APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION

• Kinematics
• Area under a curve
• Volume of revolution
• Length of arc
• Area of surface of revolution
Kinematics
ds dv
• Recall v and a
dt dt

• To get displacement from velocity

ds
 s   dt   v dt
dt
• To get velocity t from acceleration
dv
•  v   dt   a dt
dt
 Example
A particle moves from rest with an acceleration of a  4  2t
Calculate
a) It’s velocity after three seconds
b) Its greatest distance from the starting point.
 
s   v dt  4t  t 2 dt

v   a dt    4  2t  dt
1
 2t 2  t 3  C
3
when t  0 s  0  C  0
 4t  t 2  C 1
 s  2t 2  t 3
when t  0 v  0 C 0 3
ds
v0
v  4t  t 2 at greatest dis tan ce
dt
4t  t 2  0 t  4  t   0 t  0 and t  4
t 3 v  4  3  3  3m / s
2
1 3
s  2  4   4   10.67m
2

3
Application to Area under a curve
we get the area between the x-axis and the curve

y  f  x

b
Area   f  x  dx
a

a b

 a, b  is where the curve cuts the x  axis

Example 1
• Find area under the curve x 2
 3 x from the point x  0 to x  3
b
Area   f  x  dx
a

3
1 3 3 2 
3

0  x  3x  dx   3 x  2 x  0
2

1 3 3 2 1 3 3 2
 3  3   0  0 
3 2 3 2 
27
9
2
 22.5 sq units
Example 2
• Find area under the curve x3  1 from the point x  1 to x  4

b
Area   f  x  dx
a

4
1 4 
4

1    4
  
3
x 1 dx x x 
1

1 4 1 4 
 4  4   1  1
4 4 
5
 64  4 
4
 58.75 sq units
Example 3
• Find area between the curve y  5 x  x 2
and the x  axis

5x  x2  0 Area   f  x  dx
x 5  x   0 x  0 and x  5
a

5
5 2 2 3
5

0  5 x  x  dx   2 x  3 x  0
2

5 2 2 3
  5   5   0 
2 3
 20.8 sq units
Example 4
• Find between the curves the curve y  6x  x2 and y  x2  2x

6 x  x 2  x 2  2 xi
2 x2  8x  0 or 2x  x  4  0 x  0 and x  4

 
4 4
6 x  x 2   x 2  2 x  dx    8 x  2 x 2  dx Area   f  x  dx
a
0 0
4
 2 2 3
 4 x  x 
 3 0
2 3
 4  4   4  0
2

3
 21.33 sq units
Exercise

Find area under the curve

1. y  3  x from the point x  2 to x  3

2. y  x 5  3x  4 from the point x  0 to x  1

•.
b b

Area   f  x  dx Area   f  x  dx
a a

1
1 6 3 2 
3 1

0    6 2
 1 2
3

2  3  x  dx  3x  2 x  2     
5
x 3 x 4 dx x x 4 x 
0

 5.5 sq units  2.6667 sq units

Volume of revolution
This is formed by rotating a given area about a given line say the x-axis

All volumes of this kind have a circular cross-section.

Consider rotation of a line pasing through the origin about the x-axis

it traces out a cone

f  x
y  f  x y  f  x  x 
• . V    f  x   x V    f  x   x  x
2 2
and

  f  x   x  V    f  x   x  x
2 2

divi de thru ' by x to give

V
  f  x       f  x   x 
2 2

x
take lim its as x  0

V
lim   f  x   lim  lim   f  x   x 
2 2

x 0 x 0
x x  0
 dv
   f  x  
2

dx
    f  x   dx
2
d

b
V    x dy
2

    f  x   dx
2 c

a
b
   y dx
2

a
Example 1
• Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating about the x – axis
the area under the curve
y  3x  1 from x  1 and x5
b
5
V    y 2 dx
V     3 x  1 dx
2
a
1

3 5
1  3 x  1
 
3 3
1

  15  1   3  1    cubic units

1 4
9 3
Example 2
• Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating about the x – axis
the area under the curve
 
y  sec x from x and x
6 4
 b
4
V    y 2 dx
V   sec
2
x dx
a
6

  tan x  4
6

  
   tan  tan 
 4 6
 
  1  3 cubic units
Example 3
• Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating about the x – axis
the area under the curve
y  5x2 from x  0 and x3
b
V    y 2 dx
2
V    25 x dx
4 a

25 5 2
  x
5 0

 
 5  25  0  160  cubic units
Exercise
• Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating about the x – axis
the area under the curve

1
1. y x from x  1 and x3 b
2
V    y 2 dx
a

2. . y  3 x from y  0 and y2

2 d
V    x 2 dy
c
 •.

1 3
y x from x  1 and x3 y x from y  0 and y2
2 2
3
 2 
2
1 2
V    x dx 4 2
V    y dy x  3 y
1
4 0
9  
3 3 3 2
1 x 4 y
   
4 3 1 9 3 0

1  27 1  26 4  8  32
       cubic units       cubic units
4  3 3 3 9  3  27
LENGTH OF AN ARC

Pr
Pr 1

 Pr 1  Pr    x    y 
2 2 2

  y  2 
 Pr 1  Pr   1      x 
2 2

  x  
  y  2 
Pr 1  Pr  1     x
  x  
• Summing up all the chords
b
  dy 2 
As   1     dx
a   dx  
Example 1
3 1
• Find the length of the arc of the curve y  2 x 2 from x  0 to x
3

1
  dy  2 
3 u  1 9x du  9 dx
As   1     dx 1
  dx   3
du
 1  9 x 
1
dx   u
1
As 
0 2 2
3 dy 3 12 1 9
y  2x 2
 2  x  3x 2 0
dx 2 1 2 3 2 2 12
2   u  u
 dy  9 3 27
   9x
 dx  2
1

 As  1  9 x 
3 3
2
1
3
27
 1  9 x  dx
0
S
0
1
3

2 32
27 
4 1 
14
27 
 
1
  1
0
 9 x 2
dx
Example 2
Find the length of the arc of the curve y  ln sec x
from x    to x   b
  dy 2 
6 6 As   1     dx
a   dx  
dy sec x tan x
  tan x
dx sec x

6
As   1  tan 2 x  dx

6

6 
As   sec x dx  ln  tan x  sec x  6
6

6

 ln  tan   sec    ln  tan   sec    ln 3

 6 6  6 6
AREA OF SURFACE OF REVOLUTION

•‘
b
S   2 f  x  1   f   x    dx
2

a
 
Example 1
• Find the area of surface of revolution given that
f  x   x3 from x  0 to x  1
1
du
S   2 x u
1
f   x   3x 2
3 2

0
36 x 3
b
S   2 f  x  1   f   x   2  dx 1

    
1
u 2 du
a
1 0
18
  2 x 3 1  9 x 4  dx
 2 
1 1

 
3 3
0   u du  1  9x4
2 2

u  1 9x 4
du  36 x 3
0
18 3 27 0



27  3
10 2  1
Example 2
• Find the area of surface of revolution given that
1
f  x   1  x2 0 x
2
1
x du
S   2 x u
1
f  x   3 2

1 x 2
0
36 x 3
b
S   2 f  x  1   f   x    dx
2 1


1
  u 2 du
a
0
18
1
 x2 
 2 
1
  2 x
1
1 
 
3 3
2 
dx 3
0  1 x    u du  1  9x4
2 2

0
18 3 27 0
u  1 9x du  36 x

4 3



27  3
10 2  1