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FRAMING FILM FESTIVALS
Documentary
Film Festivals Vol. 2
Changes, Challenges,
Professional Perspectives
Edited by
Aida Vallejo · Ezra Winton
Framing Film Festivals
Series Editors
Marijke de Valck
Department of Media and Culture Studies
Utrecht University
Utrecht, The Netherlands
Tamara L. Falicov
University of Kansas
Kansas City, MO, USA
Every day, somewhere in the world a film festival takes place. Most people
know about the festival in Cannes, the worlds’ leading film festival, and
many will also be familiar with other high profile events, like Venice, the
oldest festival; Sundance, America’s vibrant independent scene; and
Toronto, a premier market place. In the past decade the study of film
festivals has blossomed. A growing number of scholars recognize the
significance of film festivals for understanding cinema’s production,
distribution, reception and aesthetics, and their work has amounted to a
prolific new field in the study of film culture. The Framing Film Festivals
series presents the best of contemporary film festival research. Books in the
series are academically rigorous, socially relevant, contain critical discourse
on festivals, and are intellectually original. Framing Film Festivals offers a
dedicated space for academic knowledge dissemination.
Documentary Film
Festivals Vol. 2
Changes, Challenges, Professional Perspectives
Editors
Aida Vallejo Ezra Winton
University of the Basque Country ReImagining Value Action Lab
(UPV/EHU) Lakehead University
Leioa, Spain Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface: Vol. 2—By Aida Vallejo
and Ezra Winton
This book (indeed books, as there are two volumes that make up this col-
lection) has been elaborated through a long process of hard work and
mutual collaboration. As such, it has evolved significantly through the
progression of bringing new collaborators on board, expanding to a more
accurate, elaborate and thorough engagement with our much-loved topic
of research: documentary film festivals. To those who have met us at con-
ferences and festivals where we made flushed proclamations concerning
the prospective publication, we can at long last say it is in the world, and
do so with a satisfied smile on each of our faces and a feeling of release in
our souls.
The project’s wide scope has made it worthy of two volumes,
Documentary Film Festivals Vol. 1. Methods, History, Politics and
Documentary Film Festivals Vol. 2. Changes, Challenges, Professional
Perspectives, which form a tandem set that tackles key issues at stake in
both Documentary Studies and Film Festival Studies. Both books can be
read separately or together as a single collection, but they do not require
readers to follow a given order. Nevertheless, the first volume includes
some contributions that help to frame the study of documentary film fes-
tivals in a wider context, namely a review of the literature that brings
together Film Festival Studies and Documentary Studies, an interview
with Bill Nichols about this subject of inquiry and a historical chapter
about documentary at film festivals. While we might say the first volume is
more oriented to the past, the second looks toward the future of docu-
mentary film festivals. Across both volumes, historical and political con-
cerns are complemented by the study of recent changes that have occurred
v
vi PREFACE: VOL. 2—BY AIDA VALLEJO AND EZRA WINTON
Two decades ago I had an epiphany at a small film event, the World
Community Film Festival, in my hometown of Courtenay on Vancouver
Island (British Columbia, Canada), that would irrevocably change the
course of my life. I had read a review of a film that was playing at the fes-
tival, and with a friend headed to the Sid Williams Theatre to whet my
curiosity. At the time, I had little interest in documentary and knew noth-
ing about East Timor, nor media ownership concentration and the trou-
bling collusion between corporate power and media institutions, so it is
fair to say that Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media
(Mark Achbar and Peter Wintonick 1992) blew my mind. After the epic
PREFACE: VOL. 2—BY AIDA VALLEJO AND EZRA WINTON ix
Notes
1. An initiative of the investor George Soros, who also founded the Central
European University to which the archive is associated.
2. It is estimated, according to Acland (2003), that commercial exhibition
screens in Canada show less than 3% of Canadian cinema outside the prov-
ince of Quebec (where numbers are notably higher).
References
Acland, Charles. 2003. Screen Traffic: Movies, Multiplexes, and Global Culture.
Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Nichols, Bill. 1991. Representing Reality: Issues and Concepts in Documentary.
Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Acknowledgments: Vol. 2
xiii
xiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: VOL. 2
de Valck, Skadi Loist, María Paz Peirano, Thomas Waugh, Lucas Freeman
and Liz Czach, all of whom shared their experience and knowledge and
helped us with their generous advice. A number of festival organizers,
filmmakers, archivists, television and other institutional representatives
(and other scholars and practitioners) also helped us track, record and
analyze the current state of documentary film festivals worldwide. Over
the years of conducting this research and bringing these two volumes to
light, we frequented several festivals, all of which are mentioned in our
Preface and/or introductions. But needless to say, we are grateful for the
opportunities they have afforded the intrepid and weary researcher balanc-
ing cinephilia with critical inquiry.
Finally, thanks to our families, friends and partners for their support,
patience and help. The time we have stolen from them to bring this proj-
ect to light is not insignificant. In this long process we have seen new
people coming into our life while others left in the process. It is to them
that we owe our deepest gratitude.
Notes
1. Research project on Film and Audiovisual Festivals in the Basque Country,
University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). Grant number:
EHUA16/31 http://www.ehu.eus/ehusfera/ikerfests/.
2. “Visual Anthropology: a model for creativity and knowledge transference.”
University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). Grant number:
EHU11/26. http://www.ehu.eus/ehusfera/hautaldea/.
3. “Transnational relations in Hispanic digital cinemas: the axes of Spain,
Mexico, and Argentina.” Grant number: CSO2014-52750-P. The project is
led by Miguel Fernández Labayen and Josetxo Cerdán Los Arcos at
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M). https://uc3m.libguides.
com/c.php?g=499893&p=3422753.
Contents
xv
xvi Contents
Index of Festivals211
Index of Subjects217
Index of Films229
Index of Names233
Notes on Contributors
xix
xx NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
Indigenous film and media. He is finishing a book that looks at the com-
mercialization of documentary at film festivals, with Hot Docs as the case
study, called Buying In to Doing Good: Documentary Politics and Curatorial
Ethics at the Hot Docs Film Festival (McGill-Queen’s University Press),
and is co-editing a collection with Lakota artist Dana Claxton entitled
Insiders/Outsiders: The Cultural Politics and Ethics of Indigenous
Representation and Participation in Canada’s Media Arts (Wilfrid-Laurier
University Press). He is co-editor of Challenge for Change: Activist
Documentary at the National Film Board of Canada (MQUP, 2010),
Screening Truth to Power: A Reader on Documentary Activism (Cinema
Politica, 2014) and is a contributing editor at POV Magazine. He is also
co-founder and Director of Programming of Cinema Politica, the world’s
largest documentary screening network. Ezra is a settler scholar of Dutch
and English ancestry who was born and raised in K’ómoks territory on
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. https://twitter.com/
ezrawinton.
List of Images and Figures
xxv
xxvi List of Images and Figures
xxvii
Introduction—Volume 2: Documentary Film
Festivals: Changes, Challenges, Professional
Perspectives
A. Vallejo (*)
University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
e-mail: aida.vallejo@ehu.eus
E. Winton
ReImagining Value Action Lab, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
ongoing project of defining the genre not only through their program-
ming and awards, but also through their official discourse.
A comparative analysis of contemporary festival programs shows a
growing tendency of many events to select the same films. This trend has
developed parallel to a multiplication of the number of films showcased.
Big “festival hits” such as Waltz with Bashir (Ari Folman, 2008) or The Act
of Killing (Joshua Oppenheimer, 2012) travel from festival to festival,
while successful sub-genres—from experimental non-fiction to music
documentaries—find accommodation through different program sections
catering to themes. Hence, festivals’ differentiated identity is more related
to the contextualization of films within their programs, rather than to
their selection as a whole. For example, while CPH:DOX in Copenhagen
has built a reputation as a showcase of experimental works that navigate
the boundaries of fiction and documentary, IDFA’s (Amsterdam) identity
is built around curating works that creatively address socio-political issues.
Nevertheless, we can see films that participate in both festivals, yet they do
so in different sections. Festivals’ contribution to defining documentary is
therefore played out on one hand through the festivals’ curatorial
practices—which involves deciding in which section films will be presented
(and therefore potentially awarded)—, and on the other hand through the
contextualization of the films within the festival’s own discourse—whereby
some films that fit into the festival’s definitional framework are privileged
over others.
It is in this context that genre crossovers and new forms that chal-
lenge documentary conventions are being articulated. In many cases,
festivals have created a space for these cinematic forms through festival-
generated or supported concepts such as “the creative documentary,”
which is differentiated from the closed format of the journalistic televi-
sion documentary featuring talking heads and an omniscient voice-over
with illustrative images—a mixture of what Nichols has labeled as the
“expository” and “participatory” modes (1991). Although there is no
consensus about what exactly constitutes “the creative documentary”—
neither in the academic, nor in the professional world (other concepts
include “auteur documentary” “or feature-length documentary”)—, the
main features commonly associated to the creative documentary gravitate
between an exploration of the cinematic language both in its aesthetic
and narrative dimensions, as well as a cinematographic vocation (a com-
mon denominator is that these films are conceived for the big screen).
Moreover, the word non-fiction—associated with the documentary
6 A. VALLEJO AND E. WINTON
genre since the 1970s in the academic realm (see Barsam 1973; Barnow
1983; Plantinga 1997)—,6 has been widely used in the festival context to
highlight this distinction and reflect on the blurring boundaries of fic-
tion and documentary. While “documentary” still remains as the most
common identity label in festival titles, some events have shifted names,
erasing the “documentary” word from them. This is the case of today’s
FIDMarseille or Marseille International Film Festival, which started as
Biennale Européenne du Documentaire in 1990 and shifted its name to
Vue sur le Docs in its second edition, to become FIDMarseille (Festival
International du Documentaire de Marseille) in 1999. A diachronic look
at the festival catalogues shows that since the 2000s, the word documen-
tary has steadily taken less visibility in the festival’s title, to completely
disappear from it, with only the “D” of FIDMarseille remaining. This is a
strategy directly related to the curatorial practices of the festival to widen
their scope beyond the classic documentary, including new experimental
and alternative fictional forms within its program.
We argue that the film festival circuit has created a space for the devel-
opment of this type of documentary (as an alternative exhibition space to
television and, to some extent, as a preliminary step for later distribution
in movie theaters). For this reason, we focus on contextual analysis and
put specialized film festivals in the focus of our study, as they are key events
for the creation of cultural networks around creative documentary, and
therefore contribute greatly to its definition.
remaining interviews draw attention to institutions that are not film festi-
vals, but closely collaborate with them in different aspects. Interviewees
include Sandra Ruch (Emeritus Director of IDA—International
Documentary Association), Rada Šešić (independent programmer and
advisor, working for the Rotterdam Film Festival, Sarajevo Film Festival
and IDFA Bertha Fund), Stefano Tealdi (former Secretary of Documentary
Campus Workshop), Thierry Garrel (former director of the French
Department at TV Arte) and Diana Tabakov (Acquisitions Manager of the
online VOD platform specialised on documentary Doc Alliance Films).
The fact that some of the interviewees are no longer staff members at the
institutions that they speak of adds credence to the “independent” charac-
ter of their declarations, while also responding to the historical interests
this collection addresses as long-term processes.
Conclusions
Film festivals are of key importance to the understanding of contemporary
film cultures. In the case of documentary this affirmation is even stronger
because of the lack of a real commercial distribution network beyond tele-
vision environments. The aim of this book is to illuminate the role and
impact of documentary film festivals in the processes of international cir-
culation and appreciation of documentary film.
This volume offers readers interested in researching documentary and/
or festivals new insights to understand the dynamics of documentary film
festivals as events that operate on multiple levels, including those of pro-
duction, curation, distribution and exhibition. On the other hand, readers
who herald from industry will find this volume to be a useful reference
guide to identify those events that are relevant to their own efforts, and
will undoubtedly help to design distribution strategies for documentary.
Institutional, organizational and industrial concerns are key for festival
operation and are addressed in depth through the case studies presented
in this volume. From the impact of film festivals in documentary distribu-
tion and production, to funding problems faced by the festivals them-
selves, the economic aspect of documentary film festivals is a relevant one
both for academics and professionals alike. With a shift in curatorial prac-
tices that expand festival programs to a wide range of activities—including
screenings, exhibitions, conferences, pitching presentations, co-production
fora or even parties—festivals have long ago become much more than a
space for watching films. The integration of these practices within the
INTRODUCTION—VOLUME 2: DOCUMENTARY FILM FESTIVALS: CHANGES… 9
Notes
1. A moment not without its share of critics and detractors, who felt the film
won solely for political, not quality, reasons. Regardless, it was a heightened
moment of visibility for documentary at arguably the world’s most presti-
gious festival.
2. In Canada where one of this publication’s editors is based, it is next to
impossible to encounter documentaries in commercial theatres. The coun-
try’s cinemas continue to focus on Hollywood fiction (95% of content out-
side of Quebec). Yet, more documentaries than ever are being produced in
Canada. In Europe, the situation differs from country to country but,
although the presence of documentary in commercial theatres is scarce, sev-
eral initiatives have been created to screen documentaries at independent
movie theatres and cultural centres. In many cases, they have been started by
or in collaboration with documentary festivals. Examples include “El docu-
mental del mes” (The Documentary of the Month) taking place in some
cities of Spain and Latin America (see López-Gómez et al. 2020, 256, in our
first volume), or the BDDN (Balkan Documentary Distribution Network)
initiatives in the Balkans (see Vallejo 2014, 75–76).
3. For a thorough revision of scholarly works on film festivals and documen-
tary see the introduction of our first volume (Vallejo and Winton 2020).
4. See Peirano’s chapter on Chilean filmmakers on the European festival circuit
and Vallejo’s chapter on IDFA in this volume.
5. In Di Chiara and Re’s reflection on film festivals and historiography (2011)
the authors identify some of these practices as key to the formation (and
renegotiation) of the film canon.
6. Interestingly, the doctoral thesis by Carl Plantinga that led to the publica-
tion of Rhetoric and Representation in Nonfiction Film was entitled A theory
of representation in the documentary film (1991).
References
Austin, Thomas. 2007. Watching the World: Screen Documentary and Audiences.
Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Barnow, Erik. 1983. Documentary: A History of the Non-fiction Film. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Barsam, Richard. 1973. Nonfiction Film: A Critical History. New York:
E. P. Dutton.
10 A. VALLEJO AND E. WINTON
Aida Vallejo
Recent changes in the festival realm have profoundly affected the aim and
scope of both documentary film and documentary film festivals. A look at
contemporary trends in the documentary festival ecosystem gives us some
clues to better understand its functioning patterns, key agents and future
challenges. Chapters in this section analyze these aspects, focusing on
diverse agents, namely festivals as institutions, professionals and films.
The international documentary festival circuit has been subject to
structural organizational changes since the 1990s. As noted by Marijke de
Valck, these are characterized by “a shift from festival programmers in the
1970s, driven by cinephile passions and an ideology of political participa-
tion, to the festival director of the 1990s, who has become a professional
cultural entrepreneur who manages the various constituencies of the festi-
val network” (2007, 43). According to Skadi Loist, “larger-scale economic
shifts, such as the spread of neoliberal market logic after the end of the
A. Vallejo (*)
University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
e-mail: aida.vallejo@ehu.eus
Cold War and the rise of the global city paradigm have encouraged an
eventization and further proliferation of the circuit” (2016, 60). For doc-
umentary festivals, this implies the spread of funding and organizational
models based on private non-profit associations (Rhyne 2009), and the
incorporation of industry activity (markets, funds, pitching fora, etc.)
within the festival program (see De Valck 2007, 108–118; Wong 2011,
129–158; Vallejo 2014a). Other major changes include the digitization
process and a global proliferation of events. This has brought us to the
current state characterized by a “saturation of the circuit” and the articula-
tion of global peripheries (Vallejo 2014b).
This section looks at recent changes in the festival ecosystem, identify-
ing contemporary trends in the documentary realm. Focusing on the chal-
lenges faced by documentary (and generalist) film festivals, the following
five chapters reflect on three main aspects: industrial concerns, technologi-
cal issues and curatorial practices. These include studies on the role of film
festivals as producers and distributors; the irruption of interactive forms
within festival programs; and new documentary trends embraced by A-list
film festivals.
diverse venues and cultural institutions, which didn’t need to grapple with
equipment capable of projecting celluloid.
New media formats have also been rapidly adopted by the documen-
tary, which has proven to be a fertile breeding ground for interactive forms
and Virtual Reality (see Aston et al. 2017). Stefano Odorico’s chapter in
this section reflects on how those documentary film festivals that rushed
to incorporate these works into their programs adapted their venues and
exhibition contexts to new expanded formats that privileged the individual
viewing experience, as opposed to the collective audience that defines the
essence of a festival.
Secondly, although the documentary genre has served as a learning tool
for filmmakers since the early years of specialized festivals, in recent decades
its role as aesthetic testing ground has grown, blurring its boundaries with
the fiction genre and finding a place in the programs of major non-
specialized events. Eulàlia Iglesias’ chapter in this section looks at the pro-
grams of A-list film festivals to interrogate how events such as Cannes have
adapted to new trends in documentary film. As she argues, a thorough
analysis of the films selected by Cannes shows a very conservative attitude
towards documentary, while festivals such as Locarno have been more
open to new hybrid forms that have allowed documentaries to compete in
equal terms with fiction.
A last major trend in programming conditioned by new technologies
involves the onset of online submission platforms, such as Withoutabox or
Festhome or private viewing platforms, like Vimeo, that have increased
the speed of submission of films for competition and eliminated techno-
logical problems that other formats such as DVD involved. This has cer-
tainly contributed to the ever-increasing number of films that film festivals
have to review for selection, which is starting to become a real challenge
in terms of time and staff management. In response, many festivals have
incorporated submission fees, increasing the costs of documentary pro-
ductions. In addition, the number of films that are not part of the blind
selection (cold submissions) but requested based on their success at other
events or their participation in industry sections is increasing, as noted by
professionals such as Sean Farnell (in Fischer 2012) or Sky Sitney (in Gann
2012). This can be considered as a result of both a growing interconnec-
tion between events, and an increasing influence of the production role of
film festivals, which create “festival films” that feed their own programs
while meeting their aesthetic demands (see Wong 2011; Falicov 2016).
INTRODUCTION TO PART I, VOL. 2: CHANGES AND CHALLENGES… 19
Notes
1. Fédération Internationale des Associations de Producteurs de Films.
2. Initial positions defending the connectivity of the festival circuit and its role
as a distribution network alternative to Hollywood (Elsaesser 2005; De
Valck 2007) have been contested by those who put in question its actual
connection and distribution role (Iordanova 2009); although in recent years
both parts have recognized the limitations of border positions. Nevertheless
recent works insist on the importance of the networked nature of the circuit
and its evolution through time (Loist 2016).
20 A. VALLEJO
References
Aston, Judith, Sandra Gaudenzi, and Mandy Rose, eds. 2017. I-Docs: The Evolving
Practices of Interactive Documentary. London: Wallflower Press and Columbia
University Press.
Battaglia, Giulia. 2020. The Development of Documentary Film Festivals in India:
A Small-media Phenomenon. In Documentary Film Festivals Vol. 1. Methods,
History, Politics, ed. Aida Vallejo and Ezra Winton, 221–239. Cham,
Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
De Valck, Marijke. 2007. Film Festivals: From European Geopolitics to Global
Cinephilia. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Elsaesser, Thomas. 2005. Film Festival Networks: The New Topographies of
Cinema in Europe. In European Cinema: Face to Face with Hollywood, 82–107.
Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Reprinted in Dina Iordanova, ed.
2013. The Film Festival Reader. St Andrews: St Andrews Film Studies, 69–96.
Falicov, Tamara L. 2016. The ‘Festival Film’: Film Festival Funds as Cultural
Intermediaries. In Film Festivals: History, Theory, Method, Practice, ed. Marijke
de Valck, Brendan Kredell, and Skadi Loist, 209–229. New York: Routledge.
Fischer, Alex. 2012. Hot Docs: A Prescription for Reality: An Interview with Sean
Farnell, Former Director of Programming at Hot Docs Canadian International
Documentary Festival. In Film Festival Yearbook 4: Film Festivals and Activism,
ed. Dina Iordanova and Leshu Torchin, 225–234. St. Andrews: St. Andrews
Film Studies.
Gann, Jon. 2012. ‘Mediate. Curate. Facilitate.’: Sky Sitney, SILVERDOCS. In
Behind the Screens: Programmers Reveal How Film Festivals Really Work,
149–165. Washington, DC: Reel Plan Press.
Iordanova, Dina. 2009. The Film Festival Circuit. In Film Festival Yearbook 1: The
Festival Circuit, ed. Dina Iordanova and Ragan Rhyne, 23–39. St. Andrews: St.
Andrews Film Studies.
Loist, Skadi. 2016. The Film Festival Circuit: Networks, Hierarchies, and
Circulation. In Film Festivals: History, Theory, Method, Practice, ed. Marijke de
Vack, Brendan Kredell, and Skadi Loist, 49–64. New York: Routledge.
Rhyne, Ragan. 2009. Film Festival Circuits and Stakeholders. In Film Festival
Yearbook 1: The Festival Circuit, ed. Dina Iordanova and Ragan Rhyne, 9–39.
St. Andrews: St. Andrews Film Studies.
Seguí, Isabel. 2018. Auteurism, Machismo-Leninismo, and Other Issues. Women’s
Labor in Andean Oppositional Film Production. Feminist Media Histories
4 (1): 11–36.
Tascón, Sonia M. 2015. Human Rights Film Festivals: Activism in Context.
London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
36
Ingersoll’s History, i. 120.
37
Serurier to Bassano, July 21, 1813; Archives des Aff. Étr. MSS.
38
National Intelligencer, July 17, 20, 22, 1813.
39
Madison to Gallatin, Aug. 2, 1813; Works, ii. 566.
40
Executive Journal, ii. 388.
41
Monroe to Jefferson, June 28, 1813; Adams’s Gallatin, p. 484.
42
Monroe to Jefferson, June 28, 1813; Adams’s Gallatin, p. 484.
Cf. Madison to the Senate, July 6, 1813; Executive Journal, ii.
381.
43
Hanson to Pickering, Oct. 16, 1813; Pickering MSS.
44
Harrison to Eustis, Aug. 10, 1812; Dawson, p. 273.
45
Harrison to Eustis, Aug. 28, 1812; Dawson, p. 283.
46
Harrison to Eustis, Aug. 28, 1812; Dawson, p. 283.
47
Dawson, p. 296.
48
Winchester to the “National Intelligencer,” Sept. 16, 1816.
49
Eustis to Harrison, Sept. 17, 1812; Dawson, p. 299. Eustis to
Governor Shelby, Sept. 17, 1812. McAffee, p. 117.
50
Dawson, p. 312.
51
McAffee, p. 184.
52
Armstrong to Harrison, April 4, 1813; Armstrong’s Notices, i.
245.
53
Harrison to Secretary of War, Jan. 4, 1813; Dawson, p. 337.
54
Dawson, p. 333. Armstrong’s Notices, i. 63, 86.
55
Dawson, p. 454.
56
Harrison to the Secretary of War, Jan. 4, 1813; Dawson, p.
339.
57
Harrison to the Secretary of War, Jan. 4, 1813; Dawson, p.
339.
58
Harrison to the Secretary of War, Jan. 4, 1813; Dawson, p.
339.
59
Harrison to the Secretary of War, Jan. 8, 1813; Dawson, p.
339.
60
Winchester to the “National Intelligencer,” Sept. 16, 1817;
Major Eves’s Statement; Armstrong’s Notices, i. 203. Cf.
Dawson, p. 443.
61
Winchester’s Statement; Armstrong’s Notices, i. 197.
62
McAffee, p. 230.
63
McAffee, p. 237.
64
Winchester’s Statement; Armstrong’s Notices, i. 199.
65
Winchester to the “National Intelligencer,” Dec. 13, 1817.
66
Winchester to the “National Intelligencer,” Dec. 13, 1817.
67
James, i. 185; Richardson, p. 74.
68
Richardson, p. 75.
69
Winchester’s Statement; Armstrong’s Notices, i. 198.
70
Winchester to the “National Intelligencer,” Dec. 17, 1817.
71
Harrison to the Secretary of War, Jan. 26, 1813; Official
Letters, p. 125.
72
Harrison to Governor Meigs, Jan. 19, 1813; “National
Intelligencer,” Feb. 11, 1813.
73
McAffee, p. 210; Armstrong’s Notices, i. 200.
74
Harrison to the Secretary of War, Feb. [Jan.] 20, 1813; MSS.
War Department Archives.
75
McAffee, p. 233.
76
Dawson, p. 364.
77
Life of Sir George Prevost; App. xxv. p 74. Christie, ii. 115.
78
Return of the whole of the troops engaged at Frenchtown, Jan.
22, 1813; MSS. Canadian Archives, c. 678, p. 18.
79
Christie, ii. 69; James, i. 186; Richardson, p. 75.
80
Proctor’s Report of Jan. 25, 1813; James, i. 418.
81
James, i. 185, 186.
82
Return, etc.; MSS. Canadian Archives, c. 648, p. 18.
83
Richardson, p. 76.
84
Statement of Madison, March 13, 1813; Niles, iv. 83.
85
Richardson’s War of 1812, p. 79.
86
Dawson, p. 362.
87
Dawson, p. 356.
88
Armstrong’s Notices, i. 85.
89
Dawson, p. 370.
90
McAffee, p. 240.
91
Dawson, p. 375.
92
Dawson, p. 373.
93
Armstrong’s Notices, i. 242.
94
Dawson, p. 337.
95
Proctor’s Report of May 4, 1813; Richardson, p. 94; James, i.
196, 429.
96
Lossing, p. 486, note.
97
Richardson, p. 86; James, i. 198.
98
Harrison to Armstrong, May 13, 1813; MSS. War Department
Archives.
99
Richardson, pp. 87, 88. Harrison to Armstrong, May 9, 1813;
MSS. War Department Archives.
100
Richardson, p. 88.
101
Harrison to Armstrong, May 13, 1813; MSS. War Department
Archives.
102
Proctor’s Report of May 14, 1813; James, i. 428; Richardson,
pp. 93, 94.
103
Prevost to Proctor, July 11, 1813; Armstrong’s Notices i. 228.
104
Richardson, p. 111.
105
James, i. 264, 265; Richardson, p. 104; Christie, p. 117.
106
Dawson, p. 408.
107
McAffee, p. 322.
108
McAffee, p. 323.
109
Governor Duncan’s Report, 1834; Armstrong’s Notices, i. 230.
110
Dawson, p. 408.
111
Richardson, p. 105.
112
Proctor to Prevost, Aug. 9, 1813; MSS. Canadian Archives.
113
Life of Prevost, p. 106, note.
114
Governor Duncan’s Report, 1834; Armstrong’s Notices, i. 230.
115
Richardson, p. 104.
116
James, ii. 264.
117
Dawson, p. 407; McAffee, p. 302.
118
Armstrong’s Notices, i. 166, note.
119
Harrison to Armstrong, March 17, 1813; Notices, i. 242.
120
Richardson, p. 110; James, Naval Occurrences, p. 285.
121
Barclay’s Report of Sept. 12, 1813; James, Naval
Occurrences. Appendix, no. 54.
122
McAffee, p. 334.
123
Harrison to Meigs, Oct. 11, 1813; Official Letters, p. 239.
124
Armstrong, i. 171, note; McAffee, p. 286.
125
R. M. Johnson to Armstrong, Dec. 22, 1834; Armstrong, i. 232.
126
Perry to Secretary Jones, Sept. 24, 1813; Official Letters, p.
215.
127
James, i. 269.
128
Richardson, p. 119.
129
Harrison to Meigs, Oct. 11, 1813; Official Letters, p. 239.
130
Richardson, pp. 126, 133, 134.
131
Perry to Secretary Jones, Sept. 27, 1813; Official Letters, p.
220.
132
Harrison to Armstrong, Sept. 27, 1813; Dawson, p. 421.
133
Harrison to Armstrong, Oct. 9, 1813; Official Letters, p. 233.
134
Report of Oct. 23, 1813; MSS. British Archives. Lower Canada,
vol. cxxiii.
135
Richardson, pp. 133, 134.
136
Harrison’s Report, Oct. 9, 1813; Official Letters, p. 234.
137
Narrative of Lieutenant Bullock, Dec. 6, 1813; Richardson, p.
137.
138
Proctor’s Report of Oct. 23, 1813; MSS. British Archives.
139
Richardson, pp. 122, 139.
140
Richardson, p. 136.
141
James, i. 278.
142
Report of Lieutenant Bullock, Dec. 6, 1813; Richardson, p.
140.
143
Harrison’s Report of Oct. 9, 1813; Official Letters, p. 233.
144
R. M. Johnson to Armstrong, Dec. 22, 1834; Armstrong’s
Notices, i. 232.
145
Report of Lieutenant Bullock, Dec. 6, 1813; Richardson, p.
140.
146
Richardson, p. 136.
147
R. M. Johnson to Armstrong, Nov. 21, 1813; MSS. War
Department Archives.
148
Richardson, p. 125. Lewis Cass to Armstrong, Oct. 28, 1813;
MSS. War Department Archives.
149
Return of Right Division, Richardson, p. 129.
150
Prevost to Bathurst, Feb. 14, 1815; MSS. British Archives.
151
W. H. Robinson to Prevost, Aug. 27, 1814; MSS. British
Archives.
152
Prevost to Bathurst, Aug. 27, 1814; MSS. British Archives,
Lower Canada, vol. cxxviii. no. 190.
153
James, i. 140.
154
Report of Major Macdonnell, Feb. 23, 1813; James, i.
Appendix no. 16.
155
State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 608.
156
Armstrong to Dearborn, Feb. 10, 1813; Armstrong’s Notices, i.
221.
157
Note presented to Cabinet, Feb. 8, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs,
iii. Appendix xxvi.; State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 439.
158
State Papers; Military Affairs, i. 440.
159
Distribution of Forces in Canada; Canadian Archives, Freer
Papers, 1812–1813, p. 47.
160
Dearborn to Armstrong, March 9, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 441.
161
Dearborn to Armstrong, March 9, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 442.
162
State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 442.
163
Armstrong to Dearborn, April 19, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 442.
164
State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 442.
165
James, i. 143, 149.
166
Letter of Dearborn, Oct. 17, 1814; Niles, viii. 36.
167
Niles, iv. 238.
168
Table of Land Battles; Niles, x. 154.
169
Dearborn to Armstrong, April 28, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 443.
170
Dearborn to Armstrong, May 13, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 444.
171
James, i. p. 151.
172
Vincent to Sir George Prevost, May 28, 1813; James, i. 407;
Appendix no. 21.
173
Return of killed, etc.; James, i. 410.
174
Morgan Lewis to Armstrong, July 5, 1813; MSS. War
Department Archives.
175
James, i. 203.
176
Armstrong to Dearborn, June 19, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 449.
177
Table of land battles; Niles, x. 154.
178
Morgan Lewis to Armstrong, June 14, 1813; Official Letters, p.
165. Chandler to Dearborn, June 18, 1813; Official Letters, p.
169.
179
Vincent to Prevost, June 6, 1813; James, i. p. 431.
180
Chandler’s Report of June 18, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. p. 448.
181
Report of Colonel Harvey, June 6, 1813; Canadiana, April,
1889. Report of General Vincent, June 6, 1813; James, i. p.
431.
182
Morgan Lewis to Armstrong, June 14 (8?), 1813; Official
Letters, p. 165.
183
State Papers; Military Affairs, i. 445.
184
State Papers; Military Affairs, i. 447.
185
State Papers; Military Affairs, i. 448.
186
State Papers; Military Affairs, i. 446.
187
State Papers; Military Affairs, i. 449.
188
Morgan Lewis to Armstrong, July 5, 1813; MSS. War
Department Archives.
189
Memoir of Dearborn, etc., compiled by Charles Coffin, p. 139.
190
Court of Inquiry on Colonel Boerstler, Feb. 17, 1815; Niles x.
19.
191
James, i. 216.
192
Dearborn to Armstrong, June 25, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs; i. 449.
193
James, i. 165; Colonel Baynes to Prevost, May 30, 1813;
James, i. 413.
194
Report of Sir George Prevost, June 1, 1813; MSS. British
Archives.
195
Prevost to Bathurst, June 1, 1813; MSS. British Archives.
Prevost’s Life, p. 82, 83.
196
James, i. 165, 166. Brenton to Freer, May 30, 1813; MSS.
Canadian Archives, Freer Papers, 1812–1813, p. 183.
197
Report of Colonel Baynes, May 30, 1813; James, i. 413.
198
Brown to Dearborn, July 25, 1813; Dearborn MSS.
199
Prevost’s Report of June 1, 1813; MSS. British Archives.
200
James, i. 175.
201
Report of Colonel Baynes, May 30, 1813; James, i. 413.
202
Brenton to Freer, May 30, 1813; MSS. Canadian Archives.
Freer Papers, 1812–1813.
203
Quarterly Review, xxvii. 419; Christie, ii. 81; James, i. 177.
204
Brown’s Report of June 1, 1813; Niles, iv. 260.
205
Brown to Dearborn, July 25, 1813; Dearborn MSS.
206
James, i. 165.
207
Return, etc.; James, i. 417.
208
Baynes’s Report of May 30, 1813; James, i. 413.
209
Strictures on General Wilkinson’s Defence; from the Albany
“Argus.” Niles, ix. 425.
210
Armstrong to Wilkinson, March 10, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs,
iii. 341.
211
Armstrong to Wilkinson, March 12, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs,
iii. 342.
212
Autobiography, p. 94, note.
213
Strictures; Niles, ix. 425.
214
Wilkinson, to Armstrong, May 23, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs,
iii. 341.
215
Armstrong’s Notices, ii. 23.
216
Armstrong’s Notices, ii. 23.
217
Scott’s Autobiography, p. 50.
218
Scott’s Autobiography, p. 36.
219
Hampton to Armstrong, Aug. 23, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs,
iii. Appendix xxxvi.
220
Memorandum by Armstrong, July 23, 1813; Wilkinson to
Armstrong, Aug. 6, 1813; State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 463;
Armstrong’s Notices, ii. 31.
221
Armstrong to Wilkinson, Aug. 8, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 464.
222
Armstrong’s Notices, ii. 32.
223
Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. Appendix xxxv.
224
Hampton to Armstrong, Aug. 23, 1813; Memoirs, iii. Appendix
xxxvi.
225
Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 358.
226
Hampton to Armstrong, Aug. 31, 1813; MSS. War Department
Archives. Armstrong to Wilkinson, Sept. 6, 1813; Wilkinson’s
Memoirs, iii. Appendix xxxvii.
227
Armstrong’s Notices, ii. 33; Memorandum of July 23, 1813;
State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 463.
228
Minutes, etc.; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. Appendix no. 1.
229
Wilkinson to Swartwout, Aug. 25, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs,
iii. 51.
230
Cf. Wilkinson to Armstrong, Oct. 19, 1813; State Papers,
Military Affairs, i. 472.
231
Armstrong to Wilkinson, Sept. 6, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii.
Appendix xxxvii.
232
Testimony of Brigadier-General Boyd; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii.
80.
233
Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 354.
234
Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 357.
235
Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 353.
236
Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 190; Paper A, note.
237
Armstrong to Hampton, Oct. 16, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii.
361.
238
Armstrong to Wilkinson, Oct. 19, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 472.
239
Wilkinson to Armstrong, Oct. 19, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 472.
240
Armstrong’s Notices, ii. 63.
241
Armstrong to Swartwout, Oct. 16, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs,
iii. 70.
242
Council of War, Nov. 8, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii.
Appendix xxiv. Report of Adjutant-General, Dec. 1, 1813,
Appendix vii.
243
Wilkinson to Armstrong, Oct. 28, 1813; MSS. War Department
Archives.
244
General Order of Encampment; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 126;
Order of October 9, Appendix iii.
245
Minutes etc.; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. Appendix xxiv.
246
Armstrong to Wilkinson, Oct. 27, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs,
iii. Appendix xli.
247
Armstrong to Wilkinson, Oct. 30, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 474.
248
Armstrong to Wilkinson, Nov. 12, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 474.
249
Journal etc.; State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 477.
250
Evidence of General Boyd; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 84;
Evidence of Doctor Bull; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 214.
251
Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 364.
252
Autobiography, pp. 93, 94.
253
Wilkinson’s Defence, Memoirs, iii. 451; Ripley’s Evidence,
Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 139.
254
Evidence of General Boyd; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 85.
255
Wilkinson to Armstrong, Nov. 18, 1813; Niles, v. 235.
256
Evidence of Colonel Walbach; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 151.
257
James, i. 323–325, 467.
258
Return, etc., State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 476.
259
Morrison’s Report of Nov. 12, 1813; James, i. 451.
260
Journal, Nov. 11, 1813; State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 478.
261
Evidence of Colonel Walbach; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 145;
Evidence of Colonel Pinkney, iii. 311.
262
Evidence of Brigadier-General Boyd; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii.
91.
263
James, i. 242; Christie, ii. 94.
264
Wilkinson to Armstrong, Aug. 30, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 466.
265
Armstrong to Hampton, Sept. 28, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 460. Cf. Armstrong’s Notices, ii. 25.
266
State Papers, Military Affairs, i. 461.
267
Prevost to Bathurst, Oct. 8, 1813; MSS. British Archives.
268
Weekly General Return, Sept. 15, 1813; MSS. Canadian
Archives, Freer Papers, 1813, p. 35.
269
Cf. Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. Appendix xxiv.; Council of War,
Nov. 8, 1813; Wilkinson’s Defence, Memoirs, iii. 449.
270
Hampton to Armstrong, Oct. 12, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 460.
271
James, i. 307.
272
Hampton to Armstrong, Nov. 1, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 461.
273
Prevost to Bathurst, Oct. 30, 1813; James, i. 462.
274
Hampton to Armstrong, Nov. 1, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 461.
275
Hampton to Armstrong, Nov. 1, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs iii.
Appendix lxix.
276
Wilkinson to Hampton, Nov. 6, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 462.
277
Hampton to Wilkinson, Nov. 8, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, 462.
278
Wilkinson to Hampton; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. Appendix v.
Wilkinson to Armstrong, Nov. 24, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 480.
279
Wilkinson to Armstrong, Nov. 17, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 478.
280
Armstrong’s Notices, ii. 43.
281
Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 362, note.
282
McClure to Armstrong, Dec. 10, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 486.
283
Armstrong to McClure, Oct. 4, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 484.
284
Wilkinson to Armstrong, Sept. 16, 1813; Sept. 20, 1813; State
Papers, Military Affairs, i. 467, 469.
285
Armstrong to McClure, Nov. 25, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 485.
286
McClure to Armstrong, Dec. 10 and 13, 1813; State Papers,
Military Affairs, i. 486.
287
James, ii. 77.
288
McClure to Armstrong, Dec. 22, 1813; State Papers, Military
Affairs, i. 487.
289
Christie, ii. 140.
290
James, ii. 20, 21.
291
James, ii. 23.
292
Christie, ii. 143; Niles, v. 382.
293
Parton’s Jackson, i. 372.
294
Monroe to Pinckney, Jan. 13, 1813; MSS. War Department
Records.
295
Monroe to Wilkinson, Jan. 30, 1813; MSS. War Department
Records.
296
Annals of Congress, 1812–1813, p. 124.
297
Annals of Congress, 1812–1813, p. 127.
298
Act of Feb. 12, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, iii. 339.
299
Parton’s Jackson, i. 377.
300
Armstrong to Jackson, March 22, 1813; MSS. War Department
Records.
301
Armstrong to Pinckney, Feb. 15, 1813; MSS. War Department
Records.
302
Armstrong to Pinckney, March 7, 1813; MSS. War Department
Records.
303
Gallatin’s Works, i. 539, note.
304
Gallatin to Monroe, May 2, 1813; Gallatin’s Writings, i. 539.
305
Monroe to Gallatin, May 5, 1813; Gallatin’s Writings, i. 540.
306
Monroe to Gallatin, May 6, 1813; Gallatin’s Writings, 1. 542.
307
Gallatin to Monroe, May 8, 1813; Gallatin’s Writings, i. 544.
308
Armstrong to Wilkinson, Feb. 16, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs,
iii. 339.
309
Minutes of a Council of War, Aug. 4, 1813; Wilkinson’s
Memoirs, i. 498–503.
310
Eustis to Wilkinson, April 15, 1812; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, i.
495.
311
Wilkinson’s Memoirs, i. 507–522.
312
Armstrong to Wilkinson, May 22, 1813; Wilkinson’s Memoirs, i.
521.
313
Armstrong to Wilkinson, May 27, 1813; MSS. War Department
Records.
314
Hawkins’s Sketch, p. 24.
315
U. S. Commissioners to Governor Irwin, July 1, 1796; State
Papers, Indian Affairs, i. 611.
316
Talk of the Creek Indians, June 24, 1796; State Papers, Indian
Affairs, i. 604.
317
Life of Sam Dale, p. 59.
318
Hawkins to the Creek Chiefs, June 16, 1814; State Papers,
Indian Affairs, i. 845.
319
Report of Alexander Cornells, June 22, 1813; State Papers,
Indian Affairs, i. 845, 846.
320
Hawkins to General Pinckney, July 9, 1813; State Papers,
Indian Affairs, i. 848.
321
Hawkins to the Creek Chiefs, March 29, 1813; State Papers,
Indian Affairs, i. 839.
322
Hawkins to Armstrong, Aug. 23, 1813; State Papers, Indian
Affairs, i 851.
323
Report of Alexander Cornells, June 23, 1813; State Papers,
Indian Affairs, i. 846.
324
Letter from Kaskaskias, Feb. 27, 1813; Niles, iv. 135.
325
Hawkins to the Creek Chiefs, March 29, 1813; State Papers,
Indian Affairs, i. 839.
326
Hawkins to Armstrong, March 25, 1813; State Papers, Indian
Affairs, i. 840.
327
Report of the Big Warrior, April 26, 1813; State Papers, Indian
Affairs, i. 843.
328
Report of Nimrod Doyell, May 3, 1813; State Papers, Indian
Affairs, i. 843.
329
Report of Alexander Cornells, June 22, 1813; State Papers,
Indian Affairs, i. 845.
330
Talosee Fixico to Hawkins, July 5, 1813; State Papers, Indian
Affairs, i. 847.
331
Hawkins to Armstrong, July 20, 1813; State Papers, Indian
Affairs, i. 849.
332
Hawkins to Armstrong, Aug. 23, 1813; State Papers, Indian
Affairs, i. 851.
333
Carson to Claiborne, July 29, 1813; Life of Dale, p. 78.
334
Hawkins to Floyd, Sept. 30, 1813; State Papers, Indian Affairs,
i. 854.
335
Pickett’s Alabama, ii. 264.
336
Life of Dale, 106.
337
Hawkins to Armstrong, July 20, 1813; State Papers, Indian
Affairs, i. 849.
338
Hawkins to Floyd, Sept. 30, 1813; State Papers, Indian Affairs,
i. 854.
339
Big Warrior to Hawkins, Aug. 4, 1813; State Papers, Indian
Affairs, i. 851.
340
Report of General Coffee, Nov. 4, 1813; Niles, v. 218.
341
Jackson to Blount, Nov. 11, 1813; Niles, v. 267.
342
Parton’s Jackson, i. 445.
343
Blount to Jackson, Dec. 22, 1813; Parton’s Jackson, i. 479,
480–484.
344
Hawkins’s Sketch, pp. 43, 44.
345
Cocke to the Secretary of War, Nov. 28, 1813; Niles, v. 282,
283.
346
Cocke to White; Parton’s Jackson, i. 451.
347
Floyd to Pinckney, Dec. 4, 1813; Niles, v. 283.
348
Pinckney to Armstrong, Dec. 28, 1813; MSS. War Department
Archives.
349
Pinckney to Jackson, Jan. 19, 1814; MSS. War Department
Archives.
350
Parton, i. 864.
351
Hawkins’s Sketch, p. 45.
352
Jackson to Pinckney, Jan. 29, 1814; Niles, v. 427.
353
Jackson to Pinckney, Jan. 29, 1814; Niles, v. 427.
354
Jackson to Pinckney, Jan. 29, 1814; Niles, v. 427.
355
Pickett’s Alabama, ii. 336.
356
Jackson to Pinckney, Jan. 29, 1814; Niles v. 427.
357
Letter from Milledgeville, March 16, 1814; “The War,” April 5,
1814.
358
Floyd to Pinckney, Jan. 27, 1814; Niles, v. 411.
359
Floyd to Pinckney, Feb. 2, 1814; Military and Naval Letters, p.
306. Hawkins to Armstrong, June 7, 1814; State Papers,
Indian Affairs, i. 858.
360
Pinckney to the Governor of Georgia, Feb. 20, 1814; Niles, vi.
132.
361
Pinckney to Colonel Williams, Dec. 23, 1813; MSS. War
Department Archives.
362
Parton’s Jackson, i. 503.
363
Parton’s Jackson, i. 454.
364
Cocke’s Defence; “National Intelligencer,” October, 1852.
Parton’s Jackson, i. 455. Eaton’s Jackson, p. 155.
365
Parton’s Jackson, i. 511.
366
Col. Gideon Morgan to Governor Blount, April 1, 1814; Niles,
vi. 148.
367
Eaton’s Jackson, p. 156.
368
Jackson to Pinckney, March 28, 1814; Military and Naval
Letters, p. 319.
369
Coffee to Jackson, April 1, 1814; Niles, vi. 148.
370
Colonel Morgan to Governor Blount, April 1, 1814; Niles, vi.
148.
371
Jackson to Governor Blount, March 31, 1814; Niles, vi. 147.
372
Jackson to Governor Blount, April 18, 1814; Niles, vi. 212. April
25, 1814; Niles, vi. 219.
373
Hawkins to Pinckney, April 25, 1814; State Papers, Indian
Affairs, i. 858.