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UEME 3112 Free and Forced Vortex
UEME 3112 Free and Forced Vortex
UEME 3112 Free and Forced Vortex
Objectives
1. To compare the theoretical and experimental values of the piezometric head and total
head against the square of radius for forced vortex.
2. To discuss the effect of different angular velocities of the paddle on the surface
profiles of the forced vortices.
3. To investigate discuss the effect of different orifice diameters on the surface profiles
of the free vortices.
4. To describe the physical difference(s) between free and forced vortex.
Introduction
A vortex represents a flow in which the streamlines are concentric circles as is shown
in Figure 1. Two vortices are studied, i.e., free (irrotational) vortex, and forced (rotational)
vortex (Figure 2).
The Bernoulli’s equation states that the head will be constant along the streamline
when the incompressible and inviscid fluid is in the steady motion. However, there is no any
indication of how total head H varies from one stream to another. Besides, the H also changes
from streamline to streamline across the section because the velocity rises from zero at the
wall to maximum at the center.
There is close relation between variation of H across the streamlines of the fluid in
steady motion and the rotation of the flow. Irrotationality is referred when H is constant
from streamline to another, there is no rotation in the fluid. On the other hand, rotational is
referred when the H varies across the streamline and possesses rotation.
Vortex flow is the flow that circulates about a fixed center and the streamline pattern
consists simply of a set of concentric circles.
The variation of radius r of piezometric head h and total head H can be determined
by using the following equations:
dh d p u2 u u dH u du u
z and
dr dr g gr g r dr g rd r
2r 2
h h0
2g
dH u du u dH r 2 2 r
Another equation , we know that .
dr g rd r dr g g
2r 2
H H0
g
where H 0 is a constant of integration. Assuming the same reference line for piezometric head
2r 2
h , then the equation will be H .
g
The pressure along the water surface is treated to be zero gauge pressure. The height
of the surface and the total head H raises from the surface level at the center can be obtained
2r 2 2r 2
from equations h and H . Therefore, the excess height of H above the
2g g
surface will be
2r 2 u2
H h .
2g 2g
dH u C C
2 2 0
dr g r r
C2
h
2gr 2
A = Needle
B = Discharge port
C = Discharge control valve
D = Discharge KC nipple
E = Inlet control valve
F = Inlet KC nipple
G = Plug and orifice port (center of the base plate)
H = Water inlet port
I = Diameter arm
J = Bridge
K = Water tank
Quantity estimation
Item Description *Item category (e.g. per set/group of
student)
Free and Forced Vortex Apparatus E 1
Allen key W 1
Vernier Caliper W 1
Plastic Reler (30cm) W 1
*Item category
SP Sample or specimen
C Consumable
CH Chemical
W Labware, glassware, tool, and
components
E Equipment
S Software
Laboratory Report
1. Attach the ORIGINAL spreadsheets and plots containing the experimental data with
your report.
2. Provide a sample calculation. Coordinate with your group members to avoid
presenting the same sample calculation.
3. Your report should include: Objective, Introduction, Apparatus, Procedures, Results
and Discussion, and Conclusions and Recommendations.