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Contents
Maps xv
Tables xix
Figures xxi
Preface xxiii
Part One
Founding the New Nation
ca. 33,000 b.c.e.–1783 c.e.
2
1 New World Beginnings 33,000 b.c.e.–1769 c.e. 4
The geology of the New World • Native Americans before Columbus •

Europeans and Africans • Columbus and the early explorers • The
ecological consequences of Columbus’s discovery • The conquest of Mexico
• Spain builds a New World empire
Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 23–24
U E xamining the E vidence Making Sense of the New World 7
U C ontending V oices Europeans and Indians 16
U M akers of A merica The Spanish Conquistadores 18
bpk, Berlin/Art Resource, NY
2 The Planting of English America 1500–1733 25
England on the eve of empire • The expansion of Elizabethan England • The

planting of Jamestown, 1607 • English settlers and Native Americans •
The growth of Virginia and Maryland • England in the Caribbean • Settling
the Carolinas and Georgia
U C ontending V oices Old World Dreams and New World Realities 27
U M akers of A merica The Iroquois 38
The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY
vii
viii • contents
3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619–1700 42
The Puritan faith • Plymouth Colony, 1620 • The Puritan commonwealth

of Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630 • Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New
Hampshire • Puritans and Indians • The Confederation and Dominion of
New England, 1686–1689 • New Netherland becomes New York •
Pennsylvania, the Quaker colony • New Jersey and Delaware
The Granger Collection, NYC — All rights reserved.

U C ontending V oices Anne Hutchinson Accused and Defended 47
U E xamining the E vidence A Seventeenth-Century Valuables Cabinet 58
U V arying V iewpoints Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe? 59
4 American Life in the Seventeenth Century 1607–1692 62
Life and labor in the Chesapeake tobacco region • Indentured servants and

Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia, 1676 • The spread of slavery • African
American culture • Southern Society • Families in New England •
Declining Puritan piety • The Salem witchcraft trials, 1692 • Daily life in
the colonies
U C ontending V oices Berkeley Versus Bacon 64
U E xamining the E vidence An Indentured Servant’s Contract, 1746 65
U T hinking G lobally The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1860 66
The Granger Collection, NYC
5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700–1775 78
Immigration and population growth • African American culture • Colonial

social structure • Earning a living • The Atlantic economy • The role of
religion • The Great Awakening of the 1730s • Education and culture •
Politics and the press • Colonial folkways
U C ontending V oices Race and Slavery 81
U M akers of A merica From African to African American 82
U V arying V iewpoints Colonial America: Communities of Conflict
Privat Collection/The Bridgeman Art Librarye
or Consensus? 98
contents • ix
6 The Duel for North America 1608–1763 101
New France • Fur-traders and Indians • Anglo-French colonial rivalries •
Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-USZC4-5315]

Europe, America, and the first world wars • The Seven Years’ War • Pontiac’s
uprising and the Proclamation of 1763
U C ontending V oices The Proclamation of 1763 113
7 The Road to Revolution 1763–1775 117
Roots of revolution • The merits and menace of mercantilism • The Stamp

Act crisis, 1765 • The Townshend Acts, 1767 • The Boston Tea Party, 1773
• The Intolerable Acts and the Continental Congress, 1774 • Lexington,
Concord, and the gathering clouds of war, 1775 • The rebel army
Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 134
U C ontending V oices Reconciliation or Independence? 121
Fotosearch/Archive Photos/Getty Images
U T hinking G lobally Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Revolt 130
8 America Secedes from the Empire 1775–1783 135
Early skirmishes, 1775 • American “republicanism”

• The Declaration of
Independence, 1776 • Patriots and Loyalists • The fighting fronts • The
French alliance, 1778 • Yorktown, 1781 • The Peace of Paris, 1783
U E xamining the E vidence A Revolution for Women? Abigail Adams Chides
Her Husband, 1776 142
The Granger Collection, New York
U M akers of A merica The Loyalists 144

U C ontending V oices Two Revolutions: French and American 154
U V arying V iewpoints Whose Revolution? 156
Part Two
Building the New Nation
1776–1860
158
9 The Confederation and the Constitution 1776–1790 160
Changing political sentiments • The new state constitutions • Economic

troubles • The Articles of Confederation, 1781–1788 • The Northwest
Ordinance, 1787 • Shays’s Rebellion, 1786 • The Constitutional
Convention, 1787 • Ratifying the Constitution, 1787–1790
Picture Research Consultants & Archives
U E xamining the E vidence Copley Family Portrait, ca. 1776–1777 162

U C ontending V oices Debating the New Constitution 177
U V arying V iewpoints The Constitution: Revolutionary or
Counterrevolutionary? 180
x • contents
10 Launching the New Ship of State 1789–1800 182
Problems of the young republic • The first presidency, 1789–1793 • The Bill

of Rights, 1791 • Hamilton’s economic policies • The emergence of political
parties • The impact of the French Revolution • Jay’s Treaty, 1794, and
Washington’s farewell, 1797 • President Adams keeps the peace • The Alien
and Sedition Acts, 1798 • Federalists versus Republicans
Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY
U C ontending V oices Human Nature and the Nature of Government 187
U T hinking G lobally Two Revolutions 190
11
The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian
Republic 1800–1812 204
The “Revolution of 1800” • The Jefferson presidency • John Marshall and

the Supreme Court • Barbary pirates • The Louisiana Purchase, 1803 • The
Anglo-French War • The Embargo, 1807–1809 • Madison gambles with
Napoleon • Battle with the Shawnees • A Declaration of War
U E xamining the E vidence The Thomas Jefferson–Sally Hemings
Controversy 207
© Collection of the New-York Historical Society, USA/The Bridgeman Art Library
U C ontending V oices The Divisive Embargo 219
12
The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge
of Nationalism 1812–1824 226
Invasion of Canada, 1812 • The war on land and sea • The Treaty of Ghent,

1814 • The Hartford Convention, 1814–1815 • A new national identity •
“The American System” • James Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings •
Westward expansion • The Missouri Compromise, 1820 • The Supreme
Court under John Marshall • Oregon and Florida • The Monroe Doctrine,
1823
U M akers of A merica Settlers of the Old Northwest 238

U C ontending V oices Sizing Up the Monroe Doctrine 245
contents • xi
13 The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824–1840 248
The “corrupt bargain” of 1824 • President John Quincy Adams, 1825–1829 •

The triumph of Andrew Jackson, 1828 • The spoils system • The “Tariff of
Gift of Mrs.Samuel T. Carson photograph @ 1991 The Detroit Institute of Arts (detail). Bridgeman Art Library Ltd.
Abominations,” 1828 • The South Carolina nullification crisis, 1832–1833 •

The removal of the Indians from the Southeast • Jackson’s war on the Bank
of the United States • The emergence of the Whig party, 1836 • Martin Van
Buren in the White House, 1837–1841 • Revolution in Texas • William
Henry Harrison’s “log cabin” campaign, 1840 • Mass democracy and the
two-party system
U C ontending V oices Taking the Measure of Andrew Jackson 252
U T hinking G lobally Alexis de Tocqueville on Democracy in America and
Europe 254
U E xamining E vidence Satiric Bank Note, 1837 265
the
U M akers of A merica Mexican or Texican? 270

U V arying V iewpoints What Was Jacksonian Democracy? 275
14 Forging the National Economy 1790–1860 278
The westward movement • European immigration • The Irish and the

Germans • Nativism and assimilation • The coming of the factory system •
Industrial workers • Women and the economy • The ripening of
commercial agriculture • The transportation revolution • A continental
economy
Bettmann/CORBIS
U M akers of A merica The Irish 284

U C ontending V oices Immigration, Pro and Con 287
U M akers of A merica The Germans 288
U E xamining the E vidence The Invention of the Sewing Machine 294
15 The Ferment of Reform and Culture 1790–1860 309
Religious revivals • The Mormons • Educational advances • The roots of

reform • Temperance • Women’s roles and women’s rights • Utopian
experiments • Scientific progress •
Artistic expressions • A national
© Collection of the New-York Historical Society, USA/The Bridgeman Art Library
literature • Transcendentalism • Poets, novelists, and historians

U E xamining the E vidence Dress as Reform 321
U C ontending V oices The Role of Women 322
U M akers of A merica The Oneida Community 324
U V arying V iewpoints Reform: Who? What? How? and Why? 335
xii • contents
Part Three
Testing the New Nation
1820–1877
338
16 The South and the Slavery Controversy 1793–1860 340
The economy of the Cotton Kingdom • Southern social structure • Poor

whites and free blacks • The plantation system • Life under slavery • The
abolitionist crusade • The white Southern response • Abolition and the
Northern conscience
U C ontending V oices Perspectives on Race and Slavery 351
U E xamining the E vidence Bellegrove Plantation, Donaldsville, Louisiana, Built
Private Collection/Picture Research Consultants & Archives
1857 354
U T hinking G lobally The Struggle to Abolish Slavery 356
U V arying V iewpoints What Was the True Nature of Slavery? 359
17 Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy 1841–1848 363
“Tyler Too” becomes president, 1841 • Fixing the Maine boundary, 1842 •

The annexation of Texas, 1845 • Oregon Fever • James K. Polk, the “dark
horse” of 1844 • War with Mexico, 1846–1848
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC/Art Resource, NY

U C ontending V oices Warring over the Mexican War 375
U M akers of A merica The Californios 378
18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle 1848–1854 381
“Popular sovereignty” • Zachary Taylor and California statehood • The

underground railroad • The Compromise of 1850 • The Fugitive Slave Law
• President Pierce and expansion, 1853–1857 • Senator Douglas and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
U C ontending V oices The Compromise of 1850 390
The Granger Collection, NYC
contents • xiii
19 Drifting Toward Disunion 1854–1861 399
Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the spread of abolitionist sentiment in the North •
The contest for Kansas • The election of James Buchanan, 1856 • The Dred
Scott case, 1857 • The financial panic of 1857 • The Lincoln-Douglas
debates, 1858 • John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, 1859 • Lincoln and
Republican victory, 1860 • Secession
U E xamining the E vidence Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin 401
U C ontending V oices Judging John Brown 411
The Granger Collection, New York
U V arying V iewpoints The Civil War: Repressible or Irrepressible? 419
20 Girding for War: The North and the South 1861–1865 421
The attack on Fort Sumter, April 1861 • The crucial border states • The

balance of forces • The threat of European intervention • The importance
of diplomacy • Lincoln and civil liberties • Men in uniform • Financing
the Blue and the Gray • The economic impact of the war • Women and the
war • The fate of the South

U C ontending V oices War Aims: Emancipation or Union? 424
U M akers of A merica Billy Yank and Johnny Reb 426
21 The Furnace of Civil War 1861–1865 438
Bull Run ends the “ninety-day war” • The Peninsula Campaign • The

Union wages total war • The war at sea • Antietam, 1862 • The
Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 • Black soldiers • Confederate high tide
at Gettysburg • The war in the West • Sherman marches through Georgia •
Politics in wartime • Appomattox, 1865 • The assassination of Lincoln,
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
April 1865 • The legacy of war

U C ontending V oices The Controversy over Emancipation 445
U E xamining the E vidence Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address 450
U T hinking G lobally The Era of Nationalism 460
U V arying V iewpoints What Were the Consequences of the Civil War? 463
xiv • contents
22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865–1877 465

The defeated South • The freed slaves • President Andrew Johnson’s
Reconstruction policies • The Black Codes • Congressional Reconstruction
policies • Johnson clashes with Congress • Military Reconstruction, 1867–
1877 • Freed people enter politics • “Black Reconstruction” and the Ku Klux
Klan • The impeachment of Andrew Johnson • The legacy of Reconstruction
Dallas Historical Society, Texas, USA /The Bridgeman Art Library
U E xamining the E vidence Letter from a Freedman to His Old

Master, 1865 468
U C ontending V oices Radical Republicans and Southern Democrats 473
U V arying V iewpoints How Radical Was Reconstruction? 483
A ppendix
Documents A1
Declaration of Independence • Constitution of the United States of America
Tables A21
Presidential Elections • Presidents and Vice Presidents • Admission of States
• Estimates of Total Costs and Number of Battle Deaths of Major U.S. Wars
Glossary of Key Terms A27
Index I1
MAPS
1.1 The First Discoverers of America 6
1.2 North American Indian Peoples at the Time of First Contact
with Europeans 9
1.3 The World Known to Europe and Major Trade Routes with Asia,
1492 11
1.4 Principal Voyages of Discovery 17
1.5 Principal Early Spanish Explorations and Conquests 21
1.6 Spain’s North American Frontier, 1542–1823 22
2.1 Early Maryland and Virginia 29
2.2 Early Carolina and Georgia Settlements 36
2.3 Iroquois Lands and European Trade Centers, ca. 1590–1650 38
3.1A Sources of the Puritan “Great English Migration” to New England, c. 1620–1640 45
3.1B The Great English Migration, ca. 1630–1642 45
3.2 Seventeenth-Century New England Settlements 48
3.3 Andros’s Dominion of New England 51
3.4 Early Settlements in the Middle Colonies, with Founding Dates 52
4.1 Main Sources and Destinations of African Slaves, ca. 1500–1860 67
5.1 Immigrant Groups in 1775 79
5.2 The Colonial Economy 86
5.3 Colonial Trade Patterns, ca. 1770 87
6.1 France’s American Empire at Its Greatest Extent, 1700 102
6.2 Fur-Trading Posts 103
6.3 Scenes of the French Wars 104
6.4 North America After Two Wars, 1713 105
6.5 The French and Indian War in North America, 1754–1760 107
6.6 Global Scale of the Seven Years’ War 108
6.7A North America Before 1754 111
6.7B North America After 1763 (after French losses) 111
6.8 British Colonies at End of the Seven Years’ War, 1763 114
7.1 Québec Before and After 1774 127
8.1 Revolution in the North, 1775–1776 138
8.2 War in the South, 1780–1781 151
8.3 George Rogers Clark’s Campaign, 1778–1779 152
9.1 Western Land Cessions to the United States, 1782–1802 164
9.2 Surveying the Old Northwest Under the Land Ordinance of 1785 166
9.3 Main Centers of Spanish and British Influence After 1783 167
9.4 The Struggle over Ratification 175
10.1 American Posts Held by the British and British-American Clashes
After 1783 193
xv
xvi • maps
11.1 Presidential Election of 1800 (with electoral vote by state) 206

11.2 The Barbary States of North Africa and the Burning of the Frigate Philadelphia,
1804 212
11.3 Exploring the Louisiana Purchase and the West 217
12.1 Battles in the War of 1812 227
12.3 The Missouri Compromise and Slavery, 1820–1821 237
12.4 U.S.-British Boundary Settlement, 1818 242
12.5 The Southeast, 1810–1819 242
12.6 The West and Northwest, 1818–1824 246
13.2 Indian Removals, 1830–1846 260
13.3 The Texas Revolution, 1836 269
14.1 Westward Movement of Center of Population, 1790–2010 279
14.2 Major Rivers, Roads, and Canals, 1825–1860 300
14.3 The Railroad Revolution 301
14.4 Main Routes West Before the Civil War 303
14.5 Industry and Agriculture, 1860 305
15.1 The Mormon World 313
16.1 Southern Cotton Production and Distribution of Slaves, 1820–1860 344
16.2 Southern Cotton Production and Distribution of Slaves, 1820–1860 345
16.3 Early Emancipation in the North 352
17.1 Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842 366
17.2 The Oregon Controversy, 1846 371
17.3 Major Campaigns of the Mexican War 374
17.4 Spanish Missions and Presidios 379
18.1 California Gold Rush Country 383
18.2 Texas and the Disputed Area Before the Compromise of 1850 385
18.3 Slavery After the Compromise of 1850 389
18.4 The Legal Status of Slavery, from the Revolution to the Civil War 391
18.5 Central America, ca. 1850, Showing British Possessions and Proposed
Canal Routes 392
18.6 The Gadsden Purchase, 1853 395
18.7 Kansas and Nebraska, 1854 396
19.1 Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1860 402
19.2 Presidential Election of 1856 (electoral vote by state) 406
19.3 Presidential Election of 1860: Electoral Vote by State (top) and Popular Vote
by County (bottom) 414
19.4 Southern Opposition to Secession, 1860–1861 (showing vote
by county) 415
20.1 Seceding States (with dates and order of secession) 423
21.1 Peninsula Campaign, 1862 440
21.2 Main Thrusts, 1861–1865 441
maps • xvii
21.3 Emancipation in the South 445

21.4 The Battle of Gettysburg, 1863 448
21.5 The Mississippi River and Tennessee, 1862–1863 451
21.6 Sherman’s March, 1864–1865 452
21.7 Presidential Election of 1864 (showing popular vote by county) 456
21.8 Grant’s Virginia Campaign, 1864–1865 457
22.1 Military Reconstruction, 1867 (five districts and commanding generals) 476
22.2 Alaska and the Lower Forty-Eight States (a size comparison) 482
TABLES
2.1 The Tudor Rulers of England 26
2.2 The Thirteen Original Colonies 35
3.1 The Stuart Dynasty in England 50
5.1 Established (Tax-Supported) Churches in the Colonies, 1775 89
5.2 Estimated Religious Census, 1775 89
5.3 Colonial Colleges 93
6.1 Later English Monarchs 104
6.2 The Nine World Wars 106
8.1 Britain Against the World 150
9.1 Evolution of Federal Union 171
9.2 Slavery and the Constitution 173
9.3 Strengthening the Central Government 174
9.4 Ratification of the Constitution 175
10.1 Evolution of the Cabinet 183
10.2 Evolution of Major Parties 189
10.3 The Two Political Parties, 1793–1800 200
13.1 Election of 1824 249
13.2 Voter Turnout by Country, 1840–2008 255
14.1 Irish and German Immigration by Decade, 1830–1900 281
16.1 Comparative Abolition of Slavery 357
17.1 House Vote on Tariff of 1846 371
18.1 Compromise of 1850 387
19.1 Election of 1860 413
20.1 Manufacturing by Sections, 1860 425
20.2 Immigration to United States, 1860–1866 428
20.3 Number of Men in Uniform at Date Given 434
22.1 Principal Reconstruction Proposals and Plans 471
22.2 Southern Reconstruction by State 477
Table A.1 Presidential Elections A21
Table A.2 Presidents and Vice Presidents A24
Table A.3 Admission of States A26
Table A.4 Estimates of Total Costs and Number of Battle Deaths of Major U.S. Wars A26
xix
figures
1.1 The Arc of Time 5
1.2 The Columbian Exchange 15
5.1 Ethnic and Racial Composition of the American People, 1790 80
10.1 Hamilton’s Financial Structure Supported by Revenues 186
14.1 Population Increase, Including Slaves and Indians, 1790–1860 281
16.1 Slaveowning Families, 1850 343
21.1 Union Party, 1864 454
xxi
Preface
T his sixteenth edition of The American Pageant reflects
our continuing collaboration to bring the most recent
that presents paired quotes from the past to encourage
critical thinking about controversial issues. Still more
scholarship about American history to the broadest highlighted quotes throughout the text help students
possible student audience, while preserving the read- hear the language of real people who shaped and expe-
ability that has long been the Pageant’s hallmark. We rienced historical events. In addition, “Examining the
are often told that the Pageant stands out as the only Evidence” features enable students to deepen their
American history text with a distinctive personality, understanding of the historical craft by conveying
an observation that brings us considerable satisfaction. how historians develop interpretations of the past
We define the Pageant’s leading characteristics as clar- through research in many different kinds of primary
ity, concreteness, a strong emphasis on major themes, sources. Here students learn to probe a wide range of
integration of a broad range of historical topics into a historical documents and artifacts: correspondence
coherent and clutter-free narrative, attention to a vari- between Abigail and John Adams in 1776, and what
ety of interpretive perspectives, and a colorful writing it reveals about women’s place in the American Revo-
style leavened, as appropriate, with wit. That personal- lution; the Gettysburg Address and the light it sheds
ity, we strongly believe, is what has made the Pageant not only on President Lincoln’s brilliant oratory but
both appealing and useful to countless students for also on his vision of the American nation; a letter
more than six decades. from a black freedman to his former master in 1865
Our collaboration on the Pageant reflects our that illuminates his family’s experience in slavery as
respective scholarly interests, which are complemen- well as their hopes for a new life; the manuscript cen-
tary to a remarkable degree. While we share broad inter- sus of 1900 and what it teaches us about immigrant
ests in the evolving character of American society and households on the Lower East Side of New York at the
in its global role, David Kennedy is primarily a politi- dawn of the twentieth century; a new kind of archi-
cal and economic historian, while Lizabeth Cohen’s tectural structure—the shopping mall—and how it
work emphasizes social and cultural history. Together, changed both consumers’ behavior and politicians’
we have once again revised the Pageant chapter by campaign tactics after World War II; and a national
chapter, even paragraph by paragraph, guided by our security document that gives insight into the foreign
shared commitment to tell the story of the A merican policy-making process.
past as vividly and clearly as possible, without sacrific- The Pageant’s goal is not to teach the art of proph-
ing a sense of the often sobering seriousness of history ecy but the much subtler and more difficult arts of see-
and of its sometimes challenging complexity. ing things in context, of understanding the roots and
direction and pace of change, and of distinguishing
what is truly new under the sun from what is not. The
Goals of The American Pageant study of history, it has been rightly said, does not make
one smart for the next time, but wise forever.
Like its predecessors, this edition of The American We hope that the Pageant will help to develop the
Pageant seeks to cultivate in its readers the critical art of critical thinking in its readers and that those who
thinking skills necessary for balanced judgment and use the book will take from it both a fresh appreciation
informed understanding about American society by of what has gone before and a seasoned perspective on
holding up to the present the mirror and measuring what is to come. We hope, too, that readers will take as
rod that is the past. The division of the book into much pleasure in reading The American Pageant as we
six parts, each with an introductory essay, encourages have had in writing it.
students to understand that the study of history is not
just a matter of piling up mountains of facts but is
principally concerned with discovering complex pat- Changes in the Sixteenth Edition
terns of change over time and organizing seemingly
disparate events, actions, and ideas into meaningful As in past revisions, we have updated and streamlined
chains of cause and consequence. the entire text narrative, while our main focus in this
A strong narrative propels the story, reinforced in new edition is a major revision of Part Six, comprising
this edition by a new feature, “Contending Voices,” the seven chapters covering 1945 to the present.
xxiii
xxiv • preface
The Post–World War II Era “Contending Voices”

Making sense of the more recent past poses unique We have added a new feature to each chapter, designed
challenges, as scholars assessing events and person- to nurture students’ historical thinking skills by
alities only just passing into the realm of “history” exposing them to the contested nature of history as
have had less time to develop an agreed master narra- well as historical interpretation. “Contending Voices”
tive. But we believe that sufficient time has passed for offers paired quotes from original historical sources,
historians to have reached at least a tentative inter- accompanied by questions that ask students to assess
pretative framework for understanding the post-1945 conflicting perspectives on often hotly contested sub-
period of American history. Accordingly, we have jects. The feature complements the historiographical
been especially concerned to impart greater thematic debates covered in the “Varying Viewpoints” essays by
coherence to this part of the text in this sixteenth highlighting the ways in which historical actors them-
edition. selves have debated the meaning of events in which
Reflecting an emerging scholarly consensus, our they played roles.
framework for the post-1945 period roughly divides it
into two eras, which can be summarized as follows: a
midcentury era defined by sustained economic growth, Global Context
broadly shared prosperity, and the international con- We have once again deepened the Pageant’s treat-
text of Cold War confrontation with the Soviet Union, ment of the global context of American history.
followed by a new historical phase, originating in the Today, political leaders, capital investment, consumer
pivotal decade of the 1970s, that has seen more fitful products, rock bands, the Internet, and much else
growth alongside both decreasing economic equality constantly traverse the globe. But even before sophisti-
and increasing social inclusiveness, as well as a strug- cated technology and mass communication, complex
gle to define America’s international role after the col- exchanges among peoples and nations around the
lapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The introductory world deeply shaped the course of American history.
essay to Part Six (Chapters 35–41) clarifies this inter- Students will frequently encounter in these pages the
pretive scheme and directs students’ attention to sig- people, ideas, and events that crossed national bor-
nificant details in the extensively rewritten chapters ders to influence the experience of the United States.
that follow. Here, as throughout the text, we believe They will also be invited to compare salient aspects of
that anchoring the narrative of events in a coherent American history with developments elsewhere in the
interpretive framework facilitates readers’ acquisition world. We believe that a full understanding of what
of important historical thinking skills, including peri- makes America exceptional requires knowing about
odization, synthetic reasoning, and contextual and other societies and knowing when and why America’s
comparative analysis. path followed or departed from that taken by other
Additional revisions in this section further nations.
enhance the development of key historical thinking Within each chapter, both text and graphics help
skills while incorporating the insights of newer schol- students compare American developments to devel-
arship. A new “Thinking Globally” essay, “The Global opments around the world. The frontier experience,
1960s” (Chapter 37), places the youth politics of that railroad building, cotton production, city size and
era in an international and comparative context, while urban reform strategies, immigration, automobile
a new “Examining the Evidence” item on a George W. ownership, the economic effects of the Great Depres-
Bush–era national security document (Chapter 41) sion, women’s participation in voting and the work
grapples explicitly with the task of crafting sound force, the cultural upheavals of the 1960s, and much
arguments from controversial historical evidence. The more should now be understood as parts of world
“Thinking Globally” essay on globalization (now in trends, not just as isolated American phenomena.
Chapter 38) has been substantially revised to empha- New boxed quotes bring more international voices
size the changing international economic context for to the events chronicled in the Pageant’s histori-
domestic U.S. developments beginning in the 1970s. cal narrative. Updated “Varying Viewpoints” essays
“Varying Viewpoints” essays on the 1960s (Chapter 37) reflect new interpretations of significant trends and
and conservatism (Chapter 39) have also been updated events, emphasizing, when appropriate, their global
extensively to incorporate new historiography and to contexts.
emphasize the challenges of weighing differing his- We have revised and expanded the “Thinking
torical interpretations. Finally, we have thoroughly Globally” essays, which present different aspects
revamped and updated the final chapter (41) to pro- of the American experience contextualized within
vide a coherent narrative of major events from 2001 world history. Readers learn how developments in
through 2014. North America were part of worldwide phenomena,
preface • xxv
be it the challenge to empire in the eighteenth cen- Chapter 4: American Life in the Seventeenth
tury, the rise of socialist ideology in the nineteenth entury 1607–1692
C
century, or the globalization that followed World • New Contending Voices: “Berkeley Versus Bacon”
War II in the twentieth century. Students also see (Nathaniel Bacon, William Berkeley)
how key aspects of American history—such as par- Chapter 5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution
ticipating in the slave trade and its abolition, making 1700–1775
a revolution for independence, creating an inte- • New Contending Voices: “Race and Slavery” (Samuel
grated national state in the mid-nineteenth century, Sewall, Virginia slave code of 1705)
and struggling to survive the Great Depression and
Chapter 6: The Duel for North America 1608–1763
World War II—were encountered by other nations
• New Contending Voices: “The Proclamation of 1763”
but resolved in distinctive ways according to each
(Royal Proclamation of 1763, George Washington)
country’s history, cultural traditions, and political
and economic structures. Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution 1763–1775
This edition also gives renewed attention to • New Contending Voices: “Reconciliation or Inde-
teaching strategies and pedagogical materials aimed pendence?” (John Dickinson, Thomas Paine)
at helping students deepen their comprehension of Chapter 8: America Secedes from the Empire
American history. New visual materials—documen- 1775–1783
tary images, graphs, and tables—illuminate complex • New Contending Voices: “Two Revolutions: French
and important historical ideas. Readers will also find and American” (Friedrich von Gentz, John Quincy
redesigned maps with topographical detail and clear Adams)
labeling to better communicate the text’s analytical
Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution
points. Key terms are printed in bold in each chap-
1776–1790
ter and defined in a glossary at the end of the book.
• New Contending Voices: “Debating the New Consti-
Every chapter concludes with an expanded chronol-
tution” (Jonathan Smith, Patrick Henry)
ogy and a list of readable books to consult in order
“To Learn More.” In addition, a list of the chapter key Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State
terms and a list of “People to Know”—created to help 1789–1800
students focus on the most significant people intro- • New Contending Voices: “Human Nature and the
duced in that chapter—appear at the end of each Nature of Government” (Alexander Hamilton,
chapter to help students review chapter highlights. Thomas Jefferson)
A revised Appendix contains annotated copies of the Chapter 11: The Triumphs and Travails of the
Declaration of Independence and Constitution and J effersonian Republic 1800–1812
key historical events and dates, such as admission of • New Contending Voices: “The Divisive Embargo”
the states and presidential elections. (Federalist pamphlet, W. B. Giles)
See the Supplements section that follows for a com- Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and
plete description of the many materials found online. the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812–1824
It is our hope that readers will view online resources • New Contending Voices: “Sizing Up the Monroe
such as MindTap and Aplia, as an exploratory labora- Doctrine” (Klemens von Metternich, Colombian
tory enhancing The American Pageant’s text. newspaper)
Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy
Notes on Content Revisions 1824–1840
Chapter 1: New World Beginnings 33,000 b.c.e.– • New Contending Voices: “Taking the Measure of
1769 c.e. Andrew Jackson” (Maryland supporter, Thomas
• New Contending Voices: “Europeans and Indians” Jefferson)
(Juan Ginés de Sepulveda, Bartolomé de las Casas) Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy 1790–1860
Chapter 2: The Planting of English America • New Contending Voices: “Immigration, Pro and Con”
1500–1733 (Know-Nothing party platform, Orestes Brownson)
• New Contending Voices: “Old World Dreams and Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture
New World Realities” (Richard Hakluyt, George 1790–1860
Percy) • Revised and expanded discussion of religion in the
Chapter 3: Settling the Northern Colonies early Republic
1619–1700 • New Contending Voices: “The Role of Women”
• New Contending Voices: “Anne Hutchinson Accused (differing newspaper commentaries on Seneca
and Defended” (John Winthrop, Anne Hutchinson) Falls)
xxvi • preface
Chapter 16: The South and the Slavery Controversy • New Contending Voices: “Battle of the Ballot”
1793–1860 (Carrie Chapman Catt, Mrs. Barclay Hazard)
• New Contending Voices: “Perspectives on Race and NOTE: Due to the consolidation of two chapters
Slavery” (William A. Smith, American Anti-Slavery (fifteenth edition Chapters 29 and 30) into a single chap-
Society) ter (sixteenth edition Chapter 29), subsequent chapters
Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy have been renumbered for a total of 41 chapters in the
1841–1848 sixteenth edition.
• New Contending Voices: “Warring over the Mexican
Chapter 30: American Life in the “Roaring Twenties”
War” (New York Evening Post, Henry Clay)
1920–1929
Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle 1848–1854 • New Contending Voices: “All That Jazz” (Henry van
• New Contending Voices: “The Compromise of Dyke, Duke Ellington)
1850” (John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster)
Chapter 31: The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932
Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion 1854–1861 • New Contending Voices: “Depression and Protec-
• New Contending Voices: “Judging John Brown” tion” (Willis Hawley, economists’ petition)
(Harriet Tubman, Abraham Lincoln)
Chapter 32: The Great Depression and the New Deal
Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North and the 1933–1939
South 1861–1865 • New Contending Voices: “The New Deal at High
• New Contending Voices: “War Aims: Emancipation Tide” (Franklin Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover)
or Union?” (Horace Greeley, Abraham Lincoln)
Chapter 33: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow
Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War 1861–1865
of War 1933–1941
• New Contending Voices: “The Controversy over
• New Contending Voices: “To Intervene or Not to
Emancipation” (Cincinnati Enquirer, Abraham L
incoln)
Intervene” (Sterling Morton, Franklin Roosevelt)
Chapter 22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865–1877
Chapter 34: America in World War II 1941–1945
• New Contending Voices: “Radical Republicans and
• New Contending Voices: “War and the Color Line”
Southern Democrats” (Thaddeus Stephens, James
(Franklin Roosevelt, African American soldier)
Lawrence Orr)
Part Six
Chapter 23: Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age
• Revised and updated introductory essay to Part Six
1869–1896
to lay out the overarching framework
• New Contending Voices: “The Spoils System”
(George Washington Plunkitt, Theodore Roosevelt) Chapter 35: The Cold War Begins 1945–1952
• Restructured the order of foreign-policy and do-
Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age 1865–1900
mestic sections so that the global setting now
• New Contending Voices: “Class and the Gilded Age”
provides a clearer context for domestic U.S.
(Populist platform, William Graham Sumner)
developments
Chapter 25: America Moves to the City 1865–1900 • Revised text throughout, including new material on
• New Contending Voices: “The New Immigration” the Cold War’s impact on religion, radical politics,
(Henry Cabot Lodge, Grover Cleveland) and civil rights
Chapter 26: The Great West and the Agricultural • New Contending Voices: “Debating the Cold War”
Revolution 1865–1896 (George Kennan, Henry Wallace)
• New Contending Voices: “The Ghost Dance and
Chapter 36: American Zenith 1952–1963
the Wounded Knee Massacre” (James McLaughlin,
• Retitled chapter, now covering both the Eisenhower
Black Elk)
and Kennedy presidencies
Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion 1890–1909 • Revised section on postwar culture to emphasize
• New Contending Voices: “Debating Imperialism” common characteristics across the arts
(Albert Beveridge, George Hoar) • Revised text throughout to emphasize the unifying
Chapter 28: Progressivism and the Republican theme of the long postwar boom and the interna-
oosevelt 1901–1912
R tional and national factors driving it
• New Contending Voices: “Debating the Muckrakers” • New Contending Voices: “The ‘Kitchen Debate’”
(Theodore Roosevelt, Ida Tarbell) (Richard Nixon, Nikita Khrushchev)
Chapter 29: Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and Chapter 37: The Stormy Sixties 1963–1973
War 1913–1920 • Shifted the time frame of the chapter from 1960–
• Material on the Wilson presidency and World War 1968 in earlier editions to 1963–1973 for this edition
I condensed and consolidated into this new single • Includes a new introduction to discuss periodizing
chapter “the sixties”
preface • xxvii
• Revised text throughout, including new material on Chapter 41: The American People Face a New Century
postwar conservatism, party realignment, and party 2001–2014
nomination reforms • Changed this final chapter from the thematic
• New “Thinking Globally” essay, “The Global 1960s” overview found in previous editions to a narrative
• Revised and updated “Varying Viewpoints” essay on chapter in its own right, covering events from 2001
the 1960s that incorporates newer historiography to 2014
on civil rights • Includes a new introduction emphasizing deepening
• New Contending Voices: “Differing Visions of Black political polarization amidst post-9/11 international
Freedom” (Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X) crises and, later, the global economic crisis of 2008
• New “Examining the Evidence” item on the National
Chapter 38: Challenges to the Postwar Order
Security Strategy of 2002
1973–1980
• Revised, expanded, and updated narrative coverage
• Retitled chapter
of the Bush and Obama years, including new ma-
• Includes a new introduction laying out the chapter’s
terial on the politics of immigration reform during
key theme: the 1970s as a pivotal, transformative
both presidencies; the Obama electoral coalition;
decade for American politics and political economy
the Supreme Court under John Roberts; the 2012
• A new section on “The Turn Toward the Market” in
election; the budget and debt-ceiling showdowns of
U.S. politics, economics, and intellectual currents in
2011 and 2013; and advances for gay rights
the 1970s
• New Contending Voices: “Populist Politics in a
• Added material on the conservative movement as
Polarized Age” (Tea Party activist, Occupy Wall Street
well as the cultural impact of second-wave feminism
activist)
• Revised “Thinking Globally” essay on globalization,
which discusses the changing international eco-
nomic context for U.S. developments in the 1970s
• New Contending Voices: “The Political Mobilization
Supplements Available with The American
of Business” (Lewis Powell, Douglas Fraser) Pageant, Sixteenth Edition
Chapter 39: The Resurgence of Conservatism
1980–1992
Instructor Resources
• Revised and updated “Varying Viewpoints” essay on
conservatism to incorporate the new historiography MindTap™ MindTap for The American Pageant: A
on the rise of the right History of the American People, Sixteenth Edition, is a
• Revised the text throughout, including new material personalized, online digital learning platform provid-
on the religious right, supply-side economics, and ing students with an immersive learning experience
the AIDS epidemic that builds critical thinking skills. Through a carefully
• New Contending Voices: “Who Ended the Cold designed chapter-based learning path, MindTap allows
War?” (Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev) students to easily identify the chapter’s learning objec-
tives, complete readings that are organized into short,
Chapter 40: America Confronts the Post–Cold War manageable blocks, and test their content knowledge
Era 1992–2000 with Aplia™ Critical Thinking Activities developed
• Changed the time frame from 1992–2011 in earlier for the most important concepts in each chapter (see
editions to 1992–2000 in this edition Aplia description below).
• Includes a new introduction emphasizing the key
• Activator: Each chapter of the MindTap begins with
themes of this 1990s chapter: the search for a post–
a brief video that introduces the chapter’s major
Cold War global order and political conflict amidst
themes in a compelling, visual way that encourages
prosperity
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• Revised text throughout, including new material on
the “Republican Revolution” of 1994, racial politics • Aplia: The Aplia Critical Thinking assignments in-
in the 1990s, globalization, financial deregulation, clude at least one map-based exercise, one primary
the computer revolution, and the emergence of source–based exercise, and an exercise summarizing
anti-American Islamist terrorism the content and themes of the chapter.
• Revised sections on multiculturalism and post- • Reflection Activity: Every chapter ends with an assign-
modernism to emphasize common sources and able, gradable writing assignment, either an essay or
characteristics of late-twentieth-century cultural de- discussion board, through which students can apply
velopments a theme or idea they’ve just studied.
• New Contending Voices: “Welfare Reform Divides MindTap also provides a set of web applications
the Democrats” (Joseph Lieberman, Marion Wright known as MindApps to help you create the most
Edelman) engaging course for your students. The MindApps
xxviii • preface
range from ReadSpeaker (which reads the text out-loud presentations (descriptions below), and test bank files
to students) to Kaltura (allowing you to insert inline (please see Cognero description).
video and audio into your curriculum) to ConnectYard
(allowing you to create digital “yards” through social Instructor’s Manual This manual contains for each
media—all without “friending” your students). Mind- chapter: focus questions, chapter themes, a chapter
Tap for The American Pageant goes well beyond an eBook, summary, suggested lecture topics, and discussion
a homework solution/digital supplement, a resource questions.
center website, or a Learning Management System
(LMS). It is truly a Personal Learning Experience that PowerPoint® Lecture Tools These presentations are
allows you to synchronize the text reading and engag- ready-to-use, visual outlines of each chapter. They are
ing assignments. To learn more, ask your Cengage easily customized for your lectures. There are presen-
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to www.Cengage.com/MindTap. bined lecture and image presentations. Also available
is a per-chapter JPEG library of images and maps.
Aplia™ Aplia is an online interactive learning solu-
tion that improves comprehension and outcomes by Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero®
increasing student effort and engagement. Founded for The American Pageant and accessible through
by a professor to enhance his own courses, Aplia Cengage.com/login with your faculty account, this
provides automatically graded assignments with test bank contains multiple-choice and essay questions
detailed, immediate explanations on every question. for each chapter. Cognero is a flexible, online system
The interactive assignments have been developed to that allows you to author, edit, and manage test bank
address the major concepts covered in The American content. Create multiple test versions instantly and
Pageant and are designed to promote critical thinking deliver them through your LMS from your classroom,
and engage students more fully in learning. Question or wherever you may be, with no special installs or
types include questions built around animated maps, downloads required.
primary sources such as newspaper extracts, or imag- The following format types are available for down-
ined scenarios, like engaging in a conversation with a load from the Instructor Companion website: Black-
historical or finding a diary and being asked to fill in board, Angel, Moodle, Canvas, Desire2Learn. You can
some blanks. More in-depth primary source question import these files directly into your LMS to edit, man-
sets address a major topic with a number of related age questions, and create tests. The test bank is also
primary sources and questions that promote deeper available in PDF format from the Instructor Companion
analysis of historical evidence. Many of the ques- website.
tions incorporate images, video clips, or audio clips.
Students get immediate feedback on their work (not MindTap Reader MindTap Reader for The American
only what they got right or wrong, but also why), and Pageant: A History of the American People, Sixteenth
they can choose to see another set of related ques- Edition, is an eBook specifically designed to address
tions if they want more practice. A searchable eBook the ways students assimilate content and media assets.
is available inside the course as well so that students MindTap Reader combines thoughtful navigation ergo-
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dents, and manage the gradebook. A knowledgeable printed book. The MindTap Reader eBook is available
and friendly support team offers assistance and per- within the MindTap found at www.cengagebrain.com.
sonalized support in customizing assignments to the
instructor’s course schedule. To learn more and view a CourseReader CourseReader is an online collection
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customized electronic reader in minutes. With an easy-
Instructor Companion Website This website is to-use interface and assessment tool, you can choose
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Cengage.com/login with your faculty account,
ment database to preview and select your customized
you will find an Instructor’s Manual, PowerPoint collection of readings. In addition to print sources of
preface • xxix
all types (letters, diary entries, speeches, newspaper Reader eBook is available within the MindTap found
accounts, etc.), this collection includes a growing num- at www.cengagebrain.com.
ber of images and video and audio clips. Each primary
source document includes a descriptive headnote that Reader Program Cengage Learning publishes a
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Reader Program Cengage Learning publishes a
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Learning’s online store, is a single destination for more
than 10,000 new textbooks, eTextbooks, eChapters, Writing for College History, 1e [ISBN:
study tools, and audio supplements. Students have the 9780618306039] Prepared by Robert M. Frakes, Clar-
freedom to purchase à la carte exactly what they need ion University, this brief handbook for survey courses
when they need it. Students can save 50 percent on in American history, Western civilization/European
the electronic textbook and can pay as little as $1.99 history, and world civilization guides students through
for an individual eChapter. the various types of writing assignments they encoun-
ter in a history class. Providing examples of student
Custom Options Nobody knows your students like writing and candid assessments of student work, this
you, so why not give them a text that is tailor-fit to text focuses on the rules and conventions of writing
their needs? Cengage Learning offers custom solutions for the college history course.
for your course—whether it’s making a small modifica-
tion to The American Pageant to match your syllabus or The History Handbook, 2e [ISBN: 9780495906766]
combining multiple sources to create something truly Prepared by Carol Berkin of Baruch College, City Uni-
unique. You can pick and choose chapters, include your versity of New York, and Betty Anderson of Boston
own material, and insert additional exercises along with University, this book teaches students both basic and
the Rand McNally Atlas to create a text that fits the way history-specific study skills such as how to read pri-
you teach. Ensure that your students get the most out mary sources, research historical topics, and correctly
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Student Resources Doing History: Research and Writing in the Dig-

ital Age, 2e [ISBN: 9781133587880] Doing History
MindTap Reader MindTap Reader is an eBook specif- was prepared by Michael J. Galgano, J. Chris Arndt,
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xxx • preface
of various citation styles to avoid plagiarism. You’ll Acknowledgments

also learn how to make the most of every tool avail-
able to you—especially the technology that helps you Many people have contributed to this revision of
conduct the process efficiently and effectively. The American Pageant. Foremost among them are the
countless students and teachers who have written unso-
The Modern Researcher, 6e [ISBN: 9780495318705] licited letters of comment or inquiry. We have learned
Prepared by Jacques Barzun and Henry F. Graff of from every one of them and encourage all readers to
Columbia University, this classic introduction to the offer us suggestions for improving future editions.
techniques of research and the art of expression is used
widely in history courses, but it is also appropriate for
writing and research methods courses in other depart- Reviewers for the Sixteenth Edition
ments. Barzun and Graff thoroughly cover every aspect We are especially indebted to our colleagues who
of research, from the selection of a topic through the helped us think through the extensive revisions to Part
gathering, analysis, writing, revision, and publica- Six: Mark Brilliant, University of California, Berkeley;
tion of findings, presenting the process not as a set of Jennifer Burns, Stanford University; and Bruce Schul-
rules but through actual cases that put the subtleties of man, Boston University.
research in a useful context. Part One covers the prin- In addition, we owe a special thanks to Andy
ciples and methods of research; Part Two covers writ- Hammann at Stanford University and Sam Rosenfeld
ing, speaking, and getting one’s work published. at Harvard University for their invaluable assistance
throughout the revision process.
Rand McNally Historical Atlas of the World, 2e We also appreciate feedback for this revision from
[ISBN: 9780618841912] This valuable resource fea- the following reviewers: William Bolt, Francis Marion
tures more than 70 maps that portray the rich pano- University; Curtis Burchfield, Itawamba Community
ply of the world’s history from preliterate times to the College; and Ann Pond, Bishop State Community
present. The maps show how cultures and civilization College.
were linked and how they interacted, making it clear In addition to the reviewers who helped shape
that history is not static but rather is about change this new edition, we also thank the following history
and movement across time. The maps show change by instructors and publishing professionals who helped
presenting the dynamics of expansion, cooperation, create a variety of useful, dynamic content that accom-
and conflict. This atlas includes maps that display the panies this book: Jennifer Black, Misericordia Univer-
world from the beginning of civilization; maps of the sity; Barney Rickman, Valdosta State University; and
political development of all major areas of the world; Jeffrey Goldings.
expanded coverage of Africa, Latin America, and the
Middle East; maps of the current Islamic world; and David M. Kennedy
maps of world population changes in 1900 and 2000. Lizabeth Cohen
Sail, sail thy best, ship of Democracy,
Of value is thy freight, ‘tis not the Present only,
The Past is also stored in thee,
Thou holdest not the
venture of thyself alone, not of
the Western continent alone,
Earth’s résumé entire floats on thy keel, O ship, is
steadied by thy spars,
With thee Time voyages in trust, the antecedent
nations sink or swim with thee,
With all their ancient struggles, martyrs, heroes, epics,
wars, thou bear’st the other continents,
Theirs, theirs as much as thine, the destination-port
triumphant.…
Walt Whitman
“Thou Mother with Thy Equal Brood,” 1872
The American Pageant
Another random document with
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The discovery of ataxic phenomena as a symptom of peripheral
neuritis has added another to the long list of pseudo-tabic affections.
Indeed, Dejerine, who greatly advanced our knowledge of this
affection, undertook on the strength of his discovery to place tabes
among the peripheral affections complicated by secondary affection
of the cord. In a large number of cases of peripheral neuritis,
particularly the alcoholic form described by Fischer, the static ataxia,
belt sensation, bladder trouble, and reflex iridoplegia are absent. In
tabes the severe pains, if influenced by deep pressure at all, are
affected favorably, but in peripheral neuritis pressure on the affected
nerve-trunk greatly aggravates the trouble.
In addition, those severe forms of neuritis that lead to ataxia,

abolition of deep and other reflexes, are accompanied by qualitative
electrical changes and atrophic paralysis—features not found in
tabes. Sometimes a disseminated neuritis will become so
generalized as to cause diplopia and other evidences of ocular
paralysis through the affection of the peripheral nerves, but, so far as
my observations extend, not with the characteristic pupillary
phenomena of tabes.
Cerebellar disease, alcoholic and hysterical neuroses, sometimes

produce ataxia, and this may be associated with one or more of the
other characteristic symptoms of tabes. Cerebellar ataxia is usually
very different from that of tabes, as far as the locomotor element is
concerned. In tabes it is the movements the patient makes which
cause him to stagger; in cerebellar disease those movements made
to prevent staggering are usually co-ordinated. The gait properly
called cerebellar is therefore very different from that of tabes. There
is, however, static ataxia in both cerebellar and posterior-column
disease. In addition, the knee-jerk may be abolished in the former,
heightening the resemblance: the history of the case is, however,
decisive where these latter symptoms might lead to doubt. Bladder
trouble in cerebellar disease is not an early feature, nor are
paræsthesias and delayed pain-conduction intrinsic features, of
cerebellar disease. Their presence is in favor of tabes.
Alcoholic ataxia is very rapid in its course, while tabic ataxia is
exceedingly slow. In addition, the former is accompanied by atrophic
paralyses as early features; if such occur in tabes, they occur late in
the disease, and are not marked by degenerative electrical reactions
as alcoholic ataxia is. This disorder is usually, too, accompanied by
fever, which is an exceptional, and certainly never an intrinsic,
feature in tabes. Discontinuing the alcoholic poison is usually
followed by rapid amelioration of the ataxia. Hysterical ataxia
exceptionally apes the ataxia of tabes; the presence of other
hysterical phenomena, the rapid and bizarre change of the
symptoms, are distinguishing features. There are cases of hysterical
ataxia accompanied by concentric limitation of the field of vision.84
The outline of the limitation is strikingly like that accompanying
atrophy, but repeated examination shows a variation of a kind not
found in the latter. The blind field advances in one direction to recede
in another on one day, and reoccupies the latter and recedes from
the former on the next.
84 Landesberg, Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, vol. xiii. 2.
Ataxia after most acute diseases, such as scarlatina and typhoid, is

not usually accompanied by loss of the knee-jerk, and never by
reflex iridoplegia. The ataxia after diphtheria is complicated by the
former, but, as already stated, the very opposite state of the pupil
serves to distinguish it.
The hereditary form of tabes is frequently confounded to this day

with true tabes dorsalis. The family history and age of the patient are
collateral evidences of the nature of the case. In the hereditary form
the sphincters, optic nerves, and the eye-muscles are not affected; in
the acquired form the first and last are always involved; and this
involvement occurs so early in the disease as to constitute a
valuable discriminating feature. Although the locomotor ataxia is very
similar in the two affections, static ataxia, the symptom manifested
on closing the eyes, is not found in the hereditary form, while it is
found more constantly than even the locomotor ataxia in the
acquired form.
The electrical reactions in tabes are either normal or quantitatively
slightly increased. This serves to distinguish it from all spinal
affections accompanied by marked paralysis. In the later stages,
when some atrophy results, there may be a quantitative decrease,
but these are without qualitative changes. A change may occur in
those exceptional cases where the anterior gray horns become
involved, but we then have to deal with a true complication; and
complications can be recognized only in their development and by
the application of the diagnostic criteria characterizing the
complicating disorder when of an independent occurrence.85
85 It is not impossible that many of the symptoms described as occurring in advanced
tabes are due to independent focal disease. In the case of a female aged seventy
years mentioned by Hirt (Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1885, No. 26), who
developed hemiatrophy of the tongue, probably from a hemorrhage in the brain
isthmus, there was no tabes, although this symptom when found with tabes is
supposed to be part of the tabic symptom-group.
The TREATMENT of tabes dorsalis will be considered at the end of this

article, together with that of the sclerotic processes generally. The
duration and prospects of the disorder have been considered with
the clinical history. In the vast majority of cases the course of the
illness is progressive. A few cases have been reported, but in the
only instance where an autopsy was made to test the matter it was
found that the sclerosis had not been removed. It may be therefore
stated that an arrest of the disease is possible, but that restitution of
the nerve-elements, once destroyed, is impossible.
Spastic Spinal Paralysis.
SYNONYMS.—Primary lateral sclerosis. Tetanoid pseudo-paraplegia,

(Seguin), Tabes dorsal spasmodique. This symptom-group was first
recognized by the American neurologist Seguin86 thirteen years ago;
two years later Erb87 described it under the title at the head of this
section, and about the same time Charcot88 attributed the well-
marked clinical signs thus discovered on both sides of the Atlantic to
a primary sclerosis of the lateral columns of the cord in that portion
which is known as the crossed-pyramid tract, and whose isolated
disease had been known to Türck,89 but not clearly brought into
relation with what is now regarded as one of the most remarkable
and recognizable of spinal symptom-groups. Our earlier knowledge
of the disease has been much confused through the discovery by
Charcot90 of the same lesion to which spastic paralysis is attributed
by him, in a female who had been suffering from permanent
contractures of all extremities, and which he persisted in regarding
as hysterical. The only solution of the difficulty is to accept one of
two alternatives—either believing that the sclerosis was in this case
primary, in which case contracture cannot be regarded as hysterical,
or that it was secondary to protracted disuse of the limbs, in which
case it proves nothing. An additional source of confusion has been
the discovery of an analogous affection, now regarded as clinically
and pathologically distinct, known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
and of a corresponding affection of the lateral columns in a large
number of cases of paretic dementia.
86 E. C. Seguin, “Description of a Peculiar Paraplegiform Affection (tetanoid pseudo-
paraplegia),” Archives of Scientific and Practical Medicine, February, 1873. Erb's
statement (Ziemssen's Cyclopædia, vol. xi. 2, p. 628) that Seguin's description
includes symptoms which do not properly appertain here can no longer be sustained,
in view of the similar and identical symptoms which have been since attributed to the
same affection and to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by later writers. There seems to
be no question that the priority of recognition of the clinical form belongs to this side of
the Atlantic.
That Seguin's title was not as badly chosen as Erb implies in his first reference to it
may be inferred from the fact that Strümpell, without any reference to Seguin, and
evidently independently of him, uses the following language ten years later: “As also
in these cases, the movements are not immaterially influenced by the ever-occurring
spasms, a motor disturbance may be simulated which we feel inclined to term spastic
pseudo-paralysis, or, more correctly, pseudo-paresis” (Pathologie und Therapie).
87 “Ueber einem wenig bekannten spinalen Symptomencomplex,” Berliner klinische
Wochenschrift, 1875, No. 26.
88 “Sclérose primitive de la partie postérieure des cordons antero-lateraux,” Gazette

médicale de Paris, 1874, pp. 38, 39.
89 “Ueber primäre degeneration einzelner Rückenmarkstränge,” Sitzungsberichte der

Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, Mathematisch-
Naturwissenschäftliche Klasse, Band xxi. Jahrgang 1856, p. 112.
90 Gazette hébdomadaire, 1865, 7.
CLINICAL HISTORY.—Spastic paralysis manifests itself chiefly in three

symptoms: first and most noticeable, a condition of rigidity of the
limbs; second, an increase of all the muscular reflexes; and third, a
true motor paresis. It manifests itself in the adolescent or middle
period of life, usually without any noticeable cause, beginning in the
lower extremities, and, if progressive, involving the muscles of the
trunk and arms. The invasion of the disease is first marked by an
increase in the excursiveness of the muscular phenomena, such as
the knee-jerk and the ankle-clonus. But while this reflex irritability is
originally only manifested when the diagnostician applies his special
tests, it soon becomes so great that the most trivial influence suffices
to bring about exaggerated muscular reaction. The mere tension of a
tendon in walking, the weight of the limb, the slightest change in
position, suffice to produce reflex muscular tension. The muscles
feel firm and stiff to the touch, as if permanently contracted, and the
lower limbs, as a result of the combined contraction of special
muscular groups, assume a characteristic position—namely, an
extension contracture of the leg on the thigh and a flexion of the foot
on the leg. In advanced cases the contracture is so extreme that it is
almost or actually impossible to flex the leg and to extend (dorsiflect)
the feet. This is particularly noticeable when it is attempted to
overcome the strained position suddenly, while gradual traction will
often succeed in relaxing the contracture. The latter procedure
succeeds because sudden traction of the tendons and the reflex
contraction thereby provoked are avoided by it. Gowers compares
this symptom to the mechanism of a clasp-knife. When the leg is
slowly extended it yields to the manipulator's influence, but as soon
as it reaches full extension it remains like the blade of the knife fixed
by a spring.
Although some degree of muscular weakness is experienced in the

beginning of the affection—often more marked in one leg than the
other—it is insufficient to account for the grave and characteristic
disturbance of locomotion. This is due rather to the stiffness of the
limb resulting from the morbid muscular spasm. As the limbs are
rigid, the steps are short; the leg not being flexed, and consequently
not being lifted from the ground, the gait consists in an awkward
shuffle.91 The feet are in continuous contact with the ground, and it is
observed that there is a tendency to walk on tiptoe, owing to the
contracture of the gastrocnemius, in this respect resembling the pes-
equinus position. In some cases it has been observed that the reflex
excitability was so great that the mere need of urinating brought on a
sudden tonic spasm, and there have been noted others in which the
very first spasmodic phenomena occurring in the history of the case
appeared while the patient emptied his bladder.92
91 It was Theodore Simon, I believe, who first suggested the registration of
peculiarities in gait by using sand on the floor or compelling the patient to walk over
large sheets of paper with black-leaded shoes. Among the varieties of gait noted in
paretic dementia by him he accurately describes that of spastic paralysis (Die
Gehirnerweichung der Irren, Hamburg, 1871).
92 Westphal, Archiv für Psychiatrie, xv. p. 224; ibid., p. 229.
When the upper extremities are involved, the same initial muscular
weakness and exaggerated reflex excitability are noted, but the
contracture at the elbow, unlike that at the knee, is usually in the
flexed position.
If from any cause the spastic phenomena happen to be in the

background temporarily, so as to admit testing the voluntary
muscular power, it is always found to be grossly impaired.93
93 This statement is made by Westphal, but as he considers the only pure cases of
pure primary lateral sclerosis to be those associated with paretic dementia, and it is in
the latter form alone that there are marked exacerbations and remissions in the
spastic symptoms, it probably does not apply to uncomplicated spastic paralysis.
As the disease progresses locomotion becomes impossible; the

advancing rigidity of the trunk-muscles renders sitting impossible,
and the patients become bedridden. But even in this advanced stage
no sensory or vegetative disturbances were noted. The cutaneous
reflexes sometimes appear exaggerated, but this is not an evidence
of sensory hyperexcitability, but of the increased ease with which the
motor response is elicited—a feature which is also illustrated by the
spasm resulting from fulness of the bladder or even from the mere
act of micturition. Ataxia has never been noted in pure cases, and
the uncertainty in gait sometimes noted at the onset of the disease is
secondary to the motor weakness and the interference with free
mobility by the, as it were, frozen state of the muscles. Occasionally
the paresis becomes a veritable paralysis, but this occurrence is
limited to one or several muscular groups. Cases are related in
which the spastic symptoms occurred on one side, involving one arm
and leg for years before involving the other. It is not improbable that
these were cases of some obscure cerebral affection. Other
exceptional cases in which the spastic phenomena appeared first in
the arms are better authenticated.
The early occurrence of ankle-clonus in this disease heralds the

appearance of apparently spontaneous clonus when the toes are put
on the ground, and later on of cramps of the gastrocnemius or other
muscles, which produce an exacerbation of the existing stiffness.
Occasionally sudden spasms occur while the patient is at rest, and
which resemble the sudden shocks which healthy persons
occasionally experience when about to fall asleep.
The electrical reactions show little that can be called characteristic,

and there is little unanimity among observers on this point. The
majority agree that there is a slight quantitative decrease of both
faradic and galvanic excitability in parallelism with the degree of
paresis. In the pure form of the disease there are no other symptoms
than those mentioned. Should evidences of involvement of the gray
substance of the cord or the cranial nerves be added, it is a certain
indication that we have to do with the similar but far from identical
affection, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
The course of the disease is extremely slow and its development

insidious. It is considered incurable, and although a few cases have
been described as terminating in recovery, the most recent and
reliable annals fail to make mention of any cure in a well-established
case of spastic paralysis. The disease is not in itself fatal, death
usually occurring from intercurrent affections.
ETIOLOGY.—Our knowledge of the causes of this disease is

practically nil. It has been, like tabes dorsalis, attributed to a family
tendency. Excessive sexual indulgence, over-exertion, and syphilis
have been recorded as possible causes in the few cases in which an
etiological assignment could be attempted. Tuczek surmises that the
spastic phenomena of lathyrism, a constitutional disease analogous
to pellagra and ergotism which is observed in those who live on
bread prepared from a legumen grown in Italy (lathyrus bean), and
which manifests itself in spastic symptoms, may be due to an
affection of the pyramid tract, just as tabes ergotica is due to an
affection of the posterior columns. One case of spastic paralysis of a
severe nature, associated with scanning speech, in consequence of
a lightning-stroke, is reported by Demme.94 I have been able to
assign a cause in but two cases of spastic paralysis. Both were in
Quakers; in both there had been a history of almost incredible sexual
excesses. The disease in both involved the muscles of the jaw and
face. An autopsy in the one case revealed no lesion whatever.95
94 “Bericht über die Thätigkeit des Jennerischen Kinderspitals,” Wiener medizinischer
Blätter, 1884, No. 23.
95 The contracture in the lower extremities, differing from the rule, was a flexion
contracture.
MORBID ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.—Although Charcot's
announcement that spastic paralysis is due to sclerosis of the
crossed-pyramid tract was made with great positiveness, the more
careful authorities have not committed themselves to his view
without reservation. Their reserved position is the result of some
observations which certainly show that there is no constancy
between the distribution of the lesion and the distribution of the
spastic paralysis;96 while, on the other hand, characteristic spastic
symptoms have been noted with purely cerebral lesions.97 Morgan
and Dreschfeld98 publish cases in which the lesion was stated to be
characteristic, but as the cell-groups in the anterior horn were found
by them to have been more or less affected, it is evident they had
cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to deal with. In view of similar
revelations in a large number of the cases that had been considered
as spastic paralyses during life, and in which similar findings were
found after death, Westphal,99 one of the most critical students of the
subject, concludes that thus far an anatomical basis has not been
demonstrated with any constancy for the cases of spastic paralysis
uncomplicated with paretic dementia. With this disease a sclerosis of
the lateral column, apparently independent of the cerebral affection,
is often found. It has no continuity, as a rule, with the cerebral lesion,
and it may be limited to special districts of the cord. It is not usually
intense enough to produce material destruction of the tract itself, and
for this reason, probably, we do not find any other symptoms than a
paretic weakness and an increase of the patellar and other muscular
phenomena developed in the majority of paretics. In some, however,
the characteristic spastic gait and muscular rigidity do develop.
Westphal conjectures that if paretic dements lived as long as the
sufferers from uncomplicated spastic paralysis, they would ultimately
show the typical symptoms.100 Numerous observations, however,
show that the presence and intensity of the spastic symptoms in
paretic dementia are not related to the presence and intensity of
lateral-column lesion. Thus, Zacher101 failed to find such lesion in a
case where the spastic symptoms had been well marked. It must be
remembered, in drawing conclusions regarding the pathogeny of
simple spastic paralysis from the lateral-cord affection and
associated symptoms of paretic dementia, that the possibility of the
lesion of the pyramid tract in this affection being secondary to
disuse102 cannot be excluded. On the other hand, the symptoms of
most paretic dements presenting lateral-column lesion differ in some
respects from those of a pure spastic paralytic. There is a precedent
clumsiness and helplessness of movement; the patient stumbles and
trips more than is the case with the pure spastic gait; he wavers after
suddenly turning around, and there is considerable tremor with
intended movement. There is also more exacerbation and remission
of these symptoms than is the case with true spastic paralysis, and it
is observed that the exacerbations usually follow apoplectiform and
epileptiform attacks, thus showing that the cerebral condition, after
all, may be the determining factor.
96 Fischer and Schultze (Archiv für Psychiatrie, xi. 3) report an impure case in which,
with exquisite spastic symptoms in the neck and arms, the degeneration of the
pyramid tract was limited to the dorsal part of the cord.
97 Schulz (Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medizin, Band xxiii.) and Strümpell (Archiv
für Psychiatrie, x.).
98 Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, xv. p. 510.
99 Archiv für Psychiatrie, xv. p. 246.
100 Another feature which antagonizes the development of spastic phenomena in

paretic dementia is the lesion of the posterior columns which often ensues. In
proportion as this is developed it neutralizes the exaggerated knee-jerk, stiffness, and
spastic gait.
101 Archiv für Psychiatrie, xiii. p. 155.
102 It has been claimed against this view that if this were so the degeneration of the
pyramid tract should be accompanied by degeneration of the cells in the anterior
horn. This claim assumes that the cells and the pyramid tract are directly continuous,
but the most modern researches, those of Von Monakow, confirming an older
observation of Homén's, show that a system of small cells in the lateral reticular
processes is interpolated; which I can confirm. It is certainly compatible with an
atrophy from disuse of the voluntary tract that the cells themselves, presiding over
reflex and nutritive functions not necessarily disturbed in paretic dementia, should
remain nearly intact.
There is another respect in which the two conditions differ. Spastic

paralysis is usually an ascending affection, the lower extremities
being involved first, the trunk next, and the upper extremities last.
But in paretic dementia the spastic phenomena develop in both
upper and lower extremities simultaneously, and there are universal
tremors, probably of irritative origin. The lower extremities are not
commonly in the extension contracture of spastic paralysis, but in the
same flexed position as the arms, the adductors usually preceding
the flexors in becoming rigid. If it be added to this that the lateral-
column lesion in paretic dementia appears to answer all the
requirements which could be made of the lesion on theoretical
grounds were the case one of pure spastic paralysis—that is, that its
area decreases upward—the inconsistency of the observed
anatomical and clinical facts becomes strongly evident. Thus far, the
attributing of spastic paralysis to a primary lesion of the pyramid tract
rests in a few contested cases, on a number of doubtful analogies,
and on the undoubted fact that sclerosis of this tract in the event of a
myelitis is followed by pronounced spastic symptoms in all those
muscles which derive their voluntary innervation from the part of the
tract which lies below the level of the lesion.
The situation of this tract, which was not discovered by Türck and
Flechsig, as is usually supposed, but accurately known to Burdach103
in 1819, may be roughly stated as follows: It lies in the dorsal half of
the lateral column, making up the bulk and core of this part of the
column. It is separated from the pia mater by the direct cerebellar
tract, and from the posterior gray horn by a narrow zone of fibres
differentiated by Lissauer (see Tabes). It is connected with the lateral
reticular processes, and in its cephalo-caudal course becomes
gradually attenuated, giving off its fibres to these processes, thus to
be exhausted in the lower part of the lumbar enlargement of the
cord, where it approaches, if it does not actually reach, the surface.
The fibres controlling the voluntary motions of the lower limbs, and
which have a longer course to run before they reach the brain than
those which mediate the voluntary control of the arms, are situated
nearest the lateral boundary of the cord. Where the spastic
phenomena are mainly marked in the lower limbs the sclerotic
process has been found most marked in the corresponding area.
103 Vom Bau und Leben des Gehirns. This gifted author says that the crossed-
pyramid tract lies in the lateral column of the cord, behind a line corresponding to the
attachment of the ligamenta denticulata and removed from the surface.
The progress of this affection has not been materially modified in any
case by treatment. The same measures employed in sclerotic
processes generally, particularly galvanism and warm baths, are
recommended. It is difficult to understand what good effect ergotin,
which is mentioned by a number of the German writers, can have in
a disease of this nature.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, so named by Charcot104 and Joffroy,

who first described it, consists in a disease affecting both the
conducting tracts and nuclear centres of the motor system of the
spinal cord and medulla oblongata, manifesting itself in a
combination of atrophic and irritative phenomena on the part of the
muscles. The relations between the symptoms and lesions of this
disease rival in constancy and preciseness those noted in typical
tabes dorsalis. As the variations in the mode of invasion and
distribution of the lesion account for the widely-differing clinical types
of the disease, and the advanced state of our anatomical and
physiological knowledge of the cord enables us to interpret the
reason of this difference, we shall invert the usual order and discuss
the morbid anatomy first.
104 In 1869 and 1874 (Leçons sur les Maladies de la Système nerveux) Charcot
termed this, and one other form of disease associated with muscular atrophy,
amyotrophic, to distinguish them from the myopathic forms. He considers amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis as deuteropathic, the nuclear atrophy being secondary to the lesion
of the white substance, and the progressive muscular atrophy of the type described
by Duchenne and Aran as a protopathic form of the amyotrophies. Among the true
myopathies he enumerates pseudo-hypertrophic paralysis, Erb's juvenile form,
Duchenne's infantile form, certain mixed forms, and, without justification, Leyden's
hereditary forms (report by Marie et Guivron, Progrès médicale, 1885, No. 10).
MORBID ANATOMY.—In advanced cases of amyotrophic lateral

sclerosis there is found marked sclerotic degeneration of both the
crossed and the uncrossed pyramid tracts; atrophy of the cells of the
anterior horns; atrophy of some of the nuclei of the motor and mixed
cranial nerve, particularly the hypoglossal and spinal accessory;
atrophy of the anterior roots of the spinal and the roots of certain
motor cranial nerves; and, finally, atrophy of the voluntary muscles.
The greater part of the tract through which the voluntary impulse
travels after leaving the voluntary motor-fields of the cortex is
therefore continuously involved; and it would seem that there are
cases (Kahler-Pick's) where the entire motor system is affected, the
morbid process demarcating the course taken by the motor impulse
through the cerebro-spinal fibre-labyrinth from the cortical motor-field
down to the muscles.
The morbid process in the muscles consists of a narrowing of the

fibres, which subsequently lose their transverse striation and
undergo a granular disintegration. Sometimes a muscle disappears
entirely; usually the connective-tissue elements, including the
interstitial cellular and adipose tissue, undergo proliferation, so as to
mask the wasting of the muscles to some extent.
The morbid process in the nervous system is also a simple

degenerative process. The nerve-fibres and cells atrophy first, and
the connective-tissue proliferation which marks the sclerotic change
of the diseased area is a secondary process. There is still
considerable dispute among authorities as to which segment of the
motor-conduits the degeneration begins in. But from the great
difference found in the individual cases which have become the
subject of patho-anatomical studies there can be little doubt that
there is no uniformity in this respect. In some cases the lesion is far
advanced in the lateral columns, while the anterior horn is but slightly
involved; in others the reverse is found. Sometimes the nuclei of the
motor cranial nerves are the chief foci of disease; at others they are
the least affected parts of the motor apparatus. As we shall see,
there are differences in the clinical picture corresponding to the
variations of the anatomical findings.
CLINICAL HISTORY.—In typical cases the first symptom is a tired

feeling in one arm or leg, usually the former; in dextral persons the
right arm, the one which is subject to the severest strain, is most
frequently the first to be affected. With the increase in this tired
feeling there develops actual loss of power; the muscles become
wasted, and the other arm becomes involved. Often it is observed
that the right leg suffers with the corresponding arm, but as a rule the
lower extremities do not become involved to any marked degree
within the first six months of the illness. It is then noted that a gait not
unlike that of spastic paralysis is noted, but with more loss of motor
power and less stiffness. There is, however, this noteworthy
difference between the affection of the lower and that of the upper
extremities: that atrophy and loss of power are more marked in the
latter, and spastic phenomena in the former. The knee-jerk and other
deep reflexes are greatly increased, and ankle-clonus is usually very
well marked. As with spastic paralysis, there are no visceral or
sensory disturbances. Unlike that affection, there are qualitative
changes in the electrical reaction of the muscles105 in amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis. The degeneration reaction is found in the atrophied
divisions, and particularly in such groups as those of the thenar and
hypothenar eminence, which undergo complete atrophy at a
comparatively early period of the disease.
105 Moeli, Strümpell, Pick, and Mierzejewski describe cases in which only quantitative
changes were found. They were such in which spastic phenomena preponderated at
the time of the examination.
Soon after the spastic and atrophic involvements of the lower

extremities, symptoms indicating the involvement of the cranial
nerve-nuclei are developed, usually after the disease has lasted a
year or so. Deglutition becomes difficult and speech indistinct, the
general picture of a glosso-labio-laryngeal paralysis being imitated.
The patient cannot pucker his lips, his lingual muscles undergo
atrophy, and fibrillary and fascicular twitches are noted in the tongue
and lips. But just as the atrophic affection of the muscles of the arms
and legs differs from that of progressive muscular atrophy in the fact
that the deep reflexes are exaggerated with amyotrophic sclerosis,
so in the bulbar symptoms of the latter it is found, unlike the typical
form of bulbar paralysis, that the jaw reflex is increased.
The duration of the disease may be stated at about three years,

death usually occurring in consequence of the involvement of the
cranial nerves. There are cases recorded where the disease was
almost simultaneously developed in all four extremities and the
tongue, reaching a high degree within a year (Mierzejewski). It is
generally agreed that the reason contractures do not develop in
typical cases of this kind, although the lateral column is sclerosed
and spastic phenomena occur early in the disease, is the destruction
of the cell-groups in the anterior horn. The reflex arch through which
a reflex contracture would be mediated is broken, or rather
weakened, in that part of its course which passes through these
cells, and therefore a contracture is as efficiently antagonized as it
would be if the posterior roots were divided. Still, in some cases a
frozen attitude of the lower extremities is very well marked (Vierordt,
Zacher). To reconcile these conflicting observations it has been
suggested that it may be regarded as a question of speed between
the progress of the pyramid-tract and the anterior-horn lesions. If the
former be much in advance of the latter, spastic phenomena will
preponderate and contractures be possible, to disappear with the
subsequent anterior-horn lesion. But if the latter precede and
preponderate, the spastic phenomena will be in the background and
contractures impossible. Indeed, Zacher106 suggests that there may
be an ascending form in which the lesion of the pyramid tract is
secondary to the nuclear atrophy, corresponding to the typical class
of cases on which Charcot based his first description of the disease,
and a descending form in which the pyramid tract is first affected and
the nuclear cell-groups follow. Vierordt107 and Kahler108 express
similar opinions. The latter goes so far as to suggest that progressive
muscular atrophy, progressive glosso-labio-laryngeal paralysis, and
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are really due to one and the same kind
of degenerative process, merely differing in location. There is
certainly, as he claims, a remarkably complete chain of cases,
beginning with such (1) in which spastic paralysis preponderates,
passing thence to (2) those in which some muscular atrophy
preponderates, then (3) those in which muscular atrophy is in the
foreground and the spastic phenomena are slight, and ending with
(4) the pure atrophies. A similar transition may be established on the
regional principle between pure glosso-labio-laryngeal paralysis and
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, for there are cases of this affection in
which the oblongata symptoms preponderate throughout, and the
focus of the disease is formed there, just enough lesion being
demonstrable in the pyramid tract and the spinal gray matter to
prove the family relationship of what clinically appears as a spastic
bulbar paralysis.109
106 Archiv für Psychiatrie, xv. p. 416.
107 Ibid., xiv. p. 397.
108 Zeitschrift für Heilkunde, 1884, p. 109.
109 Such a case is described by Freund in Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medizin,
xxxvii. p. 405.
PROGNOSIS.—As far as the typical cases of this disease have been

studied, a fatal termination seems to be invariable. Seeligmüller
reports a few cases in which the progress appeared to become
arrested, but it is not clear that these were not in reality cases of
some juvenile form of muscular atrophy. Not only is the affection in
adults fatal, but it is so in a short period of time as compared with
other spinal disorders, and particularly with the related disorder
spastic paralysis. Few patients survive the third year of their illness;
a number do not live to that length.
The Combined Forms of Sclerosis.
A number of cases of chronic sclerotic disease of the cord have

been discovered and analyzed during the past decade, which, while
they show the regularity of distribution noted in posterior and lateral
scleroses, differ from them in involving at once more than one
column of the spinal cord. Usually, it is the posterior column and the
posterior part of the lateral column which are affected. The
symptoms constitute a combination of those of tabes dorsalis and of
spastic paralysis. But this combination does not represent a mere
addition of symptoms; where the tendency of the two diseases
conflicts, they neutralize each other. Thus the tendency of lateral
sclerosis uncomplicated by posterior sclerosis is to increase the
patellar jerk; when posterior sclerosis complicates it, the jerk is
annihilated. The degeneration of the lateral column and the ensuing
motor paresis in like manner neutralize the ataxic character of the
gait by limiting its excursiveness.
The upper extremities are usually involved equally with the lower. In
the cases of Kahler-Pick considerable atrophy of the muscles
developed; in those of Prévost and Westphal this was not very
noticeable. In a few cases, where the posterior sclerosis did not
involve the lumbar part of the cord, spastic symptoms were noted in
the lower extremity. In the only case of combined sclerosis now
under my observation this peculiarity, noticed by Prévost, is well
marked. In one of Westphal's cases there was evident mimic ataxia.
The few cases of this affection observed show so many variations
that it would be at present premature to attempt sketching a common
clinical type. The majority of the subjects were affected between the
twenty-fifth and forty-fifth years.
ETIOLOGY.—Little is known of the causes of this disease. Usually

beginning insidiously, no special mode of origin can be determined.
Surface chilling has been assigned in a case by Erlitzky and
Rybalkin, and others are reported to have begun during pregnancy.
One of Westphal's cases developed in a lithographer who had been
subject to epileptoid fits.
DIAGNOSIS.—As yet we have no reliable criteria for distinguishing

between a combined sclerosis and certain forms of diffused sclerosis
during life. Ballet and Minor110 found such a sclerosis diffusely
involving the posterior and lateral columns of the cord in a case
where they were justified from the symptoms in expecting a
combined fascicular sclerosis of these columns, and after a careful
study of all similar cases collated by them in consequence of this
experience, they came to the conclusion that a number of affections
of different origin, but eventually involving both columns, may impose
on the observer as combined fascicular sclerosis during life. Diffuse
meningo-myelitis is one of these affections, and is far from
uncommon, while true system or combined sclerosis is apparently a
very rare disease.
110 Archives de Névrologie, vii. p. 44.
The Family Form of Tabes Dorsalis.
SYNONYMS.—Friedreich's disease, the Family form of locomotor

ataxia, Hereditary ataxia, Hereditary tabes.
Friedreich discovered a peculiar form of co-ordinating disturbance in

a number of children of the same family, which he brought into
relation with a lesion of the posterior columns, and which has been
since found by him and by subsequent observers to occur in other
cases, always affecting several members of the same family, as in
the first case observed by him. The clinical and pathological
features, though resembling those of the tabes dorsalis of adults in
many respects, are distinct in others, and for this reason it is
generally assigned a separate place in classification.
ETIOLOGY.—The disorder is usually manifested in juvenile life, the
age of the affected subjects varying from the seventh to the twenty-
fifth year. The male sex preponderates in the statistics of the
affection. Some neuropathic vice can always be found in the
patient's immediate ancestry, and the limitation of the disease to
families burdened by such a diathesis is exemplified in the fact that
the ninety individual cases thus far accurately studied occurred in
thirty-six families.111 The disease type of the ancestors of the patients
is usually different from that of the latter. Alcoholism in the father is
one of the commonest forms, but convulsions, hysteria, and insanity
are also frequent features of the family history. In a few cases tabes
dorsalis, properly so called, was present in the father. In others there
was consanguinity of the father and mother. In Musso's group the
parents had been brother and sister, and their mother had been a
melancholic dement. Three other grandchildren and six
grandchildren by the incestuous marriage developed the family form
of tabes. In this family the frequent experience of hereditary
transmission was verified—that the neurotic taint skipped the
intermediate generations.
111 Raffaele Vizzioli, Giornale di Neuropatologia, 1885.
CLINICAL HISTORY.—Usually the first symptom is ataxia of the lower

extremities; occasionally this is preceded by severe frontal headache
or by vague rheumatoid pains. The inco-ordination is very similar to
that of true tabes dorsalis, but swaying on closing the eyes is not
noticed early in the disease, as in the latter affection. The arms soon
become involved in the ataxia, but cutaneous sensibility and the
muscular sense remain either intact or nearly so—a fact utilized with
some success by Erb in polemicizing against the theory of Leyden
that the ataxia of tabes is due to imperfect sensation. Later in the
disease, usually after a few years, a peculiar speech-disturbance is
noticed, which resembles the scanning of disseminated sclerosis. It
depends on ataxia of the tongue and lips. This is usually associated
with nystagmus. About this time the patient develops a different set
of motor symptoms from those characterizing the onset of the
disease; contractures, paralysis, and atrophy are found in the
affected extremities; sometimes the patients cannot ascend a stair,
owing to their inability to lift the feet high enough. Pes equino-varus,
deformity of other joints and of the vertebral column, have been
observed112 to result from the associated effects of paralysis and
contracture. At this stage some sensory disturbance may be
developed, formication having been observed toward the close of the
history in a number of cases. But the distribution of this disturbance
is usually different from that of tabes dorsalis, being more intense in
the trunk than in the extremities or evenly marked in the entire
periphery.
112 H. E. Smith, Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1885, vol. cxiii. p. 361.
COURSE AND PROGNOSIS.—The progress of this disease is slow. It has

not yet been known to be arrested by any therapeutical procedure.
Death rarely occurs directly from the disease by exhaustion; more
commonly life is cut short by some intercurrent affection. Unless this
occurs the patients may survive the commencement of the illness
from eight to forty and more years.
MORBID ANATOMY.—The sclerosis which is found to be the constant

lesion underlying this disease corresponds in every character to a
combined sclerosis of the pyramid tracts and the posterior columns.
Usually, the crossed-pyramid tract is degenerated in its spinal
course, and the uncrossed in the cervical and dorsal part, which, in
many subjects at least, is its whole extent. The cerebral part of the
pyramid tract is not affected. The nerve-fibres found normally in the
gray substance are materially reduced, probably in dependence
upon the atrophy of the great nerve-tracts.
The lesion of the posterior columns resembles that of true tabes very
closely, particularly in the lumbar part of the cord. It is, however, not
probable that it commences in precisely the same distribution, and if
cases dying early in the disease be autopsied it will be interesting to
see whether the initial sclerosis occupies identical fields—a
contingency which is unlikely, owing to the profound difference in the
initial symptoms of true tabes and the family form. It is claimed by
Schultze that in addition to the pyramid and posterior tracts the

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eTextbook 978-0205996124 The World’s History, Combined

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eTextbook 978-1337093224 American Government and

1 ​ ​New World Beginnings ​ ​33,000 b.c.e.–1769 c.e. 4

The geology of the New World ​• ​Native Americans before Columbus ​• ​

2 ​ The Planting of English America ​ ​1500–1733 25

England on the eve of empire ​• ​The expansion of Elizabethan England ​• ​The

3 ​ Settling the Northern Colonies ​ 1619–1700 42

The Puritan faith ​• ​Plymouth Colony, 1620 ​• ​The Puritan commonwealth

The Granger Collection, NYC — All rights reserved.

4 ​ American Life in the Seventeenth Century ​ 1607–1692 62

Life and labor in the Chesapeake tobacco region ​• ​Indentured servants and

5 ​ Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution ​ 1700–1775 78

Immigration and population growth ​• ​African American culture ​• ​Colonial

6 ​ The Duel for North America ​ ​1608–1763 101

New France ​• ​Fur-traders and Indians ​• ​Anglo-French colonial rivalries ​• ​

Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-USZC4-5315]

7 ​ The Road to Revolution ​ 1763–1775 117

Roots of revolution ​• ​The merits and menace of mercantilism ​• ​The Stamp

8 ​ America Secedes from the Empire ​ 1775–1783 135

Early skirmishes, 1775 ​• ​ American “republicanism” ​

U ​M akers of A merica ​ ​The Loyalists ​ 144

9 ​ The Confederation and the Constitution ​ 1776–1790 160

Changing political sentiments ​• ​The new state constitutions ​• ​Economic

U ​E xamining the E vidence ​ ​Copley Family Portrait, ca. 1776–1777 ​ ​162

10 ​ Launching the New Ship of State ​ 1789–1800 182

Problems of the young republic ​• ​The first presidency, 1789–1793 ​• ​The Bill

The “Revolution of 1800” ​• ​The Jefferson presidency ​• ​John Marshall and

U ​C ontending V oices ​ The Divisive Embargo ​ 219

Invasion of Canada, 1812 ​• ​The war on land and sea ​• ​The Treaty of Ghent,

U ​M akers of A merica ​ ​Settlers of the Old Northwest ​ 238

13 ​ The Rise of a Mass Democracy ​ ​1824–1840 248

The “corrupt bargain” of 1824 ​• ​President John Quincy Adams, 1825–1829 ​• ​

Abominations,” 1828 ​• ​The South Carolina nullification crisis, 1832–1833 ​• ​

U ​M akers of A merica ​ ​Mexican or Texican? ​ 270

14 ​ Forging the National Economy ​ ​1790–1860 278

The westward movement ​• ​European immigration ​• ​The Irish and the

U ​M akers of A merica ​ ​The Irish ​ 284

15 ​ The Ferment of Reform and Culture ​ ​1790–1860 309

Religious revivals ​• ​ The Mormons ​• ​Educational advances ​• ​The roots of

literature ​ • ​Transcendentalism ​• ​Poets, novelists, and historians

16 ​ The South and the Slavery Controversy ​ 1793–1860 340

The economy of the Cotton Kingdom ​• ​Southern social structure ​• ​Poor

17 ​ Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy ​ 1841–1848 363

“Tyler Too” becomes president, 1841 ​• ​Fixing the Maine boundary, 1842 ​• ​

Chronology ​/ ​Key Terms ​/ ​People to Know ​/ ​To Learn More ​ 380

18 ​ Renewing the Sectional Struggle ​ 1848–1854 381

“Popular sovereignty” ​• ​Zachary Taylor and California statehood ​• ​The

19 ​ Drifting Toward Disunion ​ 1854–1861 399

U ​V arying V iewpoints ​ ​The Civil War: Repressible or Irrepressible? ​ ​419

The attack on Fort Sumter, April 1861 ​• ​The crucial border states ​• ​The

Chronology ​/ ​Key Terms ​/ ​People to Know ​/ ​To Learn More ​ 437

21 ​ The Furnace of Civil War ​ 1861–1865 438

Bull Run ends the “ninety-day war” ​• ​The Peninsula Campaign ​• ​The

April 1865 ​• ​The legacy of war

22 ​ The Ordeal of Reconstruction ​ 1865–1877 465

U ​E xamining the E vidence ​ ​Letter from a Freedman to His Old

1 New World Beginnings 33,000 b.c.e.–1769 c.e. 4

The geology of the New World • Native Americans before Columbus •

2 The Planting of English America 1500–1733 25

England on the eve of empire • The expansion of Elizabethan England • The

3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619–1700 42

The Puritan faith • Plymouth Colony, 1620 • The Puritan commonwealth

4 American Life in the Seventeenth Century 1607–1692 62

Life and labor in the Chesapeake tobacco region • Indentured servants and

5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700–1775 78

Immigration and population growth • African American culture • Colonial

6 The Duel for North America 1608–1763 101

New France • Fur-traders and Indians • Anglo-French colonial rivalries •

7 The Road to Revolution 1763–1775 117

Roots of revolution • The merits and menace of mercantilism • The Stamp

8 America Secedes from the Empire 1775–1783 135

Early skirmishes, 1775 • American “republicanism”

U M akers of A merica The Loyalists 144

9 The Confederation and the Constitution 1776–1790 160

Changing political sentiments • The new state constitutions • Economic

U E xamining the E vidence Copley Family Portrait, ca. 1776–1777 162

10 Launching the New Ship of State 1789–1800 182

Problems of the young republic • The first presidency, 1789–1793 • The Bill

The “Revolution of 1800” • The Jefferson presidency • John Marshall and

U C ontending V oices The Divisive Embargo 219

Invasion of Canada, 1812 • The war on land and sea • The Treaty of Ghent,

U M akers of A merica Settlers of the Old Northwest 238

13 The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824–1840 248

The “corrupt bargain” of 1824 • President John Quincy Adams, 1825–1829 •

Abominations,” 1828 • The South Carolina nullification crisis, 1832–1833 •

U M akers of A merica Mexican or Texican? 270

14 Forging the National Economy 1790–1860 278

The westward movement • European immigration • The Irish and the

U M akers of A merica The Irish 284

15 The Ferment of Reform and Culture 1790–1860 309

Religious revivals • The Mormons • Educational advances • The roots of

literature • Transcendentalism • Poets, novelists, and historians

16 The South and the Slavery Controversy 1793–1860 340

The economy of the Cotton Kingdom • Southern social structure • Poor

17 Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy 1841–1848 363

“Tyler Too” becomes president, 1841 • Fixing the Maine boundary, 1842 •

Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 380

18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle 1848–1854 381

“Popular sovereignty” • Zachary Taylor and California statehood • The

19 Drifting Toward Disunion 1854–1861 399

U V arying V iewpoints The Civil War: Repressible or Irrepressible? 419

The attack on Fort Sumter, April 1861 • The crucial border states • The

Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 437

21 The Furnace of Civil War 1861–1865 438

Bull Run ends the “ninety-day war” • The Peninsula Campaign • The

April 1865 • The legacy of war

22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865–1877 465

U E xamining the E vidence Letter from a Freedman to His Old