tautology.

Alternately we can try to see if there are values that can assigned p, q, r'
so that V has 0 while (p V q), ("'p V r) both have value
it that q : 0
l~ we have p : 1 q : O.
we cannot
(qV

we can
 Steps Reasons
1. pVq 1. Premise
2. qVp 2. Step (1) and the Commutative Law of V
...,( -,q) V P 3. Step (2) and the Law of Double Negation
4. -..q ~ p Step (3), -:q ~ p {:} -(,q) V p
5. -'P V r 5. Premise
6. p~r 6. Step (5), p ~ r {:} ""p V r
7. -:q ~ r 7. Steps (4), (6), and the Law of the Syllogism
8. """',, q V 'f' 8. Step (7), . . . q ~ r {::} q V r
(b)
(i) Steps Reasons
1. pV(qVr) 1. Premise
2. (p V q) A (p V r) 2. Step (1) and the Distribution Law of V over A
3. pVr 3. Step (2) and the Rule of Conjunctive Simplification
4. p~s 4. Premise
..
o. ...,pVs 5. Step (4), p ~ 8 {::} ...... p V s
,
6. " ., rVs 6. Steps (3), (5), the Rule of Conjunction, and Resolution
(ii) Steps Rea..':lons
1. p+-?q 1. Premise
2. (p ~ q) A (q ~ p) 2. (p +-? q) {::} [(p ~ q) A (q ~ p)]
3. p~q 3. Step (2) and the rule of Conjunctive Simplification
4 . ...,pV q 4. Step (3), p ~ q {:} . . . p V q
5. P 5. Premise
6. pVq 7. Step (5) and the Rule of Disjunctive Amplification
7. [(p V q) 1\ (""p V q)] 7. Steps (6), (4), and the Rule of Conjunction
8. qVq 8. Step (7) and Resolution
.,
9. d!!l1> q 9. Step (8) and the Idempotent Law of V.
(iii) Steps Reasons
1. pVq 1. Premise
2. p-l>r 2.
"'pVr 3. Step (2), p -I> r {:} 'F V r
V A V (1), Rule
5. qVr 5. Step (4) and Resolution
6. r~8 6.
-.r V s ""i •
8. V A V 8.

"ifI., q V s
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 ONE OF THACKERAY’S WOMEN
Some years since, there passed away, at Newport, Rhode Island,
one who could justly be classed with Thackeray’s women; one in
whom Lady Kew would have taken delight; one in whom she would
have found wit and memory and audacity rivaling her own; one who
was at once old and young, poor and luxurious, one of the loneliest
of human beings, and yet one of the most sociable. Miss Jane
Stuart, the only surviving daughter of Gilbert Stuart, the painter, had
dwelt all her life on the edge of art without being an artist, and at the
brink of fashion without being fashionable. Living at times in
something that approached poverty, she was usually surrounded by
friends who were rich and generous; so that she often fulfilled
Motley’s famous early saying, that one could do without the
necessaries of life, but could not spare the luxuries. She was an
essential part of the atmosphere of Newport; living near the “Old
Stone Mill,” she divided its celebrity and, as all agreed, its doubtful
antiquity; for her most intimate friends could not really guess within
fifteen years how old she was, and strangers placed her anywhere
from sixty to eighty. Her modest cottage, full of old furniture and
pictures, was the resort of much that was fashionable on the days of
her weekly receptions; costly equipages might be seen before the
door; and if, during any particular season, she suspected a falling off
in visitors, she would try some new device,—a beautiful girl sitting in
a certain carved armchair beneath an emblazoned window, like
Keats’s Madeline,—or, when things grew desperate, a bench with a
milk-pan and a pumpkin on the piazza, to give an innocently rural air.
“My dear,” she said on that occasion, “I must try something: rusticity
is the dodge for me”; and so the piazza looked that summer like a
transformation scene in “Cinderella,” with the fairy godmother not far
off.
She inherited from her father in full the Bohemian temperament,
and cultivated it so habitually through life that it was in full flower at a
time when almost any other woman would have been repressed by
age, poverty, and loneliness. At seventy or more she was still a born
mistress of the revels, and could not be for five minutes in a house
where a charade or a mask was going on without tapping at the most
private door and plaintively imploring to be taken in as one of the
conspirators. Once in, there was nothing too daring, too grotesque,
or too juvenile for her to accept as her part, and successfully. In the
modest winter sports of the narrowed Newport circle, when wit and
ingenuity had to be invoked to replace the summer resources of
wealth and display, she was an indispensable factor. She had been
known to enact a Proud Sister in “Cinderella,” to be the performer on
the penny whistle in the “Children’s Symphony,” to march as the
drum major of the Ku-Klux Klan with a muff for a shako, and to be
the gorilla of a menagerie, with an artificial head. Nothing could
make too great a demand upon her wit and vivacity, and her very
face had a droll plainness more effective for histrionic purposes than
a Grecian profile. She never lost dignity in these performances, for
she never had anything that could exactly be described by that
name; that was not her style. She had in its stead a supply of
common sense and ready adaptation that took the place, when
needed, of all starched decorum, and quite enabled her on serious
occasions to hold her own.
But her social resources were not confined to occasions where
she was one of an extemporized troupe: she was a host in herself;
she had known everybody; her memory held the adventures and
scandals of a generation, and these lost nothing on her lips. Then
when other resources were exhausted, and the candles had burned
down, and the fire was low, and a few guests lingered, somebody
would be sure to say, “Now, Miss Jane, tell us a ghost story.” With a
little, a very little, of coy reluctance, she would begin, in a voice at
first commonplace, but presently dropping to a sort of mystic tone;
she seemed to undergo a change like the gypsy queen in Browning’s
“Flight of the Duchess”; she was no longer a plain, elderly woman in
an economical gown, but she became a medium, a solemn weaver
of spells so deep that they appeared to enchant herself. Whence
came her stories, I wonder? not ghost stories alone, but blood-
curdling murders and midnight terrors, of which she abated you not
an item,—for she was never squeamish,—tales that all the police
records could hardly match. Then, when she and her auditors were
wrought up to the highest pitch, she began to tell fortunes; and here
also she seemed not so much a performer as one performed upon,
—a Delphic priestess, a Cassandra. I never shall forget how she
once made our blood run cold with the visions of coming danger that
she conjured around a young married woman on whom there soon
afterwards broke a wholly unexpected scandal that left her an exile
in a foreign land. No one ever knew, I believe, whether Miss Stuart
spoke at that time with knowledge; perhaps she hardly knew herself;
she always was, or affected to be, carried away beyond herself by
these weird incantations.
She was not so much to be called affectionate or lovable as good-
natured and kindly; and with an undisguised relish for the
comfortable things of this world, and a very frank liking for the
society of the rich and great, she was yet constant, after a fashion, to
humbler friends, and liked to do them good turns. Much of her
amiability took the form of flattery,—a flattery so habitual that it lost
all its grossness, and became almost a form of good deeds. She was
sometimes justly accused of applying this to the wealthy and
influential, but it was almost as freely exercised where she had
nothing to gain by it; and it gave to the humblest the feeling that he
was at least worth flattering. Even if he had a secret fear that what
she said of him behind his back might be less encouraging, no
matter: it was something to have been praised to his face. It must be
owned that her resources in the other direction were considerable,
and Lord Steyne himself might have applauded when she was
gradually led into mimicking some rich amateur who had pooh-
poohed her pictures, or some intrusive dame who had patronizingly
inspected her humble cot. It could not quite be said of her that her
wit lived to play, not wound; and yet, after all, what she got out of life
was so moderate, and so many women would have found her way of
existence dreary enough, that it was impossible to grudge her these
trifling indulgences.
Inheriting her father’s love of the brush, she had little of his talent;
her portraits of friends were generally transferred by degrees to dark
corners; but there existed an impression that she was a good copyist
of Stuart’s pictures, and she was at one time a familiar figure in
Boston, perched on a high stool, and copying those of his works
which were transferred for safe-keeping from Faneuil Hall to the Art
Museum. On one occasion, it was said, she grew tired of the long
process of copying and took home a canvas or two with the eyes
unpainted, putting them in, colored to please her own fancy, at
Newport. Perhaps she invented this legend for her own amusement,
for she never spared herself, and, were she to read this poor sketch
of her, would object to nothing but the tameness of its outlines.
 XV
JOHN BARTLETT
 JOHN BARTLETT
In every university town such as Cambridge, Massachusetts, there
is an outside circle, beyond the institution itself, of cultivated men
who may or may not hold its degrees, but who contribute to the
intellectual atmosphere. One of the most widely known and generally
useful of these at Cambridge—whether in his active youth or in the
patient and lonely seclusion of his later years—was John Bartlett,
best known as the author of the dictionary entitled “Familiar
Quotations.”
He was born in Plymouth, June 14, 1820, was educated in the
public schools of that town, and in 1836 entered the bookbinding
establishment connected with the University bookstore in
Cambridge, under John Owen, who was Longfellow’s first publisher.
In the next year Bartlett became a clerk in the bookstore, and soon
showed remarkable talent for the business. In 1846 Mr. Owen failed,
and Bartlett remained with his successor, George Nichols, but
became himself the proprietor in 1849. He had shown himself in this
position an uncommonly good publisher and adviser of authors. He
had there published three editions of his “Familiar Quotations,”
gradually enlarging the book from the beginning. In 1859 he sold out
to Sever & Francis. In 1862 he served as volunteer naval paymaster
for nine months with Captain Boutelle, his brother-in-law, on board
Admiral DuPont’s dispatch-boat. In August, 1863, he entered the
publishing house of Little, Brown & Co., nominally as clerk, but with
the promise that in eighteen months, when the existing partnership
would end, he should be taken into the firm, which accordingly took
place in 1865. The fourth edition of his “Familiar Quotations,” always
growing larger, had meanwhile been published by them, as well as
an édition de luxe of Walton’s “Complete Angler,” in the preparation
of which he made an especial and exceptionally fine collection of
works on angling, which he afterwards presented to the Harvard
College Library. His activity in the Waltonian sport is also
commemorated in Lowell’s poem, “To Mr. John Bartlett, who had
sent me a seven-pound trout.” He gave to the Library at the same
time another collection of books containing “Proverbs,” and still
another on “Emblems.”
After his becoming partner in the firm, the literary, manufacturing,
and advertising departments were assigned to him, and were
retained until he withdrew altogether. The fifth and sixth editions of
his “Quotations” were published by Little, Brown & Co., the seventh
and eighth by Routledge of London, the ninth by Little, Brown & Co.
and Macmillan & Co. of London, jointly; and of all these editions
between two and three hundred thousand copies must have been
sold. Of the seventh and eighth editions, as the author himself tells
us, forty thousand copies were printed apart from the English reprint.
The ninth edition, published in 1891, had three hundred and fifty
pages more than its predecessor, and the index was increased by
more than ten thousand lines. In 1881 Mr. Bartlett published his
Shakespeare “Phrase-Book,” and in February, 1889, he retired from
his firm to complete his indispensable Shakespeare “Concordance,”
which Macmillan & Co. published at their own risk in London in 1894.
All this immense literary work had the direct support and
coöperation of Mr. Bartlett’s wife, who was the daughter of Sidney
Willard, professor of Hebrew in Harvard University, and
granddaughter of Joseph Willard, President of Harvard from 1781 to
1804. She inherited from such an ancestry the love of studious labor;
and as they had no children, she and her husband could pursue it
with the greatest regularity. Both of them had also been great
readers for many years, and there is still extant a manuscript book of
John Bartlett’s which surpasses most books to be found in these
days, for it contains the life-long record of his reading. What man or
woman now living, for instance, can claim to have read Gibbon’s
“Decline and Fall” faithfully through, four times, from beginning to
end? We must, however, remember that this was accomplished by
one who began by reading a verse of the Bible aloud to his mother
when he was but three years old, and had gone through the whole of
it at nine.
There came an event in Bartlett’s life, however, which put an end
to all direct labors, when his wife and co-worker began to lose her
mental clearness, and all this joint task had presently to be laid
aside. For a time he tried to continue his work unaided; and she, with
unwearied patience and gentleness, would sit quietly beside him
without interference. But the malady increased, until she passed into
that melancholy condition described so powerfully by his neighbor
and intimate friend, James Russell Lowell,—though drawing from a
different example,—in his poem of “The Darkened Mind,” one of the
most impressive, I think, of his poems. While Bartlett still continued
his habit of reading, the writing had to be surrendered. His eyesight
being erelong affected, the reading also was abandoned, and after
his wife’s death he lived for a year or two one of the loneliest of lives.
He grew physically lame, and could scarcely cross the room
unaided. A nervous trouble in the head left him able to employ a
reader less and less frequently, and finally not at all. In a large and
homelike parlor, containing one of the most charming private libraries
in Cambridge,—the books being beautifully bound and lighting up
the walls instead of darkening them,—he spent most of the day
reclining on the sofa, externally unemployed, simply because
employment was impossible. He had occasional visitors, and four of
his old friends formed what they called a “Bartlett Club,” meeting at
his house one evening in every week. Sometimes days passed,
however, without his receiving a visitor, he living alone in a room
once gay with the whist-parties which he and Lowell had formerly
organized and carried on.
His cheerful courage, however, was absolutely unbroken, and he
came forward to meet every guest with a look of sunshine. His voice
and manner, always animated and cheerful, remained the same. He
had an inexhaustible store of anecdotes and reminiscences, and
could fill the hour with talk without showing exhaustion. Seldom
going out of the house, unable to take more than very short drives,
he dwelt absolutely in the past, remembered the ways and deeds of
all Cambridge and Boston literary men, speaking genially of all and
with malice of none. He had an endless fund of good stories of
personal experience. Were one to speak to him, for instance, of
Edward Everett, well known for the elaboration with which he
prepared his addresses, Bartlett would instantly recall how Everett
once came into his bookstore in search of a small pocket Bible to be
produced dramatically before a rural audience in a lecture; but in this
case finding none small enough, he chose a copy of Hoyle’s
“Games” instead, which was produced with due impressiveness
when the time came. Then he would describe the same Edward
Everett, whom he once called upon and found busy in drilling a few
Revolutionary soldiers who were to be on the platform during
Everett’s famous Concord oration. These he had drilled first to stand
up and be admired at a certain point of the oration, and then to sit
down again, by signal, that the audience might rather rise in their
honor. Unfortunately, one man, who was totally deaf, forgot the
instructions and absolutely refused to sit down, because the “squire”
had told him to stand up. In a similar way, Bartlett’s unimpaired
memory held the whole circle of eminent men among whom he had
grown up from youth, and a casual visitor might infer from his cheery
manner that these comrades had just left the room. During his last
illness, mind and memory seemed equally unclouded until the very
end, and almost the last words he spoke were a caution to his
faithful nurse not to forget to pay the small sum due to a man who
had been at work on his driveway, he naming the precise sum due in
dollars and cents.
He died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the morning of
December 3, 1905, aged eighty-five. Was his career, after all, more
to be pitied or envied? He lived a life of prolonged and happy labor
among the very choicest gems of human thought, and died with
patient fortitude after all visible human joys had long been laid aside.
 XVI
HORACE ELISHA SCUDDER
 HORACE ELISHA SCUDDER
It has been generally felt, I think, that no disrespect was shown to
John Fiske, when the New York “Nation” headed its very
discriminating sketch of him with the title “John Fiske, Popularizer”;
and I should feel that I showed no discourtesy, but on the contrary,
did honor to Horace Elisha Scudder, in describing him as Literary
Workman. I know of no other man in America, perhaps, who so well
deserved that honorable name; no one, that is, who, if he had a
difficult piece of literary work to do, could be so absolutely relied
upon to do it carefully and well. Whatever it was,—compiling, editing,
arranging, translating, indexing,—his work was uniformly well done.
Whether this is the highest form of literary distinction is not now the
question. What other distinction he might have won if he had shown
less of modesty or self-restraint, we can never know. It is true that
his few thoroughly original volumes show something beyond what is
described in the limited term, workmanship. But that he brought such
workmanship up into the realm of art is as certain as that we may
call the cabinet-maker of the Middle Ages an artist.
Mr. Scudder was born in Boston on October 16, 1838, the son of
Charles and Sarah Lathrop (Coit) Scudder, and died at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, on January 11, 1902. He was a graduate of Williams
College, and after graduation went to New York, where he spent
three years as a teacher. It was there that he wrote his first stories
for children, entitled “Seven Little People and their Friends” (New
York, 1862). After his father’s death he returned to Boston, and
thenceforward devoted himself almost wholly to literary pursuits. He
prepared the “Life and Letters of David Coit Scudder,” his brother, a
missionary to India (New York, 1864); edited the “Riverside
Magazine” for young people during its four years’ existence (from
1867 to 1870); and published “Dream Children” and “Stories from My
Attic.” Becoming associated with Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, he
edited for them the “Atlantic Monthly” from 1890 to 1898, preparing
for it also that invaluable Index, so important to bibliographers; he
also edited the “American Commonwealths” series, and two
detached volumes, “American Poems” (1879) and “American Prose”
(1880). He published also the “Bodley Books” (8 vols., Boston, 1875
to 1887); “The Dwellers in Five Sisters’ Court” (1876); “Boston Town”
(1881); “Life of Noah Webster” (1882); “A History of the United
States” for schools (1884); “Men and Letters” (1887); “Life of George
Washington” (1889); “Literature in School” (1889); “Childhood in
Literature and Art” (1894), besides various books of which he was
the editor or compiler only. He was also for nearly six years (1877-
82) a member of the Cambridge School Committee; for five years
(1884-89) of the State Board of Education; for nine years (1889-98)
of the Harvard University visiting committee in English literature; and
was at the time of his death a trustee of Williams College, Wellesley
College, and St. John’s Theological School, these making all
together a quarter of a century of almost uninterrupted and wholly
unpaid public service in the cause of education. After May 28, 1889,
he was a member of the American Academy, until his death. This is
the simple record of a most useful and admirable life, filled more and
more, as it went on, with gratuitous public services and disinterested
acts for others.
As a literary workman, his nicety of method and regularity of life
went beyond those of any man I have known. Working chiefly at
home, he assigned in advance a certain number of hours daily as
due to the firm for which he labored; and he then kept carefully the
record of these hours, and if he took out a half hour for his own
private work, made it up. He had special work assigned by himself
for a certain time before breakfast, an interval which he daily gave
largely to the Greek Testament and at some periods to Homer,
Thucydides, Herodotus, and Xenophon; working always with the
original at hand and writing out translations or commentaries, always
in the same exquisite handwriting and at first contained in small thin
note-books, afterwards bound in substantial volumes, with morocco
binding and proper lettering. All his writings were thus handsomely
treated, and the shelves devoted to his own works, pamphlet or
otherwise, were to the eye a very conservatory and flower garden of
literature; or like a chamberful of children to whom even a frugal
parent may allow himself the luxury of pretty clothes. All his literary
arrangements were neat and perfect, and represented that other
extreme from the celebrated collection of De Quincey in Dove
Cottage at Grasmere, where that author had five thousand books, by
his own statement, in a little room ten or twelve feet square; and his
old housekeeper explained it to me as perfectly practicable “because
he had no bookcases,” but simply piled them against the walls,
leaving here and there little gaps in which he put his money.
In the delicate and touching dedication of Scudder’s chief work,
“Men and Letters,” to his friend Henry M. Alden, the well-known New
York editor, he says: “In that former state of existence when we were
poets, you wrote verses which I knew by heart and I read dreamy
tales to you which you speculated over as if they were already
classics. Then you bound your manuscript verses in a full blue calf
volume and put it on the shelf, and I woke to find myself at the desk
of a literary workman.” Later, he says of himself, “Fortunately, I have
been able for the most part to work out of the glare of publicity.” Yet
even to this modest phrase he adds acutely: “But there is always that
something in us which whispers I, and after a while the anonymous
critic becomes a little tired of listening to the whisper in his solitary
cave, and is disposed to escape from it by coming out into the light
even at the risk of blinking a little, and by suffering the ghostly voice
to become articulate, though the sound startle him. One craves
company for his thought, and is not quite content always to sit in the
dark with his guests.”
The work in which he best achieves the purpose last stated is
undoubtedly the collection of papers called by the inexpressive
phrase “Men and Letters”; a book whose title was perhaps a weight
upon it, and which yet contained some of the very best of American
thought and criticism. It manifests even more than his “Life of Lowell”
that faculty of keen summing up and epigrammatic condensation
which became so marked in him that it was very visible, I am
assured, even in the literary councils of his publishers, two members
of which have told me that he often, after a long discussion, so
summed up the whole situation in a sentence or two that he left them
free to pass to something else. We see the same quality, for
instance, in his “Men and Letters,” in his papers on Dr. Mulford and
Longfellow. The first is an analysis of the life and literary service of a
man too little known because of early death, but of the rarest and
most exquisite intellectual qualities, Dr. Elisha Mulford, author of
“The Nation” and then of “The Republic of God.” In this, as
everywhere in the book, Mr. Scudder shows that epigrammatic
quality which amounted, whether applied to books or men, to what
may be best described as a quiet brilliancy. This is seen, for
instance, when, in defending Mulford from the imputation of
narrowness, his friend sums up the whole character of the man and
saves a page of more detailed discussion by saying, “He was narrow
as a cañon is narrow, when the depth apparently contracts the sides”
(page 17). So in his criticism called “Longfellow and his Art,” Scudder
repeatedly expresses in a sentence what might well have occupied a
page, as where he says of Longfellow, “He was first of all a
composer, and he saw his subjects in their relations rather than in
their essence” (page 44). He is equally penetrating where he says
that Longfellow “brought to his work in the college no special love of
teaching,” but “a deep love of literature and that unacademic attitude
toward his work which was a liberalizing power” (page 66). He
touches equally well that subtle quality of Longfellow’s temperament,
so difficult to delineate, when he says of him: “He gave of himself
freely to his intimate friends, but he dwelt, nevertheless, in a
charmed circle, beyond the lines of which men could not penetrate”
(page 68). These admirable statements sufficiently indicate the rare
quality of Mr. Scudder’s work.
So far as especial passages go, Mr. Scudder never surpassed the
best chapters of “Men and Letters,” but his one adequate and
complete work as a whole is undoubtedly, apart from his
biographies, the volume entitled “Childhood in Literature and Art”
(1894). This book was based on a course of Lowell lectures given by
him in Boston, and is probably that by which he himself would wish
to be judged, at least up to the time of his excellent biography of
Lowell. He deals in successive chapters with Greek, Roman,
Hebrew, Mediæval, English, French, German, and American literary
art with great symmetry and unity throughout, culminating, of course,
in Hawthorne and analyzing the portraits of children drawn in his
productions. In this book one may justly say that he has added
himself, in a degree, to the immediate circle of those very few
American writers whom he commemorates so nobly at the close of
his essay on “Longfellow and his Art,” in “Men and Letters”: “It is too
early to make a full survey of the immense importance to American
letters of the work done by half-a-dozen great men in the middle of
this century. The body of prose and verse created by them is
constituting the solid foundation upon which other structures are to
rise; the humanity which it holds is entering into the life of the
country, and no material invention, or scientific discovery, or
institutional prosperity, or accumulation of wealth will so powerfully
affect the spiritual well-being of the nation for generations to come”
(page 69).
If it now be asked what prevented Horace Scudder from showing
more fully this gift of higher literature and led to his acquiescing,
through life, in a comparatively secondary function, I can find but one
explanation, and that a most interesting one to us in New England,
as illustrating the effect of immediate surroundings. His father, so far
as I can ascertain, was one of those Congregationalists of the milder
type who, while strict in their opinions, are led by a sunny
temperament to be genial with their households and to allow them
innocent amusements. The mother was a Congregationalist, firm but
not severe in her opinions; but always controlled by that indomitable
New England conscience of the older time, which made her sacrifice
herself to every call of charity and even to refuse, as tradition says,
to have window curtains in her house, inasmuch as many around her
could not even buy blankets. Add to this the fact that Boston was
then a great missionary centre, that several prominent leaders in that
cause were of the Scudder family, and the house was a sort of
headquarters for them, and that Horace Scudder’s own elder
brother, whose memoirs he wrote, went as a missionary to India,
dying at his post. Speaking of his father’s family in his memoir, he
says of it, “In the conduct of the household, there was recognition of
some more profound meaning in life than could find expression in
mere enjoyment of living; while the presence of a real religious
sentiment banished that counterfeit solemnity which would hang over
innocent pleasure like a cloud” (Scudder’s “Life of David Coit
Scudder,” page 4). By one bred in such an atmosphere of self-
sacrifice, that quality may well be imbibed; it may even become a
second nature, so that the instinctive demand for self-assertion may
become subordinate until many a man ends in finding full
contentment in doing perfectly the appointed work of every day. If we
hold as we should that it is character, not mere talent, which
ennobles life, we may well feel that there is something not merely
pardonable, but ennobling, in such a habit of mind. Viewed in this
light, his simple devotion to modest duty may well be to many of us
rather a model than a thing to be criticised.
 XVII
EDWARD ATKINSON
 EDWARD ATKINSON
Edward Atkinson, a member of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences since March 12, 1879, was born in Brookline,
Massachusetts, on February 10, 1827, and died in Boston on
December 11, 1905. He was descended on his father’s side from the
patriot minute-man, Lieutenant Amos Atkinson, and on the maternal
side from Stephen Greenleaf, a well-known fighter of Indians in the
colonial period; thus honestly inheriting on both sides that combative
spirit in good causes which marked his life. Owing to the business
reverses of his father, he was prevented from receiving, as his elder
brother, William Parsons Atkinson, had received, a Harvard College
education, a training which was also extended to all of Edward
Atkinson’s sons, at a later day. At fifteen he entered the employment
of Read and Chadwick, Commission Merchants, Boston, in the
capacity of office boy; but he rapidly rose to the position of book-
keeper, and subsequently became connected with several cotton
manufacturing companies in Lewiston, Maine, and elsewhere. He
was for many years the treasurer of a number of such corporations,
and in 1878 became President of the Boston Manufacturers’ Mutual
Insurance Company. Such business was in a somewhat chaotic
state when he took hold of it, but he remained in its charge until his
death, having during this time organized, enlarged, and perfected the
mutual insurance of industrial concerns. In 1855 he married Miss
Mary Caroline Heath, of Brookline, who died in December, 1907. He
is survived by seven children,—Mrs. Ernest Winsor, E. W. Atkinson,
Charles H. Atkinson, William Atkinson, Robert W. Atkinson, Miss C.
P. Atkinson, and Mrs. R. G. Wadsworth.
This gives the mere outline of a life of extraordinary activity and
usefulness which well merits a further delineation in detail. Mr.
Atkinson’s interest in public life began with a vote for Horace Mann in
1848. Twenty years after, speaking at Salem, he described himself
as never having been anything else than a Republican; but he was
one of those who supported Cleveland for President in 1884, and
whose general affinities were with the Democratic party. He opposed
with especial vigor what is often called “the imperial policy,” which
followed the Cuban War, and he conducted a periodical of his own
from time to time, making the most elaborate single battery which the
war-party had to encounter.
From an early period of life he was a profuse and vigorous
pamphleteer, his first pamphlet being published during the Civil War
and entitled “Cheap Cotton by Free Labor,” and this publication led
to his acquaintance with David R. Wells and Charles Nordhoff,
thenceforth his life-long friends. His early pamphlets were on the
cotton question in different forms (1863-76); he wrote on blockade-
running (1865); on the Pacific Railway (1871); and on mutual fire
insurance (1885), this last being based on personal experience as
the head of a mutual company. He was also, during his whole life, in
print and otherwise, a strong and effective fighter for sound currency.
A large part of his attention from 1889 onward was occupied by
experiments in cooking and diet, culminating in an invention of his
own called “The Aladdin Oven.” This led him into investigations as to
the cost of nutrition in different countries, on which subject he also
wrote pamphlets. He soon was led into experiments so daring that
he claimed to have proved it possible to cook with it, in open air, a
five-course dinner for ten persons, and gave illustrations of this at
outdoor entertainments. He claimed that good nutrition could be had
for $1 per week, and that a family of five, by moderate management,
could be comfortably supported on $180 per year (Boston “Herald,”
October 8, 1891). These surprising figures unfortunately created
among the laboring-class a good deal of sharp criticism, culminating
in the mistaken inquiry, why he did not feed his own family at $180 a
year, if it was so easy? I can only say for one, that if the meals at that
price were like a dinner of which I partook at his own house with an
invited party, and at which I went through the promised five courses
after seeing them all prepared in the garden, I think that his standard
of poverty came very near to luxury.
Mingled with these things in later years was introduced another
valuable department of instruction. He was more and more called
upon to give addresses, especially on manufactures, before
Southern audiences, and there was no disposition to criticise him for
his anti-slavery record. Another man could hardly be found whose
knowledge of manufacturing and of insurance combined made him
so fit to give counsel in the new business impulse showing itself at
the South. He wrote much (1877) on cotton goods, called for an
international cotton exposition, and gave an address at Atlanta,
Georgia, which was printed in Boston in 1881.
Looking now at Atkinson’s career with the eyes of a literary man, it
seems clear to me that no college training could possibly have
added to his power of accumulating knowledge or his wealth in the
expression of it. But the academic tradition might have best added to
these general statements in each case some simple address or
essay which would bring out clearly to the minds of an untrained
audience the essential points of each single theme. Almost
everything he left is the talk of a specially trained man to a limited
audience, also well trained,—at least in the particular department to
which he addresses himself. The men to whom he talks may not
know how to read or write, but they are all practically versed in the
subjects of which he treats. He talks as a miner to miners, a farmer
to farmers, a cook to cooks; but among all of his papers which I have
examined, that in which he appears to the greatest advantage to the
general reader is his “Address before the Alumni of Andover
Theological Seminary” on June 9, 1886. Here he speaks as one
representing a wholly different pursuit from that of his auditors; a
layman to clergymen, or those aiming to become so. He says to
them frankly at the outset, “I have often thought [at church] that if a
member of the congregation could sometimes occupy the pulpit
while the minister took his place in the pew, it might be a benefit to
both. The duty has been assigned to me to-day to trace out the
connection between morality and a true system of political or
industrial economy.”
He goes on to remind them that the book which is said to rank
next to the Bible toward the benefit of the human race is Adam
Smith’s “Wealth of Nations,” and that the same Adam Smith wrote a
book on moral philosophy, which is now but little read. He therefore
takes the former of Smith’s books, not the latter, as his theme, and
thus proceeds:—