I.

LISTENING (50 points)

Part 1. For questions 1-5, listen to a radio programme about travel insurance and decide whether these
statements are True (T), False (F), or Not given (NG). Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided.
1. A survey revealed that one in four travellers to Europe are uninsured.
2. People mistakenly assume that the EHIC affords them the same medical coverage abroad as at home.
3. The lack of government hospitals is an issue faced by people travelling to rural areas.
4. Foreign visitors who do not take out insurance might receive poor treatment while in hospital.
5. People decide not to purchase insurance because they have to pay for the excess.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Part 2. For questions 6-10, listen to a report on China’s power and answer the questions. Write NO
MORE THAN FOUR WORDS taken from the recording for each answer in the corresponding numbered
boxes provided.
6. In which fields, aside from space, is China investing heavily?
7. On the path to global dominance in economy and military, what do Chinese scientists resort to at times?
8. Besides medical treatments and astronomical discoveries, what is mentioned as an example of China’s
scientific potential?
9. According to President XI, what can be obtained by the time the Communist Party’s control over Chinese
society is strengthened?
10. To whom would key characteristics of science pose a threat?
Your answers:
6. 7.
8. 9.
10.

Part 3. For questions 11-15, listen to part of an interview with a British politician. Choose A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
11. Susan says that she particularly dislikes politicians who ______.
A. pretend to feel strongly about issues
B. openly treat voters with contempt
C. are indecisive about issues
D. disguise their real beliefs
12. When she had her disagreement with Martin Jones, Susan ______.
A. decided that personal ambition was not her main motivation
B. began to feel that she had failed as a politician
C. felt that her point of view was not correctly understood
D. regretted the effect it would have on her future in politics
13. What was Susan’s attitude to involving colleagues in the controversy? A. She realized that they were
unlikely to share her point of view.
B. She felt they should decide for themselves whether she had a point.
C. She thought that involving colleagues would make things worse.
D. She was reluctant to do so because she was not sure she was right.
14. When asked whether her opinions of her colleagues have changed, Susan says that ______.
A. their reaction has made her reluctant to get into the same position again
B. she prefers those who criticized her to those who kept their opinions private
C. there may come a time when she does not publicly support them on issues
D. politicians place too much emphasis on their personal opinions of each other
15. Susan thinks she was considered mad by some other politicians because ______.
A. her behavior was out of character
B. they found her intimidating
C. she did not conform
D. her unselfishness shamed them Your answers:
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Part 4. For questions 16-25, listen to a talk about salt and pepper and supply the blanks with the missing
information. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording for each answer in the
spaces provided.

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 Salt and pepper - a strong and prevalent pair
● Salt: Whether it originates from underground sources, salty lakes, or (16)________________, salt has
been a life necessity for centuries. Among the classic civilizations, (17)________________ had the most
remarkable impact on the development of salt production and control. In medieval times, salt was pricey and
state-controlled, and together with (18)________________ made of precious metals, salt represented people’s
status on dinner tables. The practice of adding salt to one’s meat was common as written guidelines were
available to explain (19)________________ or even carving techniques.
● Pepper: It used to be a costly spice before the large-scale cultivation of black pepper reduced its costs,
leading to the expression (20)“________________” which denoted a small amount of money in the 16th century.
However, real changes to pepper’s availability came when (21)________________ began to favour French
cuisine. French cooks, seeking to combine compatible ingredients found out that pepper was well-suited to
savory salt. Accordingly, in the (22)________________ of the next century, the pair was used more than other
spices. By the Victorian age, salt and pepper were standard ingredients and the former was widely available in
(23)________________. In 1911, salt shakers flourished thanks to a Chicago company’s patenting of an
(24)________________, and pepper shakers thrived shortly afterwards. However, salt and pepper are not a
favored combination everywhere. Other ingredients, such as the fish sauces, the vinegars, the pickles, the
sambals, and the (25)________________ are still preferred in other cultures.
Your answers:
16. 17.
18. 19.
20. 21.
22. 23.
24. 25.
II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (30 points)
Part 1. For questions 26-45, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D to each of the following questions
and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
26. The team defended ______, but the opposition was too strong.
A. ferociously B. fervently C. frantically D. frenetically
27. Without discipline, students may think that they have the ______ to do whatever they want.
A. licence B. autocracy C. prerogative D. dispensation
28. After the fraud scandal, the famous singer had to make great efforts to ______ his reputation.
A. reinforce B. leverage C. retrieve D. salvage
29. After wasting almost a month, we ______ by working from dusk till dawn to meet the deadline.
A. ran ourselves into the ground B. played hard ball
C. rubbed shoulders with each other D. kept our body and soul together
30. The proposed shopping centre has ______ an angry response from local residents.
A. dished up B. given off C. churned out D. called forth
31. Much as I like Literature, I cannot stand my teacher’s voice-slow, emotionless and without ______.
A. inflation B. reflection C. inflection D. infliction
32. I never tell my sister anything because I know she will definitely ______ it out.
A. split B. blurt C. slip D. gush
33. Negotiations went ______, but we did manage to reach an agreement on the contract by the deadline.
A. down to the short strokes B. down for the count
C. down to the ground D. down to the wire
34. The coastguard duties included patrolling paths at the top of high and sheer cliffs - not a job for the ______.
A. faint-hearted B. weak-willed C. light-headed D. bloody-minded
35. There is always a ______ of journalists waiting for the actors and actresses when they arrive at the event.
A. clique B. gaggle C. guard D. legion
36. All the other people at the meeting, without exception, were wearing suits and ties. In my jeans and tee-shirt
I stuck out like a ______ thumb.
A. swollen B. sore C. throbbing D. wounded
37. Dinner was ______, and the after-dinner entertainment was equally exceptional.
A. delectable B. despicable C. voluptuous D. ravishing
38. I bumped into John in Athens and he ______ me before I had time to speak first.
A. accosted B. jarred C. brawled D. jolted
39. No, Mum! I didn’t eat the rest of the chocolate cake - ______!
A. feel it in my bones B. cross my heart
C. keep a straight face D. have a strong stomach
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40. My aunt has always loved solitude. So, she would ______ live alone as share an apartment with other
people.
A. as much B. so much C. as soon D. sooner
41. I’m sorry to ______ from your computer, but I need your help.
A. rip you off B. cut you out C. tear you away D. pack you off
42. He said he was going to do the parachute jump, but just at the last moment he ______.
A. chickened out B. rabbited on C. sparrowed back D. lambed off
43. When Mark comes back from sick leave, you’ll have to ______ on what’s been happening in his absence.
A. bring him up B. carry him on C. catch him up D. fill him in
44. Before your children start spending most of their free time in front of the television or computer, ______.
Encourage them to read!
A. clip it in the bloom B. curb it in the shoot C. check it in the sprout D. nip it in the bud
45. They have terrible management. But if they could ever ______ together, they would be an unbeatable
company.
A. set their show B. get their act C. put their play D. do their number
Your answers:
26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
Part 2. For questions 46-55, write the correct form of each bracketed word in each sentence in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided.
46. She fell (HOPE) in love with a ski instructor she met while she was on holiday.
47. (PRICE) I think we got a good deal, but in terms of quality the hotel left a great deal to be desired.
48. Seemingly, even children who are usually (COOPERATE) seem to make more of an effort.
49. (PROTECT) and the notion of free trade are two ideologically opposed economic philosophies.
50. He was awarded (PUNISH) damages over and above the amount of compensation he was due for loss of
profits as the judge felt the defendant needed to be taught a lesson.
51. (TRAUMATIC) stress disorder is the most common psychological ill-effect of torture and other forms of
coercive interrogation.
52. The secretary of state for Northern Ireland appeared on television to read a special (APOLOGY) for
detention without trial.
53. The (FIGURE) of his face was caused by an explosion.
54. I give my apology sincerely to you all, (RESERVE) and with my heart.
55. The corporation’s profits increased dramatically this year, after a rather (LACK) performance last year.
Your answers:
46. 47.
48. 49.
50. 51.
52. 53.
54. 55.
III. READING COMPREHENSION (60 points)
Part 1. For questions 56-65, read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits
each gap. Write your answers in the numbered boxes.
There’s extensive historical evidence that our ancestors may have witnessed a massive invasion of
Unidentified Flying Objects (56)________ on their territories. These extraterrestrials are (57)________ to have
come into touch with the ancient earthly populations and helped them (58)________ numerous magnificent
structures or even establish glamorous empires.
However, the present-day fascination with UFO was only (59)________ by the first widely (60)________
American sighting in Idaho in 1947. Since that time, countless other close encounters have been reported both
by highly credible witnesses such as top-class pilots and less credible ones such as ordinary civilians.
Thousands of people around the world maintain having come close to the visitors from outer space or to have
been
(61)________ for a scientific study inside their flying saucers. Although most of these accounts have been
(62)________ as fantasy or hallucinations, there’s (63)________ criticism from the public and media for ignoring
the subject for too long. To many people, rejecting even the most inexplicable sightings or UFO encounters as
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 luminous artificial objects, natural phenomena like auroras or even as meteorological balloons and satellites
seems to be an irresponsible (64)________. Most of us would prefer to believe that these extraterrestrial guests
are arriving from some remote galaxies to establish a peaceful relationship and possibly give us a fair warning
against the consequences of our wasteful lifestyles. Yet, there’s another theory (65)________ that the visitors’
attitude towards mankind isn’t so conciliatory and that their sole aim might be the unscrupulous annihilation of
the terrestrial populations.
56. A. surpassing B. approximating C. transgressing D. encroaching
57. A. reasoned B. alleged C. denoted D. inferred
58. A. fabricate B. plant C. erect D. install
59. A. discharged B. instigated C. constituted D. devised
60. A. proclaimed B. notified C. communicated D. conveyed
61. A. abolished B. abducted C. absconded D. abbreviated
62. A. speculated B. disposed C. repelled D. dismissed
63. A. multiplying B. piling C. storing D. mounting
64. A. approach B. bias C. encounter D. manner
65. A. consisting B. specifying C. meaning D. implying
Your answers:
56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
61. 62. 63. 64. 65.
Part 2. For questions 66-75, fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word and write
your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Many artefacts of enduring cultural (66)________ from the last century were made from plastic. It was
always confidently assumed that this rather mundane (67)________ was virtually indestructible. (68)________
that some of these artefacts have become museum pieces, we have discovered that this (69)________ was
sadly mistaken.
The degradation of plastics is worrying both scientists and historians, who are (70)________ against
time to save our plastic heritage before it crumbles into dust. Our love affair with plastics stems in large
(71)________ from the fact that they can be moulded (72)________ just about any shape imaginable. When it
comes to longevity, however, they have a serious flaw: their chemical structure breaks down when they are
(73)________ to air and sunlight.
Many now argue that we must consider the cultural legacy we will be (74)________ future generations.
Without urgent intervention many arterfacts will be lost forever. But developing effective conservation strategies
is difficult because what (75)________ to preserve one type of plastic can have a catastrophic effect on the
lifespan of another.
Your answers:
66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
71. 72. 73. 74. 75.
Part 3. For questions 76-88, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. TOURISM
A Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators
have considered. On the face of it there could not be a more trivial subject for a book. And indeed since social
scientists have had considerable difficulty explaining weightier topics, such as work or politics, it might be
thought that they would have great difficulties in accounting for more trivial phenomena such as holidaymaking.
However, there are interesting parallels with the study of deviance. This involves the investigation of bizarre and
idiosyncratic social practices which happen to be defined as deviant in some societies but not necessarily in
others. The assumption is that the investigation of deviance can reveal interesting and significant aspects of
normal societies. It could be said that a similar analysis can be applied to tourism.
B Tourism is a leisure activity which presupposes its opposite, namely regulated and organized work. It is one
manifestation of how work and leisure are organized as separate and regulated spheres of social practice in
modern societies. Indeed, acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’ and the
popular concept of tourism is that it is organized within particular places and occurs for regularized periods of
time. Tourist relationships arise from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations. This
necessarily involves some movement, that is the journey, and a period of stay in a new place or places. ‘The
journey and the stay’ are by definition outside the normal places of residence and work and are of a short term
and temporary nature and there is a clear intention to return ‘home’ within a relatively short period of time.
C A substantial proportion of the population of modern societies engages in such tourist practices new socialized
forms of provision have developed in order to cope with the mass character of the gazes of tourists as opposed
to the individual character of travel. Places are chosen to be visited and be gazed upon because there is an
anticipation especially through daydreaming and fantasy of intense pleasures, either on a different scale or
involving different senses from those customarily encountered. Such anticipation is constructed and sustained
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 through a variety of non-tourist practices such as films, TV literature, magazines records and videos which
construct and reinforce this daydreaming.
D Tourists tend to visit features of landscape and townscape which separate them off from everyday experience.
Such aspects are viewed because they are taken to be in some sense out of the ordinary. The viewing of these
tourist sights often involves different forms of social patterning with a much greater sensitivity to visual elements
of landscape or townscape than is normally found in everyday life. People linger over these sights in a way that
they would not normally do in their home environment and the vision is objectified or captured through
photographs postcards films and so on which enable the memory to be endlessly reproduced and recaptured.
E One of the earliest dissertations on the subject of tourism is Boorstin’s analysis of the pseudo-event (1964)
where he argues that contemporary. Americans cannot experience reality directly but thrive on pseudo-events.
Isolated from the host environment and the local people the mass tourist travels in guided groups and finds
pleasure in inauthentic contrived attractions gullibly enjoying the pseudo-events and disregarding the real world
outside. Over time the images generated of different tourist sights come to constitute a closed self-perpetuating
system of illusions which provide the tourist with the basis for selecting and evaluating potential places to visit.
Such visits are made, says Boorstin, within the environmental bubble of the familiar American style hotel which
insulates the tourist from the strangeness of the host environment.
F To service the burgeoning tourist industry, an array of professionals has developed who attempt to reproduce
ever-new objects for the tourist to look at. These objects or places are located in a complex and changing
hierarchy. This depends upon the interplay between, on the one hand, competition between interests involved in
the provision of such objects and, on the other hand changing class, gender, and generational distinctions of
taste within the potential population of visitors. It has been said that to be a tourist is one of the characteristics of
the modern experience. Not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. Travel is a marker of status
in modern societies and is also thought to be necessary for good health. The role of the professional, therefore,
is to cater for the needs and tastes of the tourists in accordance with their class and overall expectations.
Questions 76-80
The reading passage has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for Paragraphs A-F from the list of headings. Paragraph D has been done
for you as an example.
List of Headings
i The politics of tourism
ii The cost of tourism
iii Justifying the study of tourism
iv Tourism contrasted with travel
v The essence of modern tourism
vi Tourism versus leisure
vii The artificiality of modern tourism
viii The role of modern tour guides
ix Creating an alternative to the everyday experience
Write the correct number, i-ix, for each answer
76. Paragraph A _______________
77. Paragraph B _______________
78. Paragraph C _______________
Paragraph D ix
79. Paragraph E _______________
80. Paragraph F _______________
Your answers:
76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
Questions 81-84
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the reading passage? In boxes 81-84
write
YES if the statement agrees with the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
81. Tourism is a trivial subject.
82. An analysis of deviance can act as a model for the analysis of tourism.
83. Tourists focus more on places they visit than those at home.
84. Tour operators try to cheat tourists.

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Your answers:
81. 82. 83. 84.
Questions 85-88
Choose one phrase (A-H) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the
appropriate letters (A-H) in boxes 85-88.
85. Our concept of tourism arises from _______________.
86. The media can be used to enhance _______________.
87. People view tourist landscapes in a different way from _______________.
88. Group tours encourage participants to look at _______________.

List of phrases
A local people and their environment
B the expectations of tourists
C the phenomena of holidaymaking
D the distinction we make between work and leisure
E the individual character of travel
F places seen in everyday life
G photographs which recapture our holidays
H sights designed specially for tourists
Your answers:
85. 86. 87. 88.
Part 4. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 89-95, read the
passage and choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra
paragraph which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided. Musical Roots
We don’t need lengthy research and well-meaning experts on the subject to tell us that music affects our mood.
Music is everywhere in the world today, and neuroscientists say that melodies fire off brain neurons
synchronously and give a sense of well-being to the listener. Music is the food of love - it fills our hearts, stirs our
emotions, arouses our senses and soothes our souls.
89. ____________
Trying to pin down archaeological evidence that our extinct human forebears were capable of making music is
not easy. Not only does the human voice not fossilize, but neither do simple instruments, such as drums, which
are made of perishable organic materials like wood and skin.
90. ____________
The perforated thigh bone of a young bear, found in Slovenia, is significant in this respect, It is thought to be
associated with occupation of the cave more than 35,000 years ago. The bone has two neat round holes
reminiscent of finger holes, and the discovery has generated a lot of excitement and speculation that it is a
primitive flute or recorder. If this is true, then the Neanderthals, who occupied the cave and are frequently
described as nasty and brutish individuals, may have been a lot more civilized than previously thought.
91. ____________
The excavators have concluded that there is apparently no convincing technological evidence that the holes in
the thigh bone were made by humans, but equally there is no convincing evidence that the holes were made by
the teeth of any of the predators from the list of animals on the site. The jury is still out but, whatever the
outcome, one broken bone recorder does not make a band.
92. ____________
And in fact, such mysterious incisions on bones have been found at a few other Neanderthal sites in France.
However, as one specialist has pointed out, polished and regularly spaced grooves on bones can be produced
by carnivore gnawing.
93. ____________
Evidence of their music can be found in wind-based instruments. From the archaeological record on sites across
Europe, quite a number of hollow tubes fashioned from bird and reindeer bones have been found. Blowing
across the hollow end of these horizontally held flutes produces a whistling noise similar to that produced by
blowing across the mouth of a bottle.
94. ____________
Such reservations notwithstanding, good evidence for wind instruments is provided by delicately made bone
pipes found on sites in several European countries. About three dozen sites are now known, many of which are
more than 30,000 years old. The French pipes are made of hollow bird bones, and the Eastern example of

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 reindeer or bear bones all have three to seven finger holes. Experiments have shown that they could have been
held vertically rather than horizontally.
95. ____________
The dating of these early instruments and pieces of evidence indicates that the emergence of musical sound
coincided with the first use of colour and ritual by the earliest modern humans, somewhere between 35,000 and
30,000 years ago. In fact, this explosion of artistic ability may have even contributed to the Cro-Magnons
establishing their superiority over the Neanderthals. The Paragraphs
A However, there is anatomical evidence, from the shape and position of fossilized bones which are situated at the
base of the tongue, that these early humans may have been just as capable of singing as we are. But whether
they used musical instruments is hotly disputed.
B Several settlement sites in the Czech Republic and Ukraine that are more than 20,000 years old have yielded
similar artefacts. A mammoth-bone but contained bones with polished and scratched surfaces suggestive of their
being held and hit. Interpretation of this new evidence therefore clearly contradicts previously convincing
theories. C So perhaps the Neanderthals were not flautists at all. It should be easier to find indications that our
direct ancestors, the Cro-Magnons, were into making music. However, archaeological support for this is equally
fraught with controversy.
D So it is significant that there is another similarly contentious find, a 40,000 to 50,000-year-old mammoth bone
with at least 12 regularly spaced grooves cut into it. Discovered in Belgium, it has been interpreted as an
idiophone, or skiffle, a simple percussion instrument that is still used today.
E Again, whether these constitute musical instruments is questionable; they may have been used as decoy callers
to attract animals. From their use, they may have evolved into music-making devices. However, music
archaeologist Graeme Lawson is highly skeptical of such interpretations, and warns against the dangers of
jumping to easy conclusions about primitive orchestras.
F However, others are skeptical of this view, because in those times, the instrument’s holes would have been
made either by drilling or gouging. But close examination of the bone shows that the holes have been
punctured. Many experts therefore suspect that they were more likely to have been produced by strong-jawed
predators, such as hyenas, rather than to have been man-made.
G The need to make music seems to be deeply rooted in the human psyche - but when did it all begin? Is musical
composition and performance purely a modern human skill or is there evidence that our ancestors could also
appreciate the sound of music?
H Unfortunately, as most such pipes are broken, reconstructing their tonal properties is difficult. But one concrete
example has been investigated by a modern musicologist and it was found that once a head was fixed to the
tube to direct air flow, a strong, clear note was produced on a five-tone scale.
Your answers:
89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95.
Part 5. For questions 96-105, read an extract from an article and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits
best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Are you an Optimist or a Pessimist?
As a nation, the British are not a very optimistic bunch. When we were first granted the honour of
hosting the 2012 Olympic Games, according to an opinion poll at the time, 55 per cent of us were more
concerned about the likely impact on the transport network while the Games were on than with celebrating the
arrival of the greatest show on Earth. But alongside this type of staunch pessimism resides an unsettling feeling
that we should be more positive. We are always trying to dislodge each other’s pessimism. Test it for yourself: sit
gloomily in a public place and see how long it takes before a smiling passer-by says, ‘Cheer up, it might never
happen!’ or offers one of those trite aphorisms about ‘looking on the bright side’ or ‘clouds having silver linings’.
The self-help industry rakes in billions through peddling hope and positive thinking. But can a positive
outlook really improve our lives? How can optimism make people more trustworthy, or sports events more
successful? It can’t, says Professor Elaine Fox, a neuroscientist who recently published a book called Rainy
Brain, Sunny Brain about our ambivalent feelings of optimism and pessimism. Our negativity is the response of
a rational mind and positivity is a delusion, she says, and for most of us they both act to balance us out.
‘Positivity is a delusion. But it is a useful delusion. If we didn’t have some sort of optimism, we wouldn’t ever get
out of bed in the morning. But pessimism has its place,’ she says.
So, when we think positively, are we just tricking ourselves that things will get better? It’s a little more
complicated than that, says Professor Fox. ‘Where self-help books say “just think happy thoughts” it doesn’t
work.’ But some degree of optimism can work to our advantage, because if we feel more positive, we will take
more positive actions. ‘Optimism gives you a sense of control,’ she explains. So, to return to the example of the
Olympics, if we had just repeated the mantra, ‘the Olympics will be amazing, the Olympics will be amazing’ it
wouldn’t have made it happen. In the event we actually did respond positively to them, but by taking the kind of
actions — buying tickets to events, or getting involved as volunteers — that meant we ended up loving the
whole experience.

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 More dramatically, positive thoughts can have concrete health benefits and can help us through certain
situations, Professor Fox explains. In experiments on pain in which students are asked to keep their hands in a
bucket of ice water for as long as they can stand it, students who believe they have been given a painkiller, but
have in actual fact just been given a sugar pill, will keep their hand in longer than those who aren’t given
anything. Scans of their brains show they actually produce a surge of dopamine, a so-called ‘happy’ chemical,
which combats the pain.
‘Thomas Edison, the famous American inventor, said, “If I find 10,000 ways something won’t work, I
haven’t failed. I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward.” In
general, optimists will try harder and spend longer on something than pessimists,’ says Professor Fox. ‘They
also believe they have some control over their life, and that’s why they tend to be more successful.’
But don’t shrug off your grumpy cynicism just yet. Professor Fox says a healthy dose of negativity can
help us out, too. ‘The amygdala — the fear system in our brain that helps us detect threat and danger — is really
at the root of pessimism. Pessimism helps us suss out danger in our lives.’ And although most of us are unlikely
to need this reaction the same way our caveman ancestors did — for fight-or-flight reactions — fear is still a
useful trait. ‘A pessimistic outlook would work if you were setting up your own business,’ says Professor Fox, ‘to
identify risk and avoid it.’ [A] So, there is a place for pessimism. [B] ‘They say the aeroplane was invented by an
optimist and the parachute was invented by a pessimist. [C] That’s the reason I called the book Rainy Brain,
Sunny Brain, because we need both.’ [D]
96. The writer says that British attitudes to the 2012 Olympic Games ______.
A. illustrated an underlying mindset
B. contradicted stereotypes of national character
C. reflected a shift in public opinion
D. indicated the dangers of ambivalence
97. In the second paragraph, we learn that Professor Fox believes being optimistic ______.
A. is more desirable than being pessimistic
B. is a necessary counter to our negativity
C. is likely to lead to unrealistic expectations
D. is as natural a quality as pessimism
98. What does Professor Fox suggest about positive thinking in the third paragraph? A. It is difficult to find any
sensible advice about it.
B. It is ineffective unless carefully planned.
C. It is desirable as it will lead to material benefits.
D. It is likely to be the basis for practical achievement.
99. What is the writer illustrating by using the phrase ‘the Olympics will be amazing’?
A. the futility of merely thinking positively
B. the way that positive thoughts can motivate people
C. the importance of overcoming negative thinking
D. the fact that people can be trained to think in certain ways
100. What point is exemplified by the reference to Thomas Edison? A. In order to be successful, we have to
experience failure.
B. Optimists gain success through persistence.
C. Successful people are often unwilling to work for others.
D. Success comes more easily to optimists than pessimists.
101. In the final paragraph, it is said that the invention of the parachute ______.
A. was a necessary consequence of the invention of the aeroplane
B. proved that humans always tend to fear the worst
C. was comparable to someone starting a company
D. demonstrated a readiness to confront the idea of risk
102. Where does this sentence belong to in the fifth paragraph?
Anticipate sunshine, but carry an umbrella and you should get along just fine.
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
103. The word ‘trite aphorisms’ in the first paragraph is equivalent to ______.
A. concise statements of a principle · B. lengthy expressions of wisdom C. clever phrases of a rule
D. overused sayings of a general truth
104. The word ‘delusion’ in the second paragraph is equivalent to ______.
A. maintained false belief B. straightforward sensory perception
C. uncontrollable mental disturbance D. settled way of thinking
105. The “fight-or-flight reactions” in the last paragraph refer to responses to something ______.
A. monotonous B. frightening C. attractive D. abstract
Your answers:

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 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
101. 102. 103. 104. 105.
Part 6. The passage below consists of five paragraphs marked A, B, C, D and E. For questions 106-115,
read the passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered
boxes provided.
The Modern City
Jacob Moore spoke with five city dwellers to find out what they think are the problems with modern
cities. A. Iain Bracewell
It goes without saying that modern cities are somewhat problematic, simply because we don’t have the capacity
for all the people who already live here, let alone the millions who see cities as a potential destination.
Therefore, in my mind, it’s vital that we become a bit more imaginative about how we utilize city space. We’re
going to be somewhat reliant on technology to help us with this, by, for example, developing materials that we
can use to build higher, slimmer and underground. This might seem less than ideal for the average city dweller,
especially the notion having to spend a proportion of time below ground, but it might be the only practical
solution to what the data suggest if we want to avoid cities growing at an uncontrolled rate across our
countryside. And time is of the essence; we can’t put this kind of research and development off it while the
population growth remains uncontained.
B. Raphael Arco
Cities are often seen in a bad light, but I think this is undeserved because they offer so much to so many. The
fact is that cities are synonymous with opportunity, for employment, culture, you name it! That’s not to say they
are utopias without any room for improvement, but I think we can solve a great majority of the issues affecting
cities by addressing their infrastructure. People often cite their bugbears as being issues of convenience such
as streets that aren’t walkable or road networks that are too dense, or even lack of space for increased public
transport. Devote serious attention on improving these elements and cities will become far more livable places
with, in turn, generally all-round happier residents! This might consist of tweaks or alternatively, in certain
contexts, starting from scratch to fundamentally redesign systems, but the benefits outweigh the sacrifices as
they’d offer valuable solutions to how modern city life affects the natural environment and how well people get
together as a community.
C. Jenna Crawford
We need to face up to the fact that most cities aren’t the glorious places that they are painted to be, and that, for
the majority of the inhabitants, the streets aren’t paved with gold. There is a big difference between the haves
and have-nots, and while city life is a consumer paradise for the former, members of the latter category are
completely locked out of the benefits cities bring and often lack fundamental services such as clean water or
sanitation. Why this is still allowed in the modern world I’ll never know, yet the powers that seem disinclined to
do anything but sweep the issue under the carpet. Property rental prices are also excessive, and this just gets to
the point where you’ve got huge families living cramped in just two rooms, or people receiving full-time salaries
with little to no chance of getting on the housing ladder. I understand that people think there are valuable
opportunities to be had in cities, but, let’s face it, there are still plenty of people for whom opportunity has passed
by.
D. Caroline Birkenstein
Our cities right now are in dire straits. We’ve got an affordable housing and ecological crisis in nearly every city
on Earth, and it’s crucial that we concentrate our efforts on these matters if we want our cities to continue to
thrive. We can accomplish this by creating and promoting more sharing and communal practices, like co-
working spaces or apartment buildings with common spaces for eating, socializing and exercising, and these, of
course, shouldn’t be extravagantly priced. It might not seem obvious, but it’s initiatives like these that help
people form communities, and this community atmosphere encourages people to care more about their
surroundings. Cities are also a massive drain on resources, and we need to identify strategies to counter this
and close the loop when it comes to this. With this in mind, we should ask ourselves how one excess can be
used to give power to something else.
This kind of sustainability could be the key to making our cities much healthier places for individuals, the
community and the surroundings we live in.
E. Doug de Souza
Cities today have one major problem that we need to curb, and that is urban sprawl. At the moment, cities are
like these huge sprawls, just spreading and spreading, and the further out you go, the bigger plot each
homeowner has and the more spacious all the services are. This really has a negative effect on so many
elements of our lives. Firstly, it makes us more isolated; we’re behind fences, and this is where feelings of
difference and fear can stem from. We need integration to help people consider themselves a part of something,
but, furthermore, sprawl increases the urban footprint significantly, and people start becoming dependent on
their cars, simply because it’s not convenient to go anywhere on foot – rather, driving becomes the preferred
option. I mean, I don’t think it takes a scientist to see the environmental problems that can arise from that.
In which sections are the following mentioned?
106. Cities need to focus on how they can reduce one-time consumption.
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107. A fix that will take a varying amount of effort.
108. Cities have a common reputation that overlooks their positive aspects.
109. An acknowledgement that the solution may be disagreeable to some.
110. Our cities are designed in a way that makes us feel detached from others.
111. How people can become more integrated in cities.
112. Some people are ignoring problems that we should be tackling.
113. Cities have been left to grow virtually unchecked.
114. Future enhancements will be determined by fundamental elements of construction. 115. The reputation of
cities and the reality of cities are different.
Your answers:
106. 107. 108. 109. 110.
111. 112. 113. 114. 115.
IV. WRITING (60 points)
Part 1. Read the following extract and use your own words to summarize it. Your summary should be
between 100 and 120 words.
The teacher as an inspirer of vision provides a vision of greatness for her students. She perceives their
varied and abundant potential as human beings. She believes in the rich possibilities of this human material with
which she works. She is inspired by the thought that teaching at its best has always been in essence the
educing, releasing, and development of that which is in the learner.
The teacher as a provider of a vision of greatness becomes skillful in communicating to students of all
ages this conception of the worth and significance of each individual. Every phase of the educative process
comes to contribute to this vision of greatness of man. Even the routine skills, and the drills that may be
necessary to refine them, if properly related to vision, achieve purpose and meaning and cease to be drudgery.
Reading, number, composition, philosophy, literature, science are the living means and the luring goals that both
express and release man’s potential.
Perceiving themselves in terms of the varied qualities of their full nature, students rapidly grow toward
that perception. Imprisoned by age-old distortions of what they are and what they can be, students perform in
terms of those distortions. Hence, perhaps the teacher’s most significant function is to provide a vision of
greatness.
This conception of the rich potential of man is extremely difficult to make clear, meaningful and
convincing. All of us are part of the history of man. In spite of our best efforts to spring free, we embody in our
ways of thinking and even in our deepest assumptions the results of that history, including its major
misconceptions. Teachers have not escaped from these historical preconceptions; indeed, they bring them into
the classrooms of the world.
Until relatively recent times the whole framework of civilized society rested upon the institution of human
slavery. Even where the system of slavery was not so evident and gross, as it was in ancient Rome, the
conceptions of the nature of man were equally degrading and the exploitation almost as gross. By a long
process, societies had come to accept and live with a view of man that only a small minority were of worth
beyond the worth of other chattels or other things to be used and discarded at will.

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Part 2. The pie and bar charts below show the percentage of water consumption and use in Australia in
2004. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant. You should write about 150 words.

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Part 3. Write an essay of about 350 words on the following topic.

Many people think that donating money is the most beneficial for those in need. However, others argue
that it is better to participate in charity organizations.
What is your opinion? Give reasons and specific examples to support your answer.
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