PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

CHAPTER REPORT

Lecturer:

Dr. Dian Ekawati S.Pd., M.Pd.

Amalia Fitriani M.Pd

Group 4:

Andhika Reza Steverly Wiratama :1232080061

Fatimah Nurul Amanah :1232080040

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION

FAKULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI BANDUNG

2024
 FREFACE
Praise be to Allah SWT who has given me convenience so that I can complete this
presentation assignment about "atoms". Without HIS help of course I would not have been
able to complete this task well. May prayers and greetings be abundantly showered on our
beloved king, namely the Prophet Muhammad SAW, whose intercession we will pray for in
the afterlife.
On this occasion, we do not forget to thank Mrs. Amalia Fitriani M.Pd as a lecturer in
the English Language Education course who has guided us, and we also thank other parties
involved in the process of making this assignment, both in terms of direct. or indirectly.
direct. . Hopefully this chapter report provide benefits for writers, readers and all parties.
Until now, we realize that in the preparation of this chapter report there are still many
shortcomings so that the results obtained are far from perfect. Therefore, we really hope for
suggestions and constructive criticism.

Bandung, 27th May 2024

Group 5
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Chemical elements or simply called elements are chemical substances that cannot be
divided into smaller substances, or cannot be changed into other chemical substances using
ordinary chemical methods. The smallest particle of an element is an atom. An atom consists
of an atomic nucleus (nucleus) and surrounded by electrons. The atomic nucleus consists of a
number of protons and neutrons. Until now, it is known that there are approximately 117
elements in the world. What differentiates one element from another is the number of protons
in the atomic nucleus. For example, all carbon atoms have 6 protons, while oxygen atoms
have 8 protons. The number of protons in each atom is known as the atomic number (Z).
However, atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons, this is known
as an isotope. The atomic mass of an element (A) is the average atomic mass of an element in
nature. Because the mass of electrons is very small, and the mass of neutrons is almost the
same as the mass of protons, atomic mass is usually expressed by the number of protons and
neutrons in the atomic nucleus, in isotopes which are the most abundant in nature. The
measure of atomic mass is atomic mass units (amu). Some isotopes are radioactive and
undergo decomposition (decay) against alpha or beta particle radiation. The lightest elements
are hydrogen and helium. Hydrogen is believed to be an element that first appeared in the
universe after the Big Bang occurred. All heavy elements are naturally formed (either
naturally or artificially) through various nucleosynthesis methods. As of 2005, 118 elements
were known, 93 of which were found in nature, and 23 of which were artificial elements. The
first artificial element thought to be technetium was in 1937. All artificial elements are
radioactive with short half-lives, so that naturally occurring atoms appear to have
decomposed. The list of elements can be expressed by name, symbol, or atomic number. In
the periodic table, groups of elements that have the same chemical properties are also
presented. The grouping of chemical elements continues to develop along with the discovery
of chemical elements and the development of science. This grouping of chemical elements
produces a periodic table which contains data and information that can be used for various
purposes related to chemistry.
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSION

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION
Dalton's atomic theory provided an important foundation for understanding chemical
reactions by introducing the concept of atoms as indivisible particles. However, the discovery
of subatomic particles such as protons, electrons, and neutrons revealed that atoms were
indeed divisible, thus challenging fundamental aspects of Dalton's theory.
Thomson's atomic theory built upon and corrected Dalton's model by introducing
subatomic particles. In 1897, Thomson discovered electrons, demonstrating that cathode rays
are negatively charged particles. His "plum pudding" model depicted atoms as positively
charged spheres with scattered negatively charged electrons, resembling raisins in bread. This
advancement significantly enhanced the understanding of atomic structure by recognizing the
existence of subatomic particles.
If an atomic nucleus is hit by an alpha particle, a collision will occur which causes the
alpha particle to bend or bounce. The reason is that the mass and charge of the atom are
concentrated in the nucleus. Thus, Rutherford argued that the charge of the atomic nucleus
was equal to the atomic mass in amu (atomic mass unit).The form of Bohr's atomic theory
can be said to be like the circulation of the planets around the solar system.
 The theory of quantum mechanics was developed to improve Bohr's atomic theory.
This progress was led by Erwin Schrödinger, who integrated Louis de Broglie's hypothesis
that electrons exhibit both particle and wave characteristics.

REFERENCE
Brucat, Philip J. (2008). "Quantum Atoms" University of Florida. Archived from the original
on 12-07-2006. Retrieved 01-04-2007.
Chang, Raymond. (2004). General Chemistry-The Essential Concepts. New York: McGraw-
Hill
Fang FZ (2020) Atomic and close-to-atomic scale manu-facturing: perspectives and
measures. Int J Extreme Manuf 2(3):030201
Gao J, Luo XC, Fang FZ et al (2021) Fundamentals of atomic and close-to-atomic scale
manufacturing: a review. Int J Extreme Manuf 4(1):012001.
Lewis, Gilbert N. (1916). "Atoms and Molecules". Journal of the American Chemical
Society. 38(4):762-786
 ATTACHMENT

NO Question Answer Name

1. Which atomic theory is The atomic theory currently used Ayu setianingrum
still used today? is the quantum mechanical
atomic theory, because this
atomic model is the most perfect
and has the accuracy and ability
to explain the chemical and
physical phenomena that occur.
2. What is meant by In quantum mechanical atomic Fitrah Nurhanifah
probability of theory, the concept of probability
existence in quantum refers to the possibility or chance
mechanical atomic of finding an electron in a
 theory? position around the atomic
nucleus. This means that we
cannot know for sure where the
electron is, but can only estimate
the probability of finding it at a
certain point.
3. Why is thomson’s Thomson's atomic theory, also Rizki amalia putri
atomic theory called known as the "plum pudding"
the plum pudding theory, was so named because his
theory? proposed model of the atom bore
similarities to the traditional
English dessert called "plum
pudding".