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 Table of Contents

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Preface

1 CRITICAL THINKING WHY IT’S IMPORTANT

WHAT IS CRITICAL THINKING?
Critical Thinking in Everyday Life
Cognitive Development in College Students

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CRITICAL THINKER

Analytical Skills
Effective Communication
 Research and Inquiry Skills
Flexibility and Tolerance for Ambiguity
Open-Minded Skepticism
Creative Problem-Solving
Attention, Mindfulness, and Curiosity
Collaborative Learning

CRITICAL THINKING AND SELF-DEVELOPMENT

Living the Self-Examined Life
Developing a Rational Life Plan
Facing Challenges
The Importance of Self-Esteem
Critical Thinking in a Democracy

BARRIERS TO CRITICAL THINKING

The Three-Tier Model of Thinking
Resistance
Types of Resistance
Narrow-Mindedness
Rationalization and Doublethink
Cognitive and Social Dissonance
Stress as a Barrier

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE:Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College

Admissions
Notes
Photodisc Collection/Getty Images

2 REASON AND EMOTION

WHAT IS REASON?
Traditional Views of Reason
Gender, Age, and Reason
Dreams and Problem-Solving

THE ROLE OF EMOTION IN CRITICAL THINKING

Cultural Attitudes Toward Emotion
Emotional Intelligence and the Positive Effects of Emotion
Negative Effects of Emotion
Integrating Reason and Emotion

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, REASON, AND EMOTION

The Field of Artificial Intelligence
Can Computers Think?
Can Computers Feel Emotions?

FAITH AND REASON

Fideism: Faith Transcends Reason
 Rationalism: Religious Beliefs and Reason
Critical Rationalism: Faith and Reason Are Compatible
Religion, Spirituality, and Real-Life Decisions

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE Perspectives on Reason and Proofs for the

Existence of God
Notes

Suzanne Kreiter/The Boston Globe/Getty Images

3 LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

WHAT IS LANGUAGE?
Functions of Language
Nonverbal Language

DEFINITIONS
Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Stipulative Definitions
Lexical Definitions
Precising Definitions
Persuasive Definitions

EVALUATING DEFINITIONS
Five Criteria
Verbal Disputes Based on Ambiguous Definitions
 COMMUNICATION STYLES
Individual Styles of Communication
Sex and Racial Differences in Communication Style
Cultural Differences in Communication Styles

THE USE OF LANGUAGE TO MANIPULATE

Emotive Language
Rhetorical Devices
Deception and Lying

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Perspectives on Free-Speech Zones on College

Campuses
Notes

U.S. Coast Guard photo

4 KNOWLEDGE, EVIDENCE, and ERRORS IN THINKING

HUMAN KNOWLEDGE AND ITS LIMITATIONS
Rationalism and Empiricism
Structure of the Mind

EVALUATING EVIDENCE
Direct Experience and False Memories
The Unreliability of Hearsay and Anecdotal Evidence
 Experts and Credibility
Evaluating Evidence for a Claim
Research Resources

COGNITIVE AND PERCEPTUAL ERRORS IN THINKING

Perceptual Errors
Misperception of Random Data
Memorable-Events Error
Probability Errors
Self-Serving Biases
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

SOCIAL ERRORS AND BIASES

“One of Us/One of Them” Error
Societal Expectations
Group Pressure and Conformity
Diffusion of Responsibility

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Perspectives on Evaluating Evidence for the

Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs)
Notes

David McNew/Getty Images

5 INFORMAL FALLACIES
WHAT IS A FALLACY?

FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Fallacy of Accent
Fallacy of Division
Fallacy of Composition

FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE
Ad Hominem (Personal Attack)
Appeal to Force (Scare Tactics)
Appeal to Pity
Popular Appeal
Appeal to Ignorance
Hasty Generalization
Straw Man
Red Herring

FALLACIES INVOLVING UNWARRANTED ASSUMPTIONS

Begging the Question
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
Loaded Question
False Dilemma
Questionable Cause
Slippery Slope
Naturalistic Fallacy

STRATEGIES FOR AVOIDING FALLACIES

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Perspectives on Gun Control

Notes
Jeff McCoy/Shutterstock

6 RECOGNIZING,
ARGUMENTS
ANALYZING,and CONSTRUCTING

WHAT IS AN ISSUE?
Identifying an Issue
Asking the Right Questions

RECOGNIZING AN ARGUMENT
Distinguishing Between Argumentation and Rhetoric
Types of Arguments
Propositions
Premises and Conclusions
Nonarguments: Explanations and Conditional Statements

BREAKING DOWN AND DIAGRAMMING ARGUMENTS

Breaking Down an Argument into Propositions
Identifying the Premise(s) and Conclusion in Complex Arguments
Diagramming an Argument

EVALUATING ARGUMENTS
Clarity: Is the Argument Clear and Unambiguous?
Credibility: Are the Premises Supported by Evidence?
Relevance: Are the Premises Relevant to the Conclusion?
Completeness: Are There Any Unstated Premises and Conclusions?
Soundness: Are the Premises True and Do They Support the Conclusion?

CONSTRUCTING AN ARGUMENT
 Steps for Constructing an Argument
Using Arguments in Making Real-Life Decisions

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Perspectives on Same-Sex Marriage

Notes

Patrick Baz/AFP/Getty Images

7 INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
WHAT IS AN INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT?
The Use of Inductive Reasoning in Everyday Life

GENERALIZATION
Using Polls, Surveys, and Sampling to Make Generalizations
Applying Generalizations to Particular Cases
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Using Generalization

ANALOGIES
Uses of Analogies
Arguments Based on Analogies
Analogies as Tools for Refuting Arguments
Evaluating Inductive Arguments Based on Analogies

CAUSAL ARGUMENTS
Causal Relationships
 Correlations
Establishing Causal Relationships
Causal Arguments in Public Policy and Everyday Decision-Making
Evaluating Causal Arguments

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Perspectives on the Legalization of Recreational

Marijuana
Notes

Mike Kemp/Rubberball Images/Getty Images

8 DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
WHAT IS A DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT?
Deductive Reasoning and Syllogisms
Valid and Invalid Arguments
Sound and Unsound Arguments

TYPES OF DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

Arguments by Elimination
Arguments Based on Mathematics
Arguments from Definition

HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISMS
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
 Chain Arguments
Evaluating Hypothetical Syllogisms for Validity

CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms
Quantity and Quality
Diagramming Propositions with Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to Evaluate Categorical Syllogisms

TRANSLATING ORDINARY ARGUMENTS INTO STANDARD FORM

Rewriting Everyday Propositions in Standard Form
Identifying the Three Terms in the Argument
Putting the Argument into Standard Form

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Perspectives on the Death Penalty

Notes

Albert Ferreira/Reuters/Corbis

9 ETHICS and MORAL DECISION-MAKING

WHAT IS MORAL REASONING?
Moral Values and Happiness
Conscience and Moral Sentiments
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL REASONING
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stage Theory of Moral Development
Carol Gilligan on Moral Reasoning in Women
The Development of Moral Reasoning in College Students

MORAL THEORIES: MORALITY IS RELATIVE

Ethical Subjectivism
Cultural Relativism

MORAL THEORIES: MORALITY IS UNIVERSAL

Utilitarianism (Consequence-Based Ethics)
Deontology (Duty-Based Ethics)
Rights-Based Ethics
Virtue Ethics

MORAL ARGUMENTS
Recognizing Moral Arguments
Constructing Moral Arguments
Evaluating Moral Arguments
Resolving Moral Dilemmas

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Perspectives on Abortion

Notes
Rommel Pecson/The Image Works

10 MARKETING AND ADVERTISING

MARKETING IN A CONSUMER CULTURE
Marketing Research
Avoiding Confirmation Bias and Other Errors in Thinking

MARKETING STRATEGIES
The SWOT Model
Consumer Awareness of Marketing Strategies

ADVERTISING AND THE MEDIA

The Role of Advertising in the Media
Product Placement
Television Advertising and Children

EVALUATING ADVERTISEMENTS
 Common Fallacies in Advertisements
Rhetorical Devices and Misleading Language
Faulty and Weak Arguments
A Critique of Advertising

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Perspectives on Advertising and Marketing Junk

Food
Notes

Patrice Coppee/AFP/Getty Images

11 MASS MEDIA
MASS MEDIA IN THE UNITED STATES
The Rise of Mass Media
The Media Today

THE NEWS MEDIA

Sensationalism and the News as Entertainment
Depth of News Analysis
Bias in the News

SCIENCE REPORTING
Misrepresentation of Scientific Findings
Government Influence and Bias
Evaluating Scientific Reports
 THE INTERNET
Impact of the Internet on Daily Life
Social Networking
The Internet as “The Great Equalizer”
Misuse of the Internet: Pornography and Plagiarism

MEDIA LITERACY: A CRITICAL-THINKING APPROACH

Experiencing the Media
Interpreting Media Messages
Analyzing Media Messages

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Internet Plagiarism Among College Students

Notes

ERproductions Ltd./Blend Images/Getty Images

12 SCIENCE
WHAT IS SCIENCE?
The Scientific Revolution
Assumptions Underlying Science
Limitations of Science
Science and Religion

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1. Identify the Problem
 2. Develop an Initial Hypothesis
3. Gather Additional Information and Refine the Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Evaluate the Hypothesis on the Basis of Testing or Experimental Results

EVALUATING SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESES

Relevance to the Problem Under Study
Consistency with Well-Established Theories
Simplicity
Testability and Falsifiability
Predictive Power
Distinguishing between Scientific and Pseudoscientific Hypotheses

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS

Research Methodology and Design
Field Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Single-Group (Pretest–Posttest) Experiments
Evaluating an Experimental Design
Interpreting Experimental Results
Ethical Concerns in Scientific Experimentation

THOMAS KUHN AND SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS

Normal Science and Paradigms
Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Evolution versus Intelligent Design

Notes
Michael Nichols/National Geographic/Getty Images

Hero Images/Getty Images

13 LAW AND POLITICS

THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY OF GOVERNMENT
The State of Nature
Social Contract Theory
International Law

THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED STATES

Representative Democracy: A Safeguard against the Tyranny of the Majority
Liberal Democracy: Protection of Individual Rights
Political Campaigns and Elections
 Voting: A Right or a Duty?

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT

The Role of the Executive Branch
Executive Orders and National Security
Checks on Executive Power

THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT

The Role of the Legislative Branch
Citizens and Legislation
Unjust Laws and Civil Disobedience

THE JUDICIAL BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT

The Role of the Judicial Branch
Rules of Evidence
Legal Reasoning and the Doctrine of Legal Precedent
Jury Duty

CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Perspectives on the Use of Drones for Surveillance

Notes
GLOSSARY
INDEX

Hero Images/Getty Images

Ink Drop/Shutterstock
 Features

THINK TANK
Self-Evaluation Questionnaire 6
Selected Questions from an Emotional IQ Test 48
Self-Evaluation Questionnaire [Communication Style] 86
Self-Evaluation Questionnaire 109
Self-Evaluation Questionnaire: Moral Reasoning 294

ANALYZING IMAGES
Creative Problem-Solving in Response to Natural Disasters 11
Student Protestor in Front of Tanks at Tiananmen Square, China 19
“Only a Human Can . . .” 51
Abraham Making Preparations to Sacrifice His Son Isaac at God’s Command 57
Animal Language 75
Nonverbal Communication and Withholding Information 76
International Diplomacy and Nonverbal Communication 88
The St. Louis Arch 120
Inkblots 121
Asch Experiment 132
Darwin’s Descent from the Apes 152
“You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby” 155
Scene From Star Wars Episode II 166
Rhetorical Standoff 185
The Debate over Marijuana 191
Hispanic Housekeeper 198
The Blind Men and the Elephant 229
Violent Video Games and the Sandy Hook School Massacre 240
The Brain and Moral Reasoning: The Case of Phineas P. Gage 290
The Effect of Community Service on Moral Development 298
A Ku Klux Klan Lynching, Indiana, 1930 302
Football Players 309
Product Placement in the Media 338
Ad for a Toyota Hybrid 342
Ad for Sabai Wine Spritzer 344
Stereotypes and Racism in the News Media 362
The “Canals” of Mars 389
Darwin’s Drawings of Galapagos Island Finch Beaks 394
Science versus Pseudoscience 400
Jane Goodall’s Research on Chimpanzees 403
Japanese American Internment Camps and Executive Order 9066 433
The Salem Witch Trials 444

HIGHLIGHTS
Cognitive Development in College Students 7
Characteristics of a Skilled Critical Thinker 13
My Life Plan 15
Types of Resistance and Narrow-Mindedness 26
Types of Definitions 81
Five Criteria for Evaluating Definitions 83
Communication Styles 87
Social Errors and Biases 133
Fallacies of Ambiguity 148
Fallacies of Relevance 158
Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions 167
How to Break Down an Argument 189
Symbols Used in Diagramming Arguments 194
Guidelines for Evaluating an Argument 199
Steps for Constructing an Argument 205
Questions to Ask In Determining if a Poll or Survey Is Reliable 227
Evaluating Arguments That are Based on Generalization 230
Evaluating Arguments Based on an Analogy 236
Evaluating Causal Arguments 243
Deductive Arguments 258
Valid Forms of Hypothetical Syllogisms 268
Guidelines for Translating Arguments Into Standard Categorical Form 275
Stages in the Development of Moral Reasoning 295
Utilitarian Calculus: Seven Factors to Take Into Consideration In Determining The Most
Moral Action or Decision 305
Seven Prima Facie Duties 306
Future-Looking Duties 306
Duties Based on Past Obligations 306
Ongoing Duties 306
Universal Moral Theories 308
Steps for Resolving a Moral Dilemma 313
Questions to Consider in Evaluating Advertisements 343
Evaluating Scientific Reports in the Media 368
Points to Consider When Posting a Message On a Social Network Site 371
Analyzing Media Messages 375
Assumptions of Science: 388
The Scientific Method 395
Criteria for Evaluating A Scientific Hypothesis 401
Criteria for a Well-Designed Experiment 407
Thoreau’s Four Criteria for Civil Disobedience 440
Legal Precedents 445

CRITICAL THINKING IN ACTION

Your Brain on Video Games 44
The “Mozart Effect” 52
Say What? 80
What Those “Code Words” in Personal Ads Really Mean 92
Memorization Strategies 112
Food for Thought: Perception and Supersized Food Portions 123
Irrational Beliefs and Depression 127
The Perils of Verbal Attacks in Personal Relationships 150
Writing a Paper Based on Logical Argumentation 203
The Dangers of Jumping to a Conclusion 204
It’s Quitting Time—Students and Smoking 242
Put It on My Tab: Paying College Tuition by Credit Card—A Wise Move? 263
The Golden Rule—Reciprocity as the Basis of Morality in World Religions 307
Over Your Shoulder: Monitoring Employees’ Internet Use 372
Science and Prayer 406
How to Read a Scientific Paper 409
Francesco Ridolfi/Getty Images

THINKING OUTSIDE THE BOX

Elizabeth Cady Stanton 17
Stephen Hawking 25
Captain Chesley “Sully” Sullenberger 29
Temple Grandin 43
Rosa Parks 49
Albert Schweitzer 59
Sally Ride 73
Rachel Carson 115
Judith Sheindlin 164
Abraham Lincoln 182
George Gallup 226
Bo Dietl 260
Gloria Steinem 296
Mohandas Gandhi 297
Jørgen Vig Knudstorp 333
Edward R. Murrow 364
Albert Einstein 398
Rosa Parks 439

CRITICAL-THINKING ISSUES
Perspectives on Affirmative Action in College Admissions 32
Wrong Take on Admissions: Affirmative Action and Higher Education: Before and After the
Supreme Court Rulings on the Michigan Cases, Nancy Cantor 33
Achieving Diversity on Campus: U.S. Supreme Court, Justice Sandra Day O’connor 34
Perspectives on Reason and Proofs for the Existence of God 62
The Existence of God, Thomas Aquinas 63
In Defense of Unbelief: Are There “Fundamentalist Atheists”? Paul Kurtz 64
Perspectives on Free-Speech Zones on College Campuses 99
Feigning Free Speech on Campus, Greg Lukianoff, Foundation for Individual Rights in
Education 100
Reasonable Limits Are Good, Robert J. Scott 101
Perspectives on Evaluating Evidence for the Existence of Unidentified Flying Objects
(UFOs) 136
Project Blue Book: Analysis of Reports of Unidentified Aerial Objects, United States Air
Force 137
Physical Evidence and Unidentified Flying Objects, Royston Paynter 138
Perspectives on Gun Control 172
Stop Worrying About Guns in the Classroom. They’re Already Here. The Chronicle of
Higher Education, By Erik Gilbert 173
Testimony by Mark Kelly, Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Gun Violence on January
30, 2013 174
Perspectives on Same-Sex Marriage 208
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), Justice Anthony Kennedy, Majority Opinion 209
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Dissenting Position 211
Perspectives on the Legalization of Recreational Marijuana 246
Keep Marijuana Illegal, Karen P. Tandy 247
Should Marijuana Be Legalized under Any Circumstances? Karen P. Tandy 248
Perspectives on the Death Penalty 278
Eye for an Eye: The Case for Revenge, Thane Rosenbaum 279
There Is Blood, a Lot of Blood, Very Red Blood, Justin E. H. Smith 280
Perspectives on Abortion 317
A Defense of Abortion, Roe v. Wade (1973) 318
The Rights of the Unborn, Father Clifford Stevens 319
Perspectives on Advertising and Marketing Junk Food 348
Eye-Catching Ads Promote Junk Food to Kids, CBS News 349
Poll: Obesity’s a Crisis but We Want Our Junk Food, Jennifer C. Kerr & Jennifer Agiesta 350
Internet Plagiarism among College Students 377
Academic Integrity and Student Plagiarism: A Question of Education, Not Ethics, Susan D.
Blum 378
Four Reasons to Be Happy about Internet Plagiarism, Russell Hunt 379
Evolution versus Intelligent Design 413
Irreducible Complexity: Obstacle to Darwinian Evolution, Michael Behe 414
The Failure of “Intelligent Design,” By Kenneth Miller 416
Perspectives on the Use of Drones for Surveillance 448
The Case for Drones, By Colin Wood 449
5 Reasons Why U.S. Is Not Ready for Domestic Drone Use, By Lucas Eaves 450
 Preface

Studies have found that many, if not most, Americans will uncritically follow the orders of an
authority figure. Social psychologist Stanley Milgram writes that “ordinary people, simply
doing their jobs and without any particular hostility on their parts, can become agents in a
terrible destructive process. . . . Relatively few people have the resources needed to resist
authority.” One of these resources is good critical thinking skills.
Objective
THiNK is a multicultural and interdisciplinary introductory critical thinking ethics textbook
that offers core content and pedagogy in a succinct magazine format that provides students
with the skills necessary to make and commit to decisions in their lives based on reason and
logic. THiNK also offers students extensive opportunity for application and practice, and to
develop and apply their critical-thinking skills.
The Thirteen Chapters
Each chapter in THiNK addresses a different topic related to critical thinking beginning with
the basic critical-thinking skills, which are covered in Chapters 1 to 6. Chapters 7 and 8
address the use of these critical-thinking skills in analyzing inductive and deductive
arguments. Chapters 9 to 13 are optional. Each of these chapters involves applying the
critical skills studied in Chapters 1 to 8 to a different contemporary issue. Following is a
summary of each of the thirteen chapters.
Chapter 1, Critical Thinking: Why It’s Important: Chapter 1 provides a definition of
critical thinking along with a discussion of the characteristics of a good critical thinker. It
then moves on to relate the importance of good critical-thinking skills to both our self-
development and our public lives.
Chapter 2, Reason and Emotion: The role of emotion in making good decisions is often
ignored in traditional critical thinking and logic books. Chapter 2 looks at the roles of both
reason and emotion in critical thinking and how they can work together to help us make
better decisions. Finally, it examines and relationship between faith and reason.
Chapter 3, Language and Communication: This chapter begins by defining language—
both verbal and nonverbal. It then covers the different types of definitions of words and how
to evaluate the definitions. Chapter 3 addresses how culture and gender influences different
communication styles. It also discusses ways in which language can be used to manipulate
us.
Chapter 4, Knowledge, Evidence, and Errors in Thinking: Human thinking has certain
limitations which can contribute to errors in our reasoning. In Chapter 4 students learn how
to evaluate evidence as well as learn how to recognize the different cognitive, perceptual, and
social errors and biases that may occur in thinking.
Chapter 5, Informal Fallacies: Many people fall for faulty reasoning because they fail to
recognize the use of fallacies in an argument. Chapter 5 covers three categories of common
logical fallacies, including fallacies of ambiguity, fallacies of relevance, and fallacies
involving unwarranted assumptions. The chapter closes with a discussion of strategies for
avoiding these fallacies.
Chapter 6, Recognizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments: Chapter 6 is one of
the key chapters in this textbook. In this chapter students learn how to recognize an argument
as well as how to break down an argument into its premises and conclusion. They then learn
how to diagram an argument so it can be evaluated. The chapter ends by providing steps for
constructing a logical argument.
Chapter 7, Inductive Arguments: Inductive arguments are the most common type of
arguments used in everyday life. In Chapter 7, students learn how to recognize, evaluative,
and construct three types of inductive arguments: generalizations, analogies, and causal
arguments. They will also examine the role of inductive arguments in public policy and
everyday decision-making.
Chapter 8, Deductive Arguments: Deductive arguments are less common in everyday
life. Consequently, Chapter 8 can be omitted if there are time constraints. This chapter
addresses three different types of deductive arguments: arguments by elimination, arguments
based on mathematics, and arguments from definition. Students also learn how to diagram
and evaluate hypothetical and categorical syllogisms.
Chapter 9, Ethics and Moral Decision-Making: Chapter 9 begins with a study of the
stages of moral reasoning, especially as it relates to college students. After a discussion of the
different moral theories, students learn how to recognize and evaluate moral arguments.
Finally, this chapter provides strategies for resolving moral conflicts.
Chapter 10, Marketing and Advertising: Chapter 10 discusses marketing strategies
using the SWOT Model. It also offers students an opportunity to apply critical-thinking skills
learned in previous chapters, such as avoiding confirmation bias, recognizing rhetorical
devices, and recognizing fallacies. This chapter is particularly relevant for students who are
studying business, marketing, and/or communication.
Chapter 11, Mass Media: After offering an overview of the rise of mass media in the
United States, Chapter 11 examines the strengths and biases of the news media and science
reporting. From here it looks at the impact of the Internet on our lives, including the misuse
of the Internet. Lastly, it offers a critical-thinking approach to media literary, including how
to interpret and analyze media messages.
Chapter 12, Science: Chapter 12 opens with an examination of the assumptions
underlying science. The five steps of the scientific method are covered next, followed by a
section on how to evaluate scientific hypotheses. The chapter also includes coverage of the
different types of research methodology and experiments. The chapter ends with a discussion
of scientific revolutions and paradigm shifts.
Chapter 13, Law and Politics: After introducing the social contract theory of
government, Chapter 13 looks at the development of democracy in the United States,
including political campaigning and voting. Each of the three branches of government is then
covered in more detail along with issues such as checks on executive power, unjust laws, and
civil disobedience.
Stop and Assess Yourself
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 NURSING

XXII

O hush, my little baby brother!

Sleep, my love, upon my knee,
What though, dear child, we’ve lost our mother?
That can never trouble thee.

You are but ten weeks old to-morrow;

What can you know of our loss?
The house is full enough of sorrow;
Little baby, don’t be cross.

Peace, cry not so, my dearest love!

Hush, my baby bird, lie still,—
He’s quiet now, he does not move,
Fast asleep is little Will.

My only solace, only joy,

Since the sad day I lost my mother,
Is nursing her own Willy boy,
My little orphan brother.
 THE ROOK
AND
THE SPARROWS

XXIII
A little boy with crumbs of bread
Many a hungry sparrow fed.
It was a child of little sense
Who this kind bounty did dispense;
For suddenly ’twas from them torn,
And all the birds were left forlorn
In a hard time of frost and snow,
Not knowing where for food to go.
He would no longer give them bread,
Because he had observed, he said,
A great black bird, a rook by name,
That sometimes to the window came
And took away a small bird’s share.
So foolish Henry did not care
What became of the great rook
That from the little sparrows took,
Now and then, as ’twere by stealth,
A part of their abundant wealth;
Nor ever more would feed his sparrows.
Thus ignorance a kind heart narrows.
I wish I had been there, I would
Have told the child, rooks live by food
In the same way the sparrows do.
I also would have told him too
Birds act by instinct, and ne’er can
Attain the rectitude of man.
Nay, that even when distress
Does on poor human nature press,
We need not be too strict in seeing
The failings of a fellow-being.
 FEIGNED
COURAGE

XXIV

Horatio, of ideal courage vain,

Was flourishing in air his father’s cane,
And, as the fumes of valour swell’d his pate,
Now thought himself this hero, and now that:
“And now,” he cried, “I will Achilles be;
My sword I brandish; see, the Trojans flee!
Now I’ll be Hector, when his angry blade
A lane through heaps of slaughter’d Grecians made!
And now my deeds, still, braver I’ll evince,
I am no less than Edward the Black Prince.
Give way, ye coward French!” As thus he spoke,
And aim’d in fancy a sufficient stroke
To fix the fate of Crecy or Poictiers
(The Muse relates the Hero’s fate with tears),
He struck his milk-white hand against a nail,
Sees his own blood, and feels his courage fail.
Ah! where is now that boasted valour flown,
That in the tented field so late was shown?
Achilles weeps, great Hector hangs his head,
And the Black Prince goes whimpering to bed.
 HESTER

XXV

When maidens such as Hester die,

Their place ye may not well supply,
Though ye among a thousand try
With vain endeavour.
A month or more hath she been dead,
Yet cannot I by force be led
To think upon the wormy bed,
And her together.

A springy motion in her gait,

A rising step, did indicate
Of pride and joy no common rate,
That flush’d her spirit.
I know not by what name beside
It may be call’d; if ’twas not pride,
It was a joy to that allied
She did inherit.
Her parents held the Quaker rule,
Which doth the human feeling cool,
But she was train’d in Nature’s school,
Nature had blest her.
A waking eye, a prying mind,
A heart that stirs is hard to bind,
A hawk’s keen sight ye cannot blind,
Ye could not Hester.

My sprightly neighbour, gone before

To that unknown and silent shore,
Shall we not meet, as heretofore,
Some summer morning,
When from thy cheerful eyes a ray
Hath struck a bliss upon the day,
A bliss that would not go away,
A sweet forewarning?
 HELEN

XXVI

High-born Helen, round your dwelling

These twenty years I’ve paced in vain;
Haughty beauty, thy lover’s duty
Hath been to glory in his pain.

High-born Helen, proudly telling

Stories of thy cold disdain;
I starve, I die, now you comply,
And I no longer can complain.

These twenty years I’ve lived on tears,

Dwelling for ever on a frown;
On sighs I’ve fed, your scorn my bread;
I perish now you kind are grown.

Can I, who loved my beloved,

But for the scorn “was in her eye,”
Can I be moved for my beloved
When she “returns me sigh for sigh?”
In stately pride, by my bedside,
High-born Helen’s portrait’s hung;
Deaf to my praise, my mournful lays
Are nightly to the portrait sung.
To that I weep, nor ever sleep,
Complaining all night long to her:
Helen, grown old, no longer cold,
Said, “You to all men I prefer.”
 THE
BEGGAR MAN

XXVII

Abject, stooping, old, and wan,

See yon wretched beggar man;
Once a father’s hopeful heir,
Once a mother’s tender care.
When too young to understand,
He but scorch’d his little hand
By the candle’s flaming light
Attracted, dancing, spiral, bright;
Clasping fond her darling round,
A thousand kisses heal’d the wound:
Now, abject, stooping, old, and wan,
No mother tends the beggar man.
The Beggar Man
Then nought too good for him to wear,
With cherub face and flaxen hair,
In fancy’s choicest gauds array’d,
Cap of lace with rose to aid;
Milk-white hat and feather blue;
Shoes of red; and coral too;
With silver bells to please his ear,
And charm the frequent ready tear.
Now, abject, stooping, old, and wan,
Neglected is the beggar man.

See the boy advance in age,

And learning spreads her useful page;
In vain—for giddy pleasure calls,
And shows the marbles, tops, and balls.
What’s learning to the charms of play?
Th’ indulgent tutor must give way.
A heedless wilful dunce, and wild,
The parents’ fondness spoil’d the child;
The youth in vagrant courses ran.
Now, abject, stooping, old, and wan,
Their fondling is the beggar man.
 BREAKFAST

XXVIII

A dinner party, coffee, tea,

Sandwich, or supper, all may be
In their way pleasant. But to me
Not one of these deserves the praise
That welcomer of new-born days,
A breakfast, merits; ever giving
Cheerful notice we are living
Another day refresh’d by sleep,
When its festival we keep.
Now, although I would not slight
Those kindly words we use, “Good-night,”
Yet parting words are words of sorrow,
And may not vie with sweet “Good-morrow,”
With which again our friends we greet
When in the breakfast-room we meet,
At the social table round,
Listening to the lively sound
Of those notes which never tire
Of urn or kettle on the fire.