1 slide charles dicckesn

Charles Dickens was an English novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian era. His many
volumes include such works as A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Bleak House, A Tale of Two Cities,
Great Expectations, and Our Mutual Friend.

Dickens enjoyed a wider popularity during his lifetime than any previous author. Much in his work could
appeal to the simple and the sophisticated, to the poor and to the queen, and technological developments
as well as the qualities of his work enabled his fame to spread worldwide very quickly.

Dickens as a writer believed he had a reforming mission. Not only in his novels, but also in his magazines, he
attacked what he considered the worst social abuses of his time, which are reflected in his recurrent
themes: the exploitation of child labour, the ill-treatment of pupils in hideous schools, unsafe factory
conditions,, imprisonment for debt, the, the greediness and selfishness of the rich upper classes and so on

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Great Expectations, novel by Charles Dickens, first published serially in All the Year Round in 1860–61 and
issued in book form in 1861. The classic novel was one of its author’s greatest critical and popular successes.
It chronicles the coming of age of the orphan Pip while also addressing such issues as social class and human
worth.

The novel is divided into three sections of Pip’s life. Great Expectations charts the progress of Pip from his
childhood through often painful experiences to adulthood, as he moves from the Kent marshes to busy,
commercial London, encountering a variety of extraordinary characters ranging from Magwitch, the
escaped convict, to Miss Havisham, locked up with her unhappy past and living with her ward, the arrogant,
beautiful Estella.

In the novel Pip must discover his true self, and his own set of values and priorities. Whether such values
allow one to prosper in the complex world of early Victorian England is the major question posed by Great
Expectations/

Great Expectations works on a number of levels: as a critique of Victorian society. However, it is perhaps
more importantly a search for true identity. During the course of the novel, Pip comes to realize that his
“great expectations”—social standing and wealth—are less important than loyalty and compassion. Great
Expectations was also noted for its blend of humour, mystery, and tragedy. In the original ending of the
work, Pip and Estella were not reunited, but Dickens was persuaded to write a happier conclusion.

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Like many other Dickens novels, Great Expectations has been filmed for the cinema or television and
adapted for the stage numerous times. The film adaptation in 1946 gained the greatest acclaim.[171] The
story is often staged in the theathres worldwide.

1
As we all know marriage as a historical entity anyhow has a tendency to resist our efforts to define it in any
simple terms. Marriage has a tendency to change over time therefore there is no single definition of
marriage. Traditionally it is seen as a union between a man and a woman. Even though from the religious
point of view marriage is a sacred act for most of our history, it has been seen as a tool for physical survival.
For that reason for example in prehistoric times man “married” more than one woman.

Sometimes marriage can have an absolutely different form where one bride can be married to several man,
marriage between two man, siblings, even children or people from the same social class. All of these
marriage types have appeared, on different stages of our history. As a result we can see how the institute of
marriage has evolved from ancient times to modernity. It also can be seen in the religious prospective as
great example there is a huge difference in understanding the phenomenon of marriage in the old and new
testaments. The Hebrew Bible is mostly concentrated on the family connections between the main
characters (patriarchs of Israel like Abraham, Jacob, Joseph etc.) whereas the new testament invalidated all
the family connections of the Jewish elite. As we know Jesus wasn`t married which played a big role in the
formation of the Christian ideology. Such things as celibacy, fellowship, and absolute purity took the place of
the values of the Old Testament.

Judaism is a very practical religiob and therefore Hebrew society, by contrast, had always held marriage to
be the most moral and dignified of all social arrangements (in fact, Jewish priests were required to be
married men as the title of a priest was inherited from father by son.)Taking into account that Christianity
was an apocalyptic religion there was no longer a need for new generation of believers and as a result -
marriage , for the last day could come any moment. The early Christian theologians didn’t give any
importance to marriage either, in their opinion the institution of marriage was more connected to taxes,
house working rather than God. Saint Paul even once said "It is not good for a man to touch a woman."

None of this meant that people stopped getting married, of course. All across the Western world, in
the centuries following Christ's death, couples sealed their unions in various improvisational styles (blending
together Jewish, Greek, Roman, and Franco-Germanic matrimonial influences) and then registered
themselves in village or city documents as being "married." Matrimony became a purely civil
convention in early Europe. marriage in the Middle Ages was certainly the safest and smoothest means of
passing wealth, livestock, heirs, or property from one generation to the next.

The modern wedding ceremonies appeared only in the 19th century. European Christians married
privately, in their own homes, in their everyday clothing. Couples exchanged vows in impromptu
ceremonies that generally lasted only a few moments. Witnesses became important on wedding days only
so that later there would be no argument in the courts as to whether or not this couple had really
consented to marriage. So it would eliminate any problems in the court in the future. Basically
arriage prescribed duties and dispensed privileges," distributing clear roles and responsibilities among
the citizenry. It is still quite true for the modern times. According to the law system the only reason

marriage matters is that two people have come together and produced something in their union.

One of the indicators that the institution of marriage is becoming less and less relevant in recent years is the
rather high divorce rates. Divorce became a fairly popular phenomenon in the 2nd half of the 19th century.
During this period, people began to get married first of all, relying on their feelings, and not on their
economic condition. This may seem rather paradoxical for a modern person. But as soon as people began to
marry based on their feelings, divorce rates increased accordingly. This is due to the fact that arranged
marriages did not provide the chance of divorce at all. Marriage became more individualistic.

10

So, is the marriage dying as an institution? In my opinion No. Marriage is neither dying nor dead. It's just
changing. It's a shifting cultural institution; Almost universal data now show that in most parts of the world,
marriage rates are decreasing and the proportion of the population who has ever married is shrinking. It is
likely that in the near future the institution of marriage will change significantly. But thi

s does not mean at all that family values leaving with it. Despite all this, People on earth will still live as
today and 200 years ago for example. I don't think there will be any significant changes in our society as a
whole. And even if in a different form but the marriage will live.

So in today’s presentation I would like to talk about the life and the journeys of one of the greatest travelers
and journalists of the 20th and 21st century Ted Simon. 1 slide

Ted Simon is a German-born British travel writer noted for circumnavigating the world twice by motorcycle.
He grew up in London/ He had a mixed family his father was Romanian and his mother was German. He
studied chemical engineering at Imperial College but ay heart he didn’t find this job interesting enough so
he began his newspaper career in Paris with the Continental Daily Mail. Eventually Ted Simon moved to
France and contributed to various English newspapers and magazines there. 2 slide

But everything changed with his first circumnavigation sponsored by The Sunday Times that took place in
1973. On 6th October 1973, at the age of 42, Ted set off from London on a Triumph Tiger motorcycle on
what became a four year solo journey around the world, covering 64,000 miles through 45 dıffrent
countries. living with peasants and presidents, in prisons and palaces, through wars and revolutions. As ted
Simon said himself ıt was going to be the journey of a lifetime. a journey that millions dream of and never
make. and he wanted to do justice to all those dreams.

3 slide

What is truly awesome is the philosophy of Ted simon. Unlike most of the travelers that are used to
comfortable hotels and convenient transportation means such as planes, trains etc. Ted Simon on the
contrary emphasises the importance of travelling on the road by a motocycle for a example. In his opinion
this is the only way to make a proper eventful journey for it allows us to experience all the little details most
people don’t pay any atttention to. 4 slide
Ted Simon firt talks about the planning of the journey. His plan was to travel down Europe, over to Tunisia,
across the top of Africa, and from there to South Africa. And from there to Rio de Janeiro by a ship. Later on
he would reach America, Asian countries including turkey Iran and India and eventually come back home.

He used various maps, information about Pacific fares and sailings, road conditions in the Andes, ferry
services in Indonesia etc, so it can be said that the preparation for the journey itself was an immense
process.

5 slide At first Ted Simon had doubts about whether his journey would end with success or not, he was
literally overwhelmed by as he said the monster he had created, and the enormity of the prospect he had
invented for himself. But his opinion changes as soon as he looks at the Sunday times office and sees all
those people working in there through the window, Ted Simon reliases that no comfort and no materialistic
prosperity is worth living for, he finds the traditional western world dry and boring and so he fumbles his
packages away gets on the bike and starts his legendary journey by moving to his first destination English
channel.

Small talk is a social ritual that serves as an icebreaker, allowing individuals to establish сomunication and
build relationships with each other. Although small talk is universal, the rules, topics, and etiquette
surrounding it vary greatly across different cultures.

In many Western cultures, small talk is often focused on neutral, non-controversial topics such as the
weather, sports, or popular entertainment. It is considered impolite to ask personal questions, such as age,
income, or relationship status, until a relationship has been established. This type of small talk is often seen
as a way to fill awkward silences and establish a sense of familiarity between strangers.

In contrast, small talk in many Asian cultures is often more indirect and formal. Topics such as family,
education, and occupation are considered acceptable, but it is important to avoid sensitive topics such as
politics or religion. Silence is often seen as a sign of respect, and it is common for individuals to pause before
responding to a question.

In some Middle Eastern cultures, small talk is often focused on hospitality and building a sense of trust
between individuals. Topics such as family, food, and travel are common, and it is important to demonstrate
respect and appreciation for the host's culture and customs. In some cultures, it is also common for
individuals to touch each other during conversations, such as placing a hand on the arm or shoulder, as a
sign of warmth and friendship.

In conclusion, small talk is an important part of social interaction, and the rules and etiquette surrounding it
vary greatly across different cultures. It is important to be aware of these differences when communicating
with individuals from different cultural backgrounds, as misunderstandings and offense can easily occur. By
respecting and adapting to different cultural norms, we can build stronger and more meaningful
relationships with people from all over the world.
Today, I would like to discuss the topic of collaborative learning and its pros and cons.

Collaborative learning is an approach to education that involves students working together in groups to
achieve a common goal. It is a popular method of teaching that has gained significant attention in recent
years. While it offers many benefits, it also comes with its fair share of drawbacks.

One of the biggest advantages of collaborative learning is that it promotes active engagement and
participation among students. When students work in groups, they are more likely to stay focused and
motivated, which leads to better learning outcomes. Additionally, collaborative learning can help to develop
critical thinking and problem-solving skills. When students work together, they are exposed to a variety of
perspectives and are forced to consider alternative solutions to problems.

However, collaborative learning is not without its drawbacks. One of the biggest challenges is that it can be
difficult to ensure that all students are contributing equally to the group effort. Some students may feel as
though they are carrying more than their fair share of the workload, while others may feel as though they
are not being heard. Additionally, collaborative learning can be time-consuming, as students need to spend
time working together and communicating effectively.

Another disadvantage of collaborative learning is that it can be difficult to manage conflicts that arise within
the group. When students work together, disagreements are inevitable. It is important for the teacher to be
able to effectively manage these conflicts and ensure that they do not detract from the learning experience.

In conclusion, collaborative learning is a valuable approach to education that offers many benefits. It
promotes active engagement, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. However, it also has its fair share
of challenges, such as ensuring equal participation and managing conflicts. As educators, it is important to
weigh the pros and cons of collaborative learning and determine the best approach for each individual
classroom. Thank you for listening.

Numerous factors play a role in shaping the distinct characteristics of a regional variety of English. The influx
of loanwords from local languages increases with the number of contact languages present in an area. The
pronunciation of English is influenced by the sounds and rhythms of these languages. Additionally, local
cultural practices introduce new expressions, as well as names of individuals, places, and institutions, which
contribute to unique idiomatic references. As English becomes more established in a country, local dialects
develop, and a literature emerges that proudly reflects the culture through poetry, plays, stories, and
novels.

This marks the maturity of a "new English," exemplified by the mature literature of American English, which
differs from British English. India encompasses all these factors, having had a longer exposure to English as a
second language than any other country. Indian English has developed its distinctive regional variety,
incorporating numerous words, idioms, rhythms, and grammatical constructions. Dictionaries include
thousands of words that express local myths, legends, arts, culture, food, drink, fauna, and flora (such as
"baingan," the fruit of the eggplant). For instance, in the domain of road travel, signs along the Pune-
Mumbai road display phrases uncommon in other English-speaking countries, such as "Do not cuss-cross on
expressway," "Road in curve ahead," and "No 2-3-wheelers" (referring to motorbikes, scooters, and auto-
rickshaws). Indian English includes many political, sociological, and administrative terms, such
as dharna, hartal, eve-teasing, vote bank,

However, dictionaries have not yet captured all these usages or identified the regional differences that have
developed across the country. Given India's vast linguistic diversity, with over a thousand languages and
dialects and a population of over a billion, regional variations are inevitable.

Some variations are represented by colloquial terms like "Hinglish" (a mix of English and Hindi), "punglish"
(in Punjab), and "Tamlish" (in Tamil). Yet, the stylistic range and regional diversity of Indian English extend
beyond these labels, as evident in the growing body of Indian literature that increasingly reflects indigenous
usage. Gone are the days when all characters in a novel, from sahib to servant, spoke standard British
English, and this linguistic diversity is also apparent in Indian cinema. While some in India still regard British
English as the only "proper" English, there is a growing sense of confidence among young people, and
attitudes are beginning to change. We are still in the early stages of the evolution of Indian English.

The gender gap, a longstanding issue in our society, has sparked numerous debates and discussions. While
some argue that it is merely a myth, others firmly believe in its existence as a harsh reality. Exploring this
topic reveals a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that cannot be easily dismissed or overlooked.

Firstly, those who perceive the gender gap as a myth often point to advancements made in recent years,
such as increased female representation in various fields, including politics, business, and academia. They
argue that these achievements signify the diminishing gap and demonstrate gender equality in action.
Undoubtedly, progress has been made, and it is crucial to acknowledge and celebrate these
accomplishments. However, focusing solely on these positive trends may overshadow persistent disparities
that continue to affect women's lives.

To understand the reality of the gender gap, it is essential to examine key indicators across different
spheres. In the workplace, for example, studies consistently show disparities in wages, job opportunities,
and career advancement between men and women. Despite comparable qualifications and experience,
women often face a wage gap, earning less than their male counterparts for the same work. Furthermore,
women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions, with a glass ceiling limiting their
professional growth. These disparities reveal that the gender gap is not a mere myth but a tangible barrier
that inhibits women's progress.

Another aspect where the gender gap manifests is in household responsibilities and caregiving duties.
Despite significant progress in challenging traditional gender roles, women still bear a disproportionate
burden of unpaid domestic work. This unequal distribution of responsibilities hampers women's ability to
fully engage in education, careers, and personal pursuits. It perpetuates societal expectations and reinforces
gender stereotypes, inhibiting progress towards gender equality.

Moreover, the gender gap extends beyond the realms of work and home. Women also face disparities in
access to healthcare, education, and political representation. Globally, women's health concerns are often
neglected, and their access to quality healthcare is limited compared to men. In education, although
progress has been made, girls in many regions still face barriers that hinder their access to education and
limit their opportunities for personal and professional development. Additionally, women's representation
in politics remains disproportionately low, depriving societies of diverse perspectives and hindering the
formulation of inclusive policies.
In conclusion, while some argue that the gender gap is a myth, a closer examination of various domains
reveals its existence as a stark reality. Persistent disparities in wages, career opportunities, caregiving
responsibilities, healthcare, education, and political representation highlight the ongoing challenges faced
by women. Acknowledging the existence of the gender gap is essential for promoting meaningful change
and striving towards a more equitable society. Only through concerted efforts can we address the root
causes and work towards dismantling the barriers that perpetuate gender inequality.

1 slide Among all the strange habits that people have, many of us have one thing in common, which is our
tendency to collect. When we colelct, we tend to choose one thing to focus on and obsess over. The
rationale for these collections can vary from person to person, but everyone can agree that having an
impressive collection is a personal goal.

One of the biggest reasons people collect things is because of the feelings of nostalgia that certain items
evoke. Nostalgia has been shown to be good for our brains and it releases endorphins that can make us feel
better. This comforting feeling of nostalgia is something that many people pursue their whole lives. 2 slide

Anyone who has a large collection of items will tell that one of the best feelings one can get is finally finding
a piece of the collection that is missing. There’s a certain excitement to finding a rare or expensive item that
fits into the collection that can’t really be found anywhere else. Tracking down the source of these hard-to-
find items is a game all on its own, one where the process of finding it is often more fun than actually
receiving the item itself. Almost all collections were started due to basic curiosity. Some of the best
collections out there are full of items that can expand the way we see the world around us. This is the kind
of person that likes to collect books or historic items that can teach us about something that fascinates us

3 slide

Sometimes the best reason to collect things we love isn’t even related to the actual items themselves. Being
a collector is a special hobby, depending on what a person collects, but the best part about being in this
field is that collectors are almost never alone. If one is passionate about collecting certain items, they can be
sure they arent not the only ones in the world who’s passionate about those things. Being a true collector
means interacting with other collectors and comparing the items they all have. And now a couple of words
about collecting in my family. I personally don’t collect anything but my father does. From the very
childhood, my father has been collecting banknotes and post stamps. For him it’s more than a hobby but
rather a lifestyle, and he dedicates to it at least one day in a week, he goes to a flea market and looks for
different things, And I also that my family just like any another family before used to collect musical vinyl
records and of course books, no one actually even touched for decades.
1st sllide

Arundhati Roy (November 24, 1961) is an Indian novelist, political activist. She is best known for her first
novel The God of Small Things which won the Man Booker Prize for Fiction. She was also awarded with
Sydney Peace Prize in 2004.

Roy was born in Shillong, Meghalaya to a Keralite Christian mother and a Bengali Hindu father. She spent
her childhood in Aymanam in Kerala which she mentions in her autobiographical book, The God of Small
Things. The novel is filled with Roy’s Childhood memories.

2 slide

This novel was written by Arundhati Roy and published in the year 1996. It follows the story of twin brother
and sister Estha and Rahel. Although this novel deals with the interpersonal complexities of a typical Indian
family, still it delves deeply into the questions of social and cultural boundaries. It is presenting the matter
of the Indian caste system and as well as the limitations on whom one can and should love. This novel is
notable for its non-chronological framework because it is making extensive use of flashbacks and flash-
forwards. It tries to highlight the interconnectedness of different events may be big or small, and which are
shaping the lives of Estha and Rahel. This novel is the most widely-sold novel ever to come out of India.

3 slide

the twins Estha and Rahel’s oddities in behavior are shaped largely by the plot, seen through the shifts in
time used to illustrate different points where they undergo emotional trauma. Estha, however, seems to be
the more affected of the two, eventually dropping speech all together and remaining silent in his adult life.
Though on first glance this silence may appear to result from his separation from his twin or some other
cause, Roy’s novel actually displays several other events that bring Estha to silence, ranging over the course
of the novel and its time frame.

Taking into account that this novel is autobiography it also can be said that it’s the silence of the author not
only of the charecters. By using the theme of silence the author tries to depict the problem of the small
person in then india who is burdened by many social norms and rules that made life of simple people from
lower casts unberreable. The silence symbolizes the pain the author experienced as a child while living in
this system.
The Dogme 95 movement, founded by Danish filmmakers Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg in 1995,
challenged the conventions of mainstream cinema, particularly Hollywood movies. With its strict set of
rules, Dogme 95 aimed to create raw, authentic, and artistically driven films that diverged from the polished
and formulaic nature of Hollywood productions.

One of the fundamental distinctions between Dogme 95 and Hollywood movies lies in their respective
approaches to storytelling. Hollywood films often prioritize grand narratives, larger-than-life characters, and
sensational plots that aim to captivate audiences and generate high box-office returns. These movies often
employ elaborate special effects, action sequences, and glamorous settings to create an immersive
cinematic experience. On the other hand, Dogme 95 embraced a stripped-down approach, focusing on
more intimate and character-driven narratives. Filmmakers adhering to the Dogme 95 rules sought to
capture the authenticity of human experiences, often employing handheld cameras, natural lighting, and
minimalistic sets to create a sense of immediacy and realism.

Aesthetically, Dogme 95 and Hollywood movies diverge significantly. Hollywood movies frequently employ
lavish production designs, elaborate costumes, and visually stunning cinematography. They often rely on
extensive post-production editing, visual effects, and sophisticated sound design to create a polished and
visually appealing final product. In contrast, Dogme 95 emphasized a raw and unadorned aesthetic. The
movement advocated for the rejection of artificial cinematic techniques, embracing a more documentary-
style approach. Dogme films often featured long takes, natural sound, and a focus on the performances and
emotions of the actors, foregoing traditional cinematic techniques in favor of a more stripped-down and
authentic visual style.

Another significant difference between Dogme 95 and Hollywood movies is the level of creative freedom
and control given to the filmmakers. In Hollywood, the film industry is driven by commercial interests and
studio executives who often exert significant influence over the creative decisions of the filmmakers. The
emphasis is placed on marketability and profitability, leading to formulaic plots and safe storytelling choices.
Dogme 95, on the other hand, sought to empower the filmmaker by imposing strict rules. The Dogme
manifesto emphasized the importance of directorial vision and creative integrity, encouraging filmmakers to
take risks, challenge conventions, and reclaim artistic control.

In conclusion, the Dogme 95 movement stood in stark contrast to Hollywood movies, challenging the
dominance of mainstream cinema and advocating for a more authentic and artistically driven approach to
filmmaking. While Hollywood films prioritize grand narratives, visual spectacle, and marketability, Dogme 95
emphasized intimate storytelling, raw aesthetics, and creative freedom. Although both approaches have
their merits, the Dogme 95 movement played a vital role in pushing the boundaries of cinema, offering an
alternative to the polished and formulaic nature of Hollywood movies. By challenging conventions and
advocating for artistic integrity, Dogme 95 filmmakers contributed to the diversification and enrichment of
the cinematic landscape.