2023 International Symposium on Lightning Protection (XVII SIPDA), Suzhou, China, October 9-13, 2023

Line Surge Arresters' Monitoring System

Selma Grebović Ivo Uglešić Alain Xémard

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electricite de France
University of Sarajevo Computing Paris, France
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina University of Zagreb alain.xemard@edf.fr
sgrebovic@etf.unsa Zagreb, Croatia
Ivo.Uglesic@fer.hr

Luis Diaz Silvia Sinčić Luka Ćurin

Réseau de Transport d’Electricité Croatian Transmission System Operator Croatian Transmission System Operator
Paris, France (HOPS) (HOPS)
luis.diaz@rte-france.com Zagreb, Croatia Zagreb, Croatia
Silvia.Sincic@hops.hr Luka.Curin@hops.hr
2023 International Symposium on Lightning Protection (XVII SIPDA) | 979-8-3503-5779-0/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/SIPDA59763.2023.10349175

Abstract— Power system reliability is often threatened by
lightning discharges causing the outages of the overhead lines.
Surge arresters installed on high-voltage overhead transmission
lines can improve their lightning performance. Studying
lightning is a challenging task due to its stochastic nature and
complex discharge mechanism. Lightning data based on
lightning location systems has contributed to the recent
improved understanding of lightning but there are still areas
that require further research such as the parameters of the
lightning current waveform. This paper describes the proposed
line surge arresters' monitoring system for measuring lightning
and line surge arrester currents as well as temperature and
humidity. The proposed system is based on state-of-the-art
measuring sensors, communication and information
technologies. Software and hardware components of the system
are described, including laboratory tests and results.
Keywords—surge arrester, lightning current, waveshape,
measurement, monitoring
I. INTRODUCTION
Lightning is caused by strong electric fields that occur
between clouds and the ground or between clouds, as well as
within clouds. As a result of large potential differences, a
discharge occurs in the air with the length of an electric arc
measured in kilometers and accompanied by a large current,
which can range from a few kiloamperes to tens or hundreds
of kiloamperes.
Studying lightning is a challenging task due to its
stochastic nature and complex discharge mechanism. Most of
the lightning strikes (about three-quarters) do not involve the
ground, but are discharges between or within clouds.
Discharges between clouds and the ground are relevant for the
protection of power systems, because such lightning can strike
power system facilities and threaten the reliability of the
power supply [1].
Surge arresters installed on high-voltage overhead
transmission lines can improve their lightning protection [2] -
[5].
Lightning data based on lightning location systems (LLS)
such as time and date of the lightning stroke, GPS coordinates
(2D), lightning current amplitude, lightning type, height (for
inter-cloud lightning), and 2D statistical error has contributed
to the recent improvement of the understanding of lightning.
Still, there are many areas that require further research since
the parameters which are useful for insulation coordination
studies, such as the front and tail times of the lightning current
waveform, are not recordable by LLS. In accordance with IEC
61400-24:2019, there are four parameters which are
characteristics of lightning current: amplitude (I), rise rate or
slope (di/dt), transferred charge (Q) and specific energy (W/R)
[6].
The most significant information in lightning research for
engineering applications is derived from the waveform
analysis of lightning currents that have been directly
measured. Several systems for measuring lightning current
waveforms have been developed, most of them are installed
on high towers, like telecom towers [7] - [12].
A real time measurement system for measuring lightning
transient currents was developed and installed on two towers
equipped with line surge arresters (LSAs) on a 110 kV
overhead line in the Croatian transmission network [13]. Due
to the aging and obsolescence the measurement system in
question is no longer operational.
This paper presents a system whose aim is to measure the
lightning current which circulates through the line surge
arresters of an overhead transmission line. The new system is
based on the state-of-the-art in terms of measuring sensors,
communication, and information technologies. It is also
crucial to choose the measuring system's components
according to the parameters of the lightning current that are
measured.
The choice of a location with active lightning is a very
important step in the installation of such measurement device,
to obtain a sufficient number of measurement results. The
selection of areas with high lightning activity should be made
using modern lightning location technologies.
The paper is organized as follows. Section II presents line
surge arresters’ application experience of the Croatian
transmission system operator. Section III describes the line
surge arrester’s transient current measurement and monitoring
system. Section IV depicts the laboratory tests and the

979-8-3503-5779-0/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE

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 experimental results. Finally, the conclusion is presented in
section V.
II. LINE SURGE ARRESTERS APPLICATION
There is increasing number of line surge arresters’ (LSA)
application to the overhead lines in order to improve the
lightning performance of the lines by reducing the outage rate
due to the lightning. It is the case in particular for the overhead
lines located in the specific environments where it is not
possible to apply other methods which improve overvoltage
performance of the overhead lines or their application are
insufficient.
The Croatian transmission system operator has started to
use LSAs in 2007 and after a first satisfactory experience in
reducing the number of outages of a line equipped, it has
continued to apply LSAs to overhead lines which are exposed
to significant lightning activity [13].
The installation of LSAs on the 110 kV overhead lines on
the island of Brač is an example of this application, since this
zone has had many lightning related outages during the past
decades. These outages can often be transient failures cleared
by the auto-reclosure function of the overhead line relay
protection, but in some cases they can cause interruption of
electricity supply and significant damage of the primary or
secondary substation equipment.
The 110 kV overhead lines on the island of Brač are
located in the coastal area which is exposed to specific climate
conditions with high lightning activity, particularly during the
summer period of the year. The surrounding terrain is mostly
rocky and of very high soil resistivity which aggravates the
overvoltage protection performance of the overhead lines.
An example of the lightning activity tracked during a 1-
hour time period recorded by a LLS is shown in Fig. 1. When
performing computations of lightning performance in the
observed area a keraunic level of 40 lightning days per year is
commonly used.
Fig. 1. Example of lightning activity recordeded during 1 hour on the island
of Brač by a LLS.
The lines are equipped with a grounding wire, which
intercepts lightning strokes so they cannot strike directly the
phase conductors, and which is the common standard
protection of overhead transmission lines. As the lines were
already existing and located in the specific environment
mentioned before, it was not considered a practical to improve
tower grounding resistance or to increase critical flashover
voltage (CFO) of the insulator strings.
Therefore, LSAs were installed to improve the lightning
performance of the overhead lines by reducing the lightning
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outage rate. EMT simulations with different line surge
arresters’ configurations were performed to determine the
placement (towers and phases) of the line surge arresters [14].
Data on the overhead line parameters, towers’ footing
resistance, and the most frequent locations, type and duration
of the failures were used as the input for the simulations,
Lightning statistics data obtained from the LLS were used
in order to evaluate the efficiency of the LSA configuration in
relation to the lightning activities in the observed area. Time
and spatial correlation of the relay protection system data and
LLS data was performed to determine the number of outages
caused by lightning. For example, correlations of the overhead
line outages with the lightning activities confirmed by the LLS
application are marked with red labels in Fig. 1. Analyses
showed that the number of outages of the observed overhead
lines in relation to the recorded lightning activities decreased
after the LSAs were installed and the overvoltage protection
performance of the overhead lines improved significantly
[15]. Other analyses showed that some improvements of the
LSAs configuration are still possible [16, 17] for which further
research would be needed including a deeper understanding of
the lightning phenomena influence on the overhead lines’
operation. Therefore, LSA monitoring system with possibility
to measure the transient currents could be used.
III. TRANSIENT CURRENT MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
A better understanding of lightning parameters, methods
for calculating the flashover rate of OHL (as well as the
validation of EMT software programs Erro! Fonte de
referência não encontrada.), and the specification of the
lightning impulse discharge capabilities of arresters could all
be achieved by measuring the lightning current flowing
through the LSA and through the tower [19].
During its operation, an old version of the measurement
system provided data useful for performing correlations with
LLS data, as well as with data recorded by the overhead line’s
relay protection device as it is shown in Fig. 2 [20].
Fig. 2. Lightning transient current measurement [20]
The objective is to develop a new system that can be
established at distant locations. The proposal to mount
measuring equipment on the transmission line tower to
monitor currents flowing through the tower and surge arresters
is shown in Fig. 3.
The proposed transient current measurement system was
developed based on the previous experience with the custom
 designed real time measurement system for lightning transient
currents monitoring [20] - [23].
Fig. 3. Principle of the installation of the measuring system on the
transmission line tower
The proposed measurement system consists of following
components (see Fig. 4):
x Sensor unit;
x Recording unit;
x Communication and storage;
x Software and user interface;
x Temperature and humidity measurement.
A. Hardware
Rogowski coils or current transformers can be used as
sensor part to measure the lightning current which passes
through the surge arrester. In this system a Rogowski coil is
used to measure the current and it is labelled with number 1 in
Fig. 4. As it can be seen in Fig. 3 three Rogowski coils will be
used for measuring currents through the line surge arresters in
three different phases and one Rogowski coil to measure
current through transmission line tower. Rogowski coil
integrator labelled with 2 in Fig.4 is wide bandwidth.
A 10:1 voltage divider which protects the oscilloscope
from damages during the tests is placed between the integrator
(marked with 3 in Fig. 4) of the Rogowski coil and one of the
inputs of the data download card (e.g., as in Fig. 4 Channel 1).
The voltage attenuator has the following characteristics:
voltage ratio 10:1, midband accuracy ±1%, input and output
resistance of 50 Ω, useable rise time 5 ns, frequency range:
DC – 3 GHz [24].
The system is equipped with a precise GPS receiver that
sends a PPS (Pulse Per Second) signal at an output every
second which is recorded by the acquisition card at the same
acquisition rate as the discharge current is measured as shown
in Fig. 4. The GPS receiver must have satisfactory self-
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accuracy, which is the result of direct processing of the
received GPS signals and transformation of this data into GPS
precise time.
Fig. 4. Experimental measurement system scheme
The acquisition unit, marked with 5 in Fig. 4, is used to
record the lightning current waveshape and all its important
parameters. It is a differential oscilloscope equipped with
differential dividers and probes. It has a maximum sampling
rate of 1 GSa/s, which is suitable for recording very fast front
transients, and a resolution of 8, 12, 14 or 16 bits. To
determine the samples, the oscilloscope uses an internal A/D
converter with a very precise clock (with accuracy ± 0.0001
%, stability ± 1 ppm and with time base aging ±1 ppm/year)
determines the moments at which sampling needs to be
performed. The measuring range of input voltages is between
± 200 mV and ± 80 V, and the connection to the instrument is
made via a USB 3.0 cable [25].
Due to the synchronization of measurements on different
channels (in this case two channels: channel for measuring
discharge current and channel for PPS signal) it is very
important that the data acquisition card has a very precise
internal timer.
A computer (number 6 in Fig 4.) is used for storage and
transferring the measured data from the acquisition unit to the
cloud. Data from the acquisition unit to the computer are
transferred via Super Speed USB 3.0
For the experimental measurement system testing purpose,
a 4G connection was used for data transferring to the cloud
storage. Data which are stored in the cloud are available to all
authorized users.
In the laboratory, for testing purposes, local power was
used as a power supply unit for the developed system. For the
system installed on the site solar power system is considered.
 In addition to the lightning current measuring system IoT x Recording and sending data.
(Internet of Things) based system is added to monitor
environment temperature and humidity. As it is previously It also enables the system to send data periodically from
mentioned lightning current measuring system will be the computer to the cloud, for instance once per day (or as set
installed on a transmission line tower and it is, as for every by the user). The sent data are automatically removed to free
other technical system, important and useful to have up space in the computer's memory, which may be in a remote
information on operational ambient conditions, in particular location. The program is launched automatically as soon as the
temperature and humidity. Also, this system represents computer is powered on due to the potential distant location
beginning of the development of IoT based devices’ of the system.
application in high voltage measurement systems. IV. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM TESTING
When performing insulation coordination studies or The Experimental Measurement System was tested with a
maintain insulation it is beneficial to have information about: large number of pulse currents of various waveforms in order
x temperature, to identify the optimal performance of the individual system’s
components and of the system itself.
x air pressure,
The scheme of the setup for the experimental measurement
x humidity, system testing in the high voltage laboratory is shown in Fig.
4 and consists of following equipment:
x air pollution,
x Impulse current generator;
x solar irradiation,
x Surge Protection Device (SPD)
x wind speed and direction, etc.
x Conventional laboratory measurement system;
The developed device records temperature and humidity
and sends the data in real time via the internet to a server. x Developed system (the system that was tested);
Although data is measured and provided once per 15 minutes,
the user can optionally set a sampling rate and data delivery x Power supply for developed system;
time frame. x Internet connection.
The device is built around a Wi-Fi LoRa (Long Range) 32 The impulse generator can generate surge currents up to
V2 device (number 8 in Fig.4) and a simple temperature and 10 kA peak values of both polarities of standard waveform
humidity sensor (number 7 in Fig.4 DHT12 sensor) that is 8/20 μs (or some other wave-shape).
connected to the Wi-Fi LoRa 32 V2 device. Micro Python @
[26] is used for programming a microcontroller which The SPD was used as the object through which current is
measures temperature and humidity and sends the data to a measured. Characteristics of the SPD are given in table I.
server. The Wi-Fi LoRa 32 V2 device can communicate (for
data sending) via Wi-Fi or LoRa network. In this case 4G TABLE I. CHARACTERISTICS OF DISTRIBUTION SURGE ARRESTER
(SPD)
network is available and device uses it. In the case that the
LoRa infrastructure (gateways) is available, it can also be used Maximum discharge current 40 kA
for the communication. The device is equipped with OLED Nominal discharge current 15 kA
Voltage protection level 1.2 kV
display on which temperature and humidity can be shown.
Maximum continuous voltage 275 V
The device is low consumption, and it can be supplied by U – I Characteristic
the battery for a long term i.e. for months. Voltage [V] Current [A]
344 0.001
B. Software and Data Storage in the Cloud 402 0.01
459 0.1
The lightning current measuring system is equipped with 517 1
a custom developed software which performs the following 575 10
operations: 632 100
690 1000
x Downloading the data by the measuring card, i.e. from 1100 10000
the measuring device (in this case Rogowski coil), all
the way to the computer, via USB 3.0 interface; The currents measured with the experimental system were
x Processing the data, i.e. recording on the controller simultaneously compared to the ones observed with a
disk; conventional laboratory measurement system consisting of an
oscilloscope with a sampling rate of 50 MSa/s. Voltage is
x Sending the processed data to the cloud, via a network measured at low inductive resistance R = 31.8 mΩ as it is
communication (LAN, WiFi, 4G). illustrated in Fig. 4. The current is obtained via this voltage
The software enables manual execution of the following drop.
commands: Lightning First Stroke Test is the preliminary test which is
x Trigger, performed to check that the laboratory set-up was operational,
and that the equipment met the desired requirements. It
x PPS signal, consists of the single 8/20 μs current impulse. The low current
amplitude of the first impulse is used to check the accuracy of
x GPS and the selected thresholds.

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 The second experiment consisted of the generation of
several current shapes with different peaks to make sure that
the monitoring system acquire all of the impulses and send
them to the server over the mobile network.
About 90% of all cloud-to-ground lightning are downward
negative lightning discharges. The used testing current shapes
is similar to the directly measured lightning current shape as
shown in Fig. 5. It was recorded with measurement system
installed on the broadcasting tower on the mountain Lovćen,
Montenegro.
Fig. 5. Measured lightning current shape [23]
Communication Test was performed in order to check if
the monitoring system can communicate over the different
networks (software and hardware test).
Results of test performed with the generated current shape
with the peak value I Ĭ 8,3 kA is shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Measured current with the peak value I Ĭ 8,3 kA
It can be observed that there is some noise in the recorded
signal due to the spark gap reaction in the laboratory current
generator. Later in the data analyses stage this noise can be
removed using appropriate filtering techniques such as: the
Fourier transformation, the short Fourier transformation
(STFT), the wavelet transformation (WT), etc. Also, this noise
was observed to be significantly reduced once the measuring
system was encapsulated in a metal box.
The directly measured surge current with the peak value I
Ĭ 8,3 kA is shown in Fig. 7. and it can be observed that there
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is no noise in recorded signal due to existing of enclosure on
the laboratory oscilloscope.
Fig. 7. Directly measured surge currents with the peak value I Ĭ 8,3 kA
The laboratory tests have shown excellent matching in
amplitude and shape of impulse current through the SPD, i.e.
matching of current shape recorded by tested system and
recorded on impulse current shunt and conventional
laboratory oscilloscope. Also, communication tests and tests
for data transfer to cloud were successful.
Numerical simulations were conducted in EMTP and
MATLAB in order to compare simulated results with the
results of measurement system. Comparison between data
recorded by the developed system and simulation results from
models developed in MATLAB and EMTP is shown in Fig.
8.
Fig. 8. Comparison of measured surge current with current simulated in
EMTP and MATLAB - with the peak value I Ĭ 8,3 kA
The difference between the simulated results and the
recorded data is due to the modelling of spark gap and SPD.
The spark gap has a non-linear characteristic and, together
with the SPD, stops conducting current when the voltage
drops below a certain value. This behaviour has not been taken
into account in model and it is not included in the simulations
performed in MATLAB and EMTP.
Experimental measurements of temperature and humidity
with simple sensor was performed in laboratory for three
consecutive days as shown in Fig. 9. All acquired data was
successfully transferred to the cloud server.

Fig. 9. Example of temperature and humidity measurement in laboratory
V. CONCLUSIONS
The most significant information in lightning research for
engineering applications is derived from the waveform
analysis of lightning currents that have been directly
measured.
Measuring the lightning current flowing through the LSA
and through the tower of the overhead line contributes to the
better understanding of lightning parameters, methods for
calculating the flashover rate of OHL (as well as the validation
of EMT software programs), and the specification of the
lightning impulse discharge capabilities of surge arresters.
A real time LSAs' monitoring system was developed for
measuring lightning and line surge arrester currents as well as
temperature and humidity. A special attention was given to
selection of the measuring system's components, taking into
account the parameters of the lightning current that are
measured. The most up-to-date state-of-the-art in measuring
sensors, communication and information technologies were
implemented.
Laboratory tests have shown good matching in amplitude
and shape of current recorded by the developed system and
compared to the results provided by conventional laboratory
measurement equipment. Comparisons were also made with
numerical simulation results conducted on models developed
in MATLAB and EMTP. Communication tests and tests for
data transfer to cloud were successful and proved that it is
possible to install the measurement system on site.
In order to obtain relevant measurement results, it is
recommended to use modern lightning location systems to
select the overhead line located in the area with active
lightning to which the system will be installed.
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