1

Project Proposal

Theme : History and Sociology of Art, Craft, Culture, and Folk Traditions of the
Regions of India.

1. Title :

Integral Socio-cultural Practices among Buddhist Communities in Borderland Regions: A

Study in Sikkim and Selected Districts of Arunachal Pradesh and North Bengal

2. Abstract:

Examining Buddhism’s influence on culture and society is essential owing to its captivating
history and origins. Buddhism significantly shapes the spiritual, cultural, and social
dimensions of the inhabitants in Indian Territory Sikkim, selected Districts of Arunachal
Pradesh, and North Bengal. This influence manifests across various facets of society. The
teachings of Buddha have steered individuals towards fostering a tranquil and cohesive
community. Culturally, Buddhism leaves its imprint on the literature, art, architecture, crafts,
and music of the region.

These areas are home to numerous cultural landmarks, exquisite monasteries, temples, and
distinctive buildings. In the north-east, it's customary for each household to maintain its own
shrine, where family idols and sacred items are bestowed. The rituals, culture, and festivals of
Buddhism are deeply rooted in north-eastern culture, exerting a significant influence on
education and social life. Naturally, religion has also left its mark on the cuisine and lifestyle
practices of the people.

Traditional north-eastern music, performed at Buddhist ceremonies and festivals, features

instruments such as the Damarua ling, all of which are indigenous to the region. Many songs
draw inspiration from Buddhist themes and incorporate mantras and chants. Dance forms like
the Cham dance exemplify how Buddhism has shaped the area’s dance traditions. In essence,
Buddhism continues to mold and enhance the cultural tapestry of north-eastern social life,
leaving an enduring impression on its ethos and way of life.

Literature in the north-east has drawn inspiration from Buddhism, while music has been
profoundly influenced by its tenets. Consequently, Buddhism has profoundly impacted north-
eastern Indian culture and society, playing a pivotal role in shaping religious beliefs, customs,
and traditions.
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Buddhism, both as a religion and a guiding philosophy, has left a profound impact on the
perspectives of diverse communities across the Himalayan region. From Ladakh and
Himachal in the western reaches to Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim in the eastern domains,
small villages dotting the areas bordering Tibet exhibit communities that have embraced this
way of life. Beginning from the 7th century, Buddhism underwent transformative shifts,
giving rise to new forms such as Vajrayana.

This discipline amalgamates yoga practices with the intricate philosophies of Mahayana,
steeped in ritualism and intertwined with elements of magic. It entails the veneration of
numerous deities, including Buddhas and Bodhisattvas.

The proposed project aims to explore the influence of Buddhism on the way of life and the
socio-cultural heritage of Buddhist communities in the north-eastern region of India,
particularly in Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and the mountainous regions of northern West
Bengal, encompassing areas like Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and adjacent districts.

3. Regions covered by the study and basis of identification of the region for research

The Sino-Tibetan border is divided into three sectors –

 The Western Sector is known as Aksai Chin sector,
 The Central Sector where Tibet shares a border with Uttarakhand and Himachal
Pradesh
 The eastern sector comprises the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim.

The north-eastern region of India is often referred to as the “seven sisters” along with Sikkim,
which is sometimes called the "brother." Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim are renowned for
their rich cultural heritage, encompassing folklore, folk songs, traditional medicine, and
spiritual healing practices. They also possess profound knowledge of their natural
environment, including mountains, rivers, topography, and medicinal plants. Both states
show great potential in agriculture, horticulture, hydropower, and sports.

Cultural exchange programs have facilitated interactions among various cultural groups from
Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and neighboring Northman parts of West Bengal. Buddhism has
played a unique role in shaping the environmental conservation and biodiversity efforts in
Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. The reverence for nature, religious practices, beliefs, and
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taboos all contribute significantly to the promotion of conservation and sustainable use of
biodiversity in this region.

Buddhism holds a significant presence as the second major religion in Sikkim. The region
boasts more than 200 monasteries or Gompas, predominantly affiliated with the Nyingmapa
Sect or the Kargyupa Sect, with a few representing the Gelugpa, Sakyapa, and Bon faiths.
Approximately 27.39% of Sikkim's total population follows Tibetan-origin Buddhism, while
others have been influenced by Buddhist teachings.

Sikkim comprises three main ethnic groups: the Lepcha, the Bhutia, and the Nepalese. The
Lepcha are considered the indigenous inhabitants of the state, while the Bhutia and Nepalese
migrated to the region at different points in history. The Bhutia people trace their origins to
Tibet, while the Nepalese migrated from Nepal. The two predominant religions in Sikkim are
Buddhism and Hinduism. The majority of Lepcha and Bhutia are Buddhists, whereas the
majority of Nepalese adhere to Hinduism. Additionally, Sikkim is home to followers of other
religions such as Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, and Jainism. Historically, Buddhism served as
the state religion of Sikkim.

A living religion in India’s northeast endeavours to explore Buddhism as practiced in Sikkim

and Arunachal Pradesh, offering intriguing insights. The region is home to approximately 100
major tribes and numerous sub-tribes, each possessing a distinct identity, cultural pattern, and
way of life. Among the ethnic communities of Arunachal Pradesh who adhere to Buddhism:

i. Shi Yomi District : Adi (Bokar) belongs to Tibetan Buddhism

ii. Upper Siang District : Memba belongs to Tibetan Buddhism
iii. West Siang District : a) Memba belongs to Tibetan Buddhism b) Khamba belongs to
Tibetan Buddhism
iv. West Kameng District : a) Monpa belongs to Tibetan Buddhism b) Sherdukpa Memba
belongs to Tibetan Buddhism
v. Kameng District : a) Monpa belongs to Tibetan Buddhism b) Sherdukpa Memba belongs
to Tibetan Buddhism
vi. Subansiri District : a) Chakma belongs to Theravada Buddhism
vii. Tirap District : a) Singpho belongs to Theravada Buddhism
viii. Chanlang District : a) Chakma, Kampti, Sinpo, Tikhak, Tai-Phaka belongs to Theravada
Buddhism b) Tangsa Naga belongs to Tibetan Buddhism
ix. Namsi District : a) Khampti, Singpho belongs to Theravada Buddhism
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x. Tawang District : a) Monpa, Tai-Khampti belongs to Tibetan Buddhism

xi. Lohit District : a) Chakma, Tai-Khampti, Singpho belongs to Theravada Buddhism
xii. Itanagar District : a) Kahmpti, Singpo belongs to Tibetan Buddhism b) Monpa belongs to
Tibetan Buddhism
xiii. Dibang Valley District : There are Buddhist but not identifiable with their affiliations
xiv. Lower Valley District : There are Buddhist but not identifiable with their affiliations
xv. Anjaw District : There are Buddhist but not identifiable with their affiliations

The religious amalgamation of the Himalayan regions of North Bengal dates back to the 7th
century. Tibetan Buddhism emerged as a state religion following the visit of Guru
Padmasambhava, a revered spiritual teacher in India and Tibet. Subsequently, Tibetan
Buddhism spread to areas like Sikkim, Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and Bhutan. After the decline
of the Pala and the Sena dynasties, Buddhism waned in Bengal and mainland India, but it
thrived in Tibet and gradually spread to regions like Sikkim and Himalayan regions of North
Bengal.

Present Darjeeling and Kalimpong district of West Bengal witnessed a significant influx of
Nepali migrants, although the original inhabitants are the Lepcha people. Various ethnic
groups such as Brahmins, Chhetris, Gurungs, Newars, Rais, Lumbus, Magars, Tamangs,
Sherpas, and Bhutias migrated from Nepal, while Bhutias originated from Tibet, and Tibetans
migrated from Tibet to Darjeeling. These regions are interconnected through religion, trade,
and education.

The incorporation of Buddhism into the local culture is evident through similarities in
prayers, worship practices, and rituals associated with birth, marriage, and death. The
population in these areas largely follows a mixed culture, reflecting the diverse influences of
Buddhism and other religious traditions.

Therefore, this project aims to explore socio-cultural similarities and differences,

connections, and identities among these interconnected regions, shedding light on their
shared heritage and unique characteristics.

4. Scope of the proposed study:

The research will entail a comprehensive examination of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim,
Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts of West Bengal along with providing an overview of the
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remaining states in the north-eastern region of India. This detailed study will delve into
various aspects, including:

 The study of Buddhism encompasses a wide range of disciplines, examining history and
culture through analytical lenses that include cultural studies, sociology, art, archaeology,
and more. This interdisciplinary approach involves delving into language sources of
Buddhism, including Sanskrit, Pali, Tibetan, and local dialects, among others.
 Explore the socio-cultural and ethnic compositions of diverse states in Arunachal Pradesh,
Sikkim, Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts of West Bengal, then analyze and compare
their respective profiles with other regions.
 The study of Buddhism in these regions is a multifaceted endeavor, encompassing
historical, philosophical, linguistic, and socio-cultural dimensions. These aspects are to be
examined both independently and in comparative contexts, which would lead to a
comprehensive understanding of the complex field.
 The study focuses on examining various ethnic groups in Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim,
Darjeeling, and the Kalimpong districts of West Bengal. These groups include indigenous
tribes, non-tribal local communities, and non-tribal migrants.
 This study of the region reveals a rich tapestry where natural resources intertwine with the
cultural identities of its diverse groups.
 Despite the rapid urbanization and modernization occurring in north-eastern society,
Buddhism demonstrates remarkable adaptability in accommodating these changes. We
will also study this aspect.
 Our study will examine how Buddhism enhances the economy through missionary
endeavors, as well as through the organization of small-scale events and festivals.
 In the past century, the emergence of new materials has underscored the necessity for
ongoing research into projects involving human activities of this nature.

5. Major research works Reviewed: International and national:

International :

1. Beer, Robert. The Encyclopaedia of Tibetan Symols and motifs. Buston ;

Shambhala Publication.1999 . The author's line drawings depict all the major Tibetan
symbols and motifs—landscapes, deities, animals, plants, gurus, mudras (ritual hand
gestures) etc.
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2. Gorer, Geoffery. Himalayan Village: An Account of the Lepchas of Sikkim. Londaon:

Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1967. In these lofty isolated foothills live a people who
have developed a unique way of life. These are the clans of the Lepcha people. This story
takes place in 1937, when the author Geoffrey Gorer lived amongst this hardy mountain
folk. His lively and engaging observations and comments make this book an invaluable
contribution to our knowledge of these remote communities.
3. Millas, Martin. A Identity, Rituals and State in Tibetan Buddhism: The Foundations
of Authority in Gelukpa Monasticism, London: Routledge, 2007. This is a major
anthropological study of contemporary Tibetan Buddhist monasticism and tantric ritual in
the Ladakh region of North-West India and of the role of tantric ritual in the formation and
maintenance of traditional forms of state structure and political consciousness in Tibet.
Containing detailed descriptions and analyses of monastic ritual, the work builds up a
picture of Tibetan tantric traditions as they interact with more localised understandings of
bodily identity and territorial cosmology, to produce a substantial re-interpretation of the
place of monks as ritual performers and peripheral householders in Ladakh. The work also
examines the central and indispensable role of incarnate lamas, such as the Dalai Lama, in
the religious life of Tibetan Buddhists.
4. George Tha Dathil SDB is an independent researcher specializing in archival work at
various universities in the United States. With over three decades of experience in higher
education in Darjeeling, he brings a wealth of knowledge to his research. The upcoming
lecture, titled "The Role of Buddhism in the Multi-religious Space of Darjeeling,"
will center on Darjeeling and its surrounding areas, encompassing Eastern Nepal,
Sikkim, Kalimpong District, and the Doars and Terai regions in North Bengal.

National :

1. Additionally, we will take into account the insights provided by Taranatha's “The History
of Buddhism in India,” recognized as one of the most significant works for reconstructing
the history of Buddhism in India. This text has been extensively utilized by historians to trace
the trajectory of Buddhism in the region, particularly in narrating the final stages of
Buddhism's presence in India.

2. G. P. Singh, formerly a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland,
London, and a former member of the Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi, has
dedicated his scholarly pursuits to studying the history and civilization of Northeast India.
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His book, “Historical Research into Some Aspects of the Culture and Civilization of
North-East India,” delves into various dimensions of the region's cultures and civilizations.
Notably, Singh's work examines the evolution of Hinduism and Buddhism among the tribal
communities, along with other associated cultural phenomena, presented in a clear and
accessible style.

3. “Art and Culture of North-East India” by L. P. Vidyarthi is a comprehensive book that

provides a thorough overview of the origin, history, and rich cultural heritage of the diverse
tribes residing in different parts of Northeast India. The author meticulously explores various
aspects of the region, drawing on past research to shed light on the life, economic conditions,
occupational patterns, arts and crafts, traditional customs and beliefs, attire, entertainment,
and the rapidly evolving cultural and economic landscape of the North-East. Supported by
photographs, Vidyarthi's accounts offer authenticity derived from the author's personal
observations, promising to enrich the knowledge and captivate the readers.

4."Buddhism – A Living Religion in the North East of India (Arunachal Pradesh and
Sikkim)" is a film that explores the profound influence of Buddhism as a living religion on
the socio-cultural heritage, traditional dances, festivals, arts, and crafts of Buddhist
communities in the northeastern region of India, with a particular focus on Arunachal Pradesh
and Sikkim. This film is part of the 'North-East Study' program initiated by the Janapada
Sampada Division of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA).

6. Archaeological/archiving methods to be applied in research

The northeastern region of India is renowned for its rich diversity in religion, culture,
language, art, and architecture. This study not only appreciates their artistic significance but
also sheds light on their social, religious, and economic impacts on the people of the period.
The project will specifically focus on the Buddhist archaeological remains in Arunachal
Pradesh, Sikkim, as well as the Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts of West Bengal.

The north-eastern region boasts a plethora of archaeological sites and relics, including
historical sites, monuments, caves, inscriptions, coins, and rock shelters scattered across
different parts of the area. These remnants offer valuable insights into the history and culture
of the people inhabiting the north-eastern region since prehistoric times. Many of these
monuments are well-preserved by the state Archaeological Department and the
Archaeological Survey of India.
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Throughout the region, one can find a variety of sculptures, forts, monasteries, temples,
tombs, and coins, along with epigraphic records, each displaying unique designs and
architectural styles. These archaeological remains provide significant information about the
customs, traditions, social structures, and economic activities of the people of the region.
While efforts have been made to protect these remains, excavation and exploration in
Northeast India remain relatively inadequate.

Many of the monasteries in the region are adorned with intricate wall paintings, murals, and
scriptures meticulously arranged within the main sanctum. The exteriors of these monasteries
showcase wall paintings depicting Buddhist legends and are often embellished with precious
silk tapestries known as Thangkas. Additionally, the monasteries house ancient Tibetan
manuscripts; old statues crafted from silver and gold, and finely carved wooden items that
epitomize the Buddhist heritage of the region.

The archaeological remains in this area present a largely unexplored and untapped field of
study. This project aims to uncover new insights, reconstruct historical narratives, and
interpret literary sources based on the information gathered through fieldwork. Furthermore,
efforts will be made to compare these findings with archaeological remains from other parts
of the country, facilitating a comparative study.

The Theravada Buddhist community of Arunachal Pradesh maintains its ancient art traditions
while also incorporating new techniques influenced by the broader Buddhist world. This
amalgamation has contributed to the development of a distinctive visual culture within the
Theravada Buddhist tradition in Arunachal Pradesh.

In this project, we aim to explore the iconic monuments that enrich the cultural fabric of this
captivating region. These include renowned landmarks such as the Tawang Monastery,
Gompa Monastery in Bomdila, Gorsam Chorten in Tawang, Rupa Monastery, and
Dirang Monastery. Through our exploration, we seek to unravel the significance and artistic
intricacies of these monuments, offering insights into the rich heritage and cultural legacy of
Arunachal Pradesh's Theravada Buddhist community.

Sikkim boasts over 200 monasteries or Gompas, each playing a significant role in shaping
both the cultural heritage and lifestyle of its people. These monasteries serve as living
testaments to ancient rituals and traditions that continue to be practiced to this day. Among
them, the Rumtek Monastery stands out as a prime example, showcasing exemplary Tibetan
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architecture and closely resembling its original counterpart in Tsurpu, Tibet. Renowned for
housing some of the rarest Buddhist religious artefacts globally, Rumtek Monastery holds a
special place in Sikkim's religious landscape.

Another notable monastery is the Labrang Monastery, offering stunning views of the
Tumlong Palace Ruins, once Sikkim's third capital. Meanwhile, the Phodong Monastery,
situated in North Sikkim, is celebrated for its distinctive octagonal architectural design
known as 'Rinchen Surgay.'

Additionally, the Karma Thekchen Ling Donkun Duppali Gatsal Monastery in Rabongla,
South Sikkim, follows a similar architectural style, further contributing to Sikkim's rich
monastery heritage. These monasteries not only serve as religious centres but also as
architectural marvels and repositories of cultural and spiritual significance in Sikkim.

Darjeeling district and its surrounding areas hold significant importance for the Kagyud
school of Buddhism. Numerous monasteries dot the landscape, with notable examples
including Karma Dorjee Choeling (Bhutia Busty Monastery) and Druk Thupten Sangag
Choeling or Dali Gonpa in Darjeeling itself.

In Kalimpong, sites such as Lepcha Gonpa, Yangsab Sang Gonpa, and Sri Diwakar Bihar
are renowned centers of Buddhist practice and study. Additionally, Bokar Ngedon
Chokhorling in Mirik, Kagyud Thekchenling in Lava, Samdrub Dargay Choeling in
Sonada, among others, are also noteworthy monasteries in the region. These monastic
institutions serve as important hubs for Buddhist teachings, meditation, and cultural
preservation, contributing to the spiritual richness of Darjeeling and its adjacent areas.

7. Inquiry into cultural, historical and sociological aporias in existing identity of the
region:
Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, two Indian states, historically maintained connections with
Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, and Myanmar prior to the onset of Colonialism in the Indian
subcontinent. The Northeast region stands out for its rich traditional heritage encompassing
folk arts and culture. Each ethnic group within this region possesses a distinct identity, with
their art and cultural expressions shining through the ages. However, in the era of
globalization, culture has undergone commodification, leading to significant changes in the
socio-cultural fabric of the region.
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 The economic development facilitated by Indo-Tibetan cross-border trade laid the

foundation for the emergence of Buddhist monasteries of various sects in Sikkim and
Arunachal Pradesh. A noteworthy aspect of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition is its widespread
assimilation by the masses and society. This phenomenon is evident not only in the Eastern
Himalayas but also in Tibeto-Mongol societies elsewhere.

 This research paper would delve into the nature of pre-colonial religious institutions,
examining how they influenced social behavior, including economic decisions such as
production, exchange, and distribution. These institutions also played a pivotal role in
formulating social rules and formal norms within contemporary systems. The paper
specifically focuses on two prominent monasteries: the Pemayangtse monastery in Sikkim,
affiliated with the Nyingma School, and the Tawang monastery in Arunachal Pradesh,
associated with the Gelugpa School. These monasteries not only wielded political authority
but were also deeply interconnected with the philosophical traditions of Tibet, which left a
significant impact on various parts of the Eastern Himalayas.

 In recent decades, the politics of northeast India has been largely shaped by the politics of
identity, encompassing factors such as religion, language, culture, region, and caste and
hence are widely documented and reflected. But these communities have a rich cultural
identity and legacy.Therefore the need of an hour is to bring out their cultural essence and
thereby highlight these cultural trends in form of art, architecture, craft and cuisine in
redeeming a harmonious community building among the region of study.

 North East India is a melting pot of diverse ethnic communities, each contributing to the
rich tapestry of its cultural landscape. Despite its vibrant diversity, the region is often
perceived as a marginal geographical space. This misconception stems from a tendency to
conceptualize the northeast as a singular, homogenous territory, overshadowing its nuanced
complexities. Identity and Marginality in Northeast India seeks to challenge this
oversimplified portrayal by shining a spotlight on the region's heterogeneity. By delving into
the unique languages, cultures, and ethnicities that characterize the northeast, the project aims
to rectify this problematic construction. Through in-depth exploration of the diverse groups
and their respective experiences, contestations, and conflicts, the project endeavors to provide
a more accurate representation of the region's social fabric.

By highlighting the multifaceted nature of North East India, Identity and Marginality in
Northeast India aims to foster a deeper understanding of its communities and their distinct
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identities. This nuanced approach can ultimately contribute to more inclusive and effective
governance strategies tailored to the region's diverse needs and aspirations.

 The project will explore the connection of the history of the northeast to the present
issues affecting the region, such as intra- and inter-ethnic conflicts that result in human
security concerns, the racism faced by northeast earners outside the region, discrimination
against non-normative sexualities, and state violence.
 This project challenges colonial, nationalist and regional historiography and its
marginalisation of north east India, and will interest students and scholars of post-colonial
studies, history and sociology and social anthropology. Readers interested in race and
ethnicity, tribes and indigenous cultures, and north east India will also find it an absorbing
read.

8. Uniqueness (cultural, linguistic, geographical, etc) of the region to be studied.

Sikkim, Selected Districts of Arunachal Pradesh and North Bengal are renowned for their
rich traditional heritage of ethnic and folk arts and culture. Each ethnic group within these
regions possesses its own distinct cultural identity, which has shone through the diverse art
and cultural forms maintained since ancient times. However, with the onset of globalization,
culture has become commodified, leading to significant changes in the cultural landscape of
not only India but also its north-eastern region.

Globalization, while offering both positive and negative effects, has profoundly influenced
the cultural diversity of regions and countries. On one hand, increased interaction with
different cultures has led to the evolution of local cultures, as people incorporate new
influences into their own traditions. This process fosters a greater awareness and appreciation
of cultural identity among the people of India's north-eastern region, as they strive to preserve
their unique heritage in the face of globalization.

Nevertheless, globalization also poses certain challenges. It promotes a homogeneous

consumerist culture that may overshadow indigenous traditions, risking the
commercialization and potential erasure of their unique identities. Furthermore, the increased
exposure of indigenous cultures through globalization heightens the risk of misrepresentation,
stereotyping, and the loss of cultural rights and identity.

In essence, while globalization brings about both positive and negative consequences for
cultural diversity, it underscores the importance of preserving and celebrating the unique
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cultural identities of regions like India's north-eastern states amidst the forces of
globalization.

Preserving cultural heritage:

 The diverse cultural tapestry of the northeast is a testament to the historical roots and
practices of its various communities.
 From the vibrant festivals of the ancient traditions of Sikkim, each culture offers
a unique perspective on life, values, and beliefs.
 Preserving and celebrating this heterogeneity ensures the safeguarding of these
cultural legacies for future generations.

Linguistic identity:

 North east region is home to a plethora of languages, each representing the nuanced
worldview of its speakers.

 By recognizing this linguistic heterogeneity, the distinctiveness of these languages

and the communities that speak them can be honored.

Social cohesion:

 Acknowledging the diversity within the northeast promotes social cohesion and
inclusivity.

 It encourages a sense of unity amid differences, enabling a more harmonious

coexistence. By understanding and appreciating the distinct backgrounds and
experiences of various communities, social integration is enhanced, contributing to
a stronger, united nation.

Tailored policies for development:

 Tailored policies that consider the unique socio-economic, cultural, and historical
contexts can foster sustainable development and growth.

9. Objectives of the proposed study:

The proposed study on Integral Socio-cultural Practices among Buddhist Communities in

Borderland Regions aims to delve into the intricate fabric of Buddhist communities residing
in Sikkim and selected districts of Arunachal Pradesh and North Bengal. The objectives of
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this study are multifaceted and encompass various aspects of socio-cultural practices within
these borderland regions. Some of the key objectives include:

Comprehensive Understanding: To get a thorough understanding of the customs, beliefs,

rituals, and socio-cultural practices of the Buddhist communities in the designated locations.

Cultural Dynamics: To examine how traditional traditions are maintained within Buddhist
groups, how they have adapted to contemporary pressures, and how globalization has
affected cultural identity.

Socio-economic Aspects: To look into the ways that Buddhist communities contribute to the
local economy economically, as well as their patterns of livelihood and employment.

Rituals & Festivals: A Study of Buddhist Rituals, Ceremonies, and Festivals, Exploring
their Meaning, Symbols, and Role in Promoting Social Cohesion

Art and Architecture: To investigate the material culture, art, and architecture related to
Buddhist communities, such as stupas, monasteries, paintings, sculptures, and other artistic
creations.

Cultural Preservation: To evaluate the initiatives made to promote and preserve Buddhist
cultural heritage in the face of modern difficulties and shifting sociopolitical environments.

Borderland Dynamics: Examining the distinct socio-cultural dynamics of borderland areas

while taking into account their geopolitical importance, cross-border relationships, and
effects on cultural integration and identity.

Policy Implications: To offer analysis and suggestions for legislative actions meant to
preserve architecture, infrastructure and promote Buddhist educational system and advance
the essential socio-cultural customs of Buddhist communities in the borderland areas under
study.

Spiritual discussion: Buddhism provides people with a path to enlightenment and salvation.
Compassion, wisdom, and non-violence lie at the heart of its teachings. Buddha's teachings
have guided people to think and act in ways that promote a peaceful and harmonious society.
Buddhist teachings have become a source of comfort and solace for the people.

By illuminating the rich legacy, vibrant cultural expressions, and contributions of the
Buddhist communities in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and North Bengal to the larger social
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fabric of the borderland regions, the proposed study aims to provide a thorough
understanding of the socio-cultural complexities of these communities.

10. Role of the study in deciphering continuities history of craft, culture and folk
practice of the region:

The project aims to emphasize folk culture as a vital source for documenting history,
particularly in the ethnically diverse north-eastern region of India, where ancient written
records and archaeological evidence are limited. Folklore serves as a crucial tool for
understanding and preserving cultural diversity, especially among indigenous and
marginalized communities. In recent times, as ethnic identity crises have heightened in the
region, folklore has become a key resource for tracing indigenous histories.

Various forms of folklore are prevalent in the statutes of North East India, encompassing
poetry, riddles, songs, instrumental music, dances, plays, and a diverse array of artistic
productions including drawings, paintings, carvings, sculptures, pottery, terracotta, mosaic,
woodwork, metalwork, jewellery, handicrafts, costumes, and indigenous textiles. The
folklore extends beyond mere objects to encompass the shapes and uses of tools, costumes, as
well as the architectural forms of villages and houses.

Gestures and games form an intermediary aspect of folklore, bridging the gap between
physical objects and abstract ideas. These folklore traditions convey typical ideas manifested
in customs related to various life events such as birth, marriage, and death, along with
practices concerning agriculture, trades, professions, remedies for ailments, and religious
rituals. North East India stands as a reservoir of rich folklores passed down through
generations, serving as a crucial link to the past for the diverse communities of the region.
These folktales are more than mere narratives; they are integral to the cultural identity of the
people, aiding in their understanding of their collective heritage and facilitating the
preservation of their unique cultural identity.

Art serves as a visual expression of profound experiences, conveying the artist's impressions
and emotions to the viewer. Traditional Indian art, renowned for its excellence from early
times, showcases the remarkable talents of artists, reflecting human creativity and skill. This
form of artistic expression acts as a conduit for cultural influences, shaping and evolving
cultural norms over time. Essentially, art serves as a tangible manifestation of internal
creativity, reflecting the cultural ethos of a society.
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As example in the Sub-Himalayan region, traditional cultural identities have been largely
preserved by the local population. Arunachal Pradesh, with its multitude of tribes and sub-
tribes, epitomizes this cultural richness. The state boasts a vibrant tradition of craftsmanship,
evident in the various arts and crafts produced by its indigenous communities.

Among these, the Buddhist communities, including Monpas, Sherdukpen, Aka, and Bugun,
are known for their exquisite creations such as masks, carpets, and painted wooden vessels.
The Bangis and Apatani specialize in crafting bags, hats, and jewelry, while the Khamtis and
Wanchos are renowned for their wood carving skills. Additionally, the pottery of Dafla
women enjoys widespread recognition for its quality and craftsmanship. Collectively, these
artistic endeavors showcase the diverse cultural heritage of Arunachal Pradesh, reflecting the
rich tapestry of traditions coexisting within the state.

The project aims to explore different aesthetic traditions across various cultural dimensions,
including arts and crafts, music, dance, textiles, and verbal art, in the north-eastern states. It
seeks to address issues of historicity, identity, and emerging realities in the region from
interdisciplinary perspectives. This interdisciplinary approach will be beneficial for
researchers and students in anthropology, sociology, cultural studies, folklore, tribal studies,
and other related disciplines interested in the cultural diversities of India's Northeast.

11. Structural frame work of study:

The structural framework proposed in this research aims to organize the inquiry paradigms of
Buddhist culture while elucidating the nature of each paradigm from ontological,
epistemological, and methodological perspectives. This conceptual paper makes a significant
contribution to the literature of Buddhist studies by offering critical insights into their
applications in the field of social sciences.

The NER is distinguished for its rich traditional heritage of tribal or folk arts and
culture. Each tribe or ethnic group has its own cultural identity. Since time immemorial,
the diverse art and cultural forms of the region's tribals and rural people have
continued to shine. However, in the era of globalisation, culture has become a
commodity, and there has been a significant change in the cultural life of Indians,
and India's NER is no exception. Globalization has already had an influence on
The NER is distinguished for its rich traditional heritage of tribal or folk arts and
culture. It has both positive and negative effects on a region's or a country's cultural
 16

diversity. In a globalized society, the culture of a specific group or region is evolving as a

result of increased interaction with other cultures.
The proposed plan may be distributed in the following manners:

 General Introduction of Northeast India, especially Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim

Darjeeling, and Kalimpong. (ASDK)
 Historical background on Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Darjeeling, and Kalimpong.
 Geographical extent of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Darjeeling, and Kalimpong.
 Original inhabitants of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Darjeeling, and Kalimpong
 Migrants in Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Darjeeling, and Kalimpong
 Geo-political significance of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Darjeeling, and Kalimpong
 A brief sketch on Buddhism (Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan or Vajrayana)
 Socio-cultural Cultural divisions of Buddhist communities in Arunachal Pradesh,
Sikkim Darjeeling, and Kalimpong
 Influence of Buddhism in the society of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Darjeeling, and
Kalimpong
 Buddhist art, archaeology and monastic establishment
 Buddhist art, craft, music, dance, festivals, folk-culture
 Impact on Buddhist culture on the people of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Darjeeling,
and Kalimpong
 Trade and commerce of Buddhist communities
 Buddhist: Socio-Religious Exchange with Other Community People
 Policy Implications towards the conservation of Buddhist infrastructure and promotion
of Buddhist educational system.

12. Identification of research gaps:

North-east India holds a remarkable treasure trove of ancient knowledge spanning various
epochs of history, dating back thousands of years. This wealth encompasses diverse areas of
intellectual endeavou14r, including religion, philosophy, scientific systems, arts, and
literature, all meticulously preserved in the form of manuscripts. Comprising writings in
 17

numerous Indian languages and scripts, these manuscripts are found on materials such as
birch bark, palm leaf, cloth, wood, stone, and paper. India boasts the world's largest
collection of manuscripts, dispersed across libraries, academic institutions, museums,
temples, monasteries, and private collections both domestically and internationally. Despite
its significance, India's rich manuscript heritage is currently facing a threat to its survival.
Much of this wealth may have already been lost, with insufficient information available about
the remaining collections. Many existing manuscripts are in a state of decay and damage,
with only a fraction having been properly surveyed and documented. Palm leaf manuscripts,
in particular, are at risk of perishing in the near future due to deterioration and deterioration.
To safeguard this invaluable heritage, concerted efforts are needed to document, preserve,
and make it accessible to present and future generations. Numerous Buddhist manuscripts are
believed to still exist across the country and abroad, necessitating digitization or microfilming
initiatives supported by funding agencies. This would enable the registration of these
valuable collections into UNESCO's Memory of the World, ensuring their enduring
recognition and protection.

 The reviews of literature and the documented texts often reveals that in the region of
study Buddhism facilitates eco tourism as a tool for promoting sustainable development
as the sector itself is labour intensive and hence provide a wide range of business and
economic employment. But the given texts does not gives a detail ideas about the how
the eco tourism is perpetuated in within the proximity of our research study. Therefore
the proposed research is intended to review the value chain system, economic
opportunities compounding the Buddhist eco tourism. As the detailed study would also
enable the government and policy makers to mend the existing lacunas if any and also
boost the sector in future.
 As the research focuses on the in-depth study of Buddhist teachings and narratives and
therefore the intention of the study would be to magnify and highlight how the Buddhist
teaching can be worthwhile in preserving our ecological trends and prevent climate
derangement. In other words the aspect of how Buddhist teaching is proportional to the
preservation of ecology will be highlighted as not much work in the mentioned subject
has been documented so far in the region itself.
 Though there is much to be seen and experienced in the region, there are still a lot of
obstacles that have prevented tourism from developing in a sustained manner. These are:
i) Poor Communication systems, especially transport as the region is landlocked and is
 18

connected to the rest of the country by only a 22 kms narrow ‘chicken neck’, and at
times of natural crisis such as landslides, floods, etc, the region gets completely cut-off
from the sub-continent. ii) Rigid laws and restrictions for travelers into the region are
another impediment and the Govt. of India has certain permits such as the R.A.P
(Restricted Area Permit), I.L.P (Inner Line Permit) and both Indian nationals and
foreigners have to abide by them to gain entry into some of the states in the N.E of India.
iii) Infra-structure and hotels are few in number and they need to be improved and
village homes and country-stays should be encouraged. The stakeholders and owners
should be trained in hospitality, yet preserve their traditional homes and food-habits. iv)
Government Policy and general stability and security are a very important factor and
stability in all the states and are necessary for any long-term sustainable eco-cultural-
tourism plan in the region. Insurgency is a deterrent and though the situation is not too
bad, tourists fear going to the northeast region as curfews called by the insurgents are
common. v) Lack of proper advertising, marketing, networking and publishing of
materials relating to the N.E. region of India is yet another problem. Very few travelers,
even in India, have little idea about the region and consider some of the states to be alien
and dangerous. vi) The lack of documentation and protection of heritage sites and
monuments in the region.

13. Major Research Hypothesis: we will find through this project:

1. The study aims to overview on the history and narratives to denote whether and to
what extent the roots/essence of Buddhism have a direct implications on the lives of
communities of different districts of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Darjeeling and
Kalimpong
2. To identify whether the Buddhism even in contemporary times/present day have an
influence on the life of the people of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and North Bengal.
The proposed hypothesis will be examined through the detail analysis of the following
aspects.
a. Name of various communities
b. Marriage system
c. Style of dress and ornaments
d.Food habits and cuisines
e.Livelihood (agriculture, farming, horticulture, industries etc.)
g.Social thought process
 19

h.Religions and festivals (philosophical dimension, spiritual dimension, wellbeing

dimension, economic dimension)
i.Art, crafts and crafts community (their tools, musical instruments, paintings,
materials etc.)
j.Culture
k.status of Woman in the society

3. To identify whether and to what extent the essence of Buddhism has been embedded in
various cultural forms i-e Ethnic culture, Pure Buddhist culture (Theravada, Mahayana and
Vajrayana culture) and hybrid culture in different regions of Arunachal Pradesh, Kalimpong,
Sikkim and Darjeeling

4. To identify whether a multicultural Buddhist society has taken a shape in Arunachal

Pradesh, Sikkim Darjeeling, and Kalimpong

5. To identify the role of monastic culture and to determine whether or whether not the
monastic culture has an influence in the socio-economic aspects of Buddhist communities in
Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Darjeeling and Kalimpong.

The proposed hypothesis will be examined through a detail analysis of the following aspects:

• The role of monasteries in promoting economic development i-e tourism,agriculture

among the local communities in the regions of study

• The role of monastery in transpiring Buddhist culture through art, architecture, sculptures,
motifs, deities etc.

• The role of monasteries in promoting MSME’S and economic empowerment of the

women in the regions of study

• The role of Lama in promulgating Buddhism (teachings and practices) in the region of
study.

6.To identify whether Buddhism have been facilitating cultural connectivity with adjoining
regions like Bhutan, Bangladesh Tibet through literature, language, dialects, alphabets,
Institutions and their education system etc.
 20

7. To identify whether and to what extent government plays a vital role in the restoration and
conservation of monasteries and Buddhist infrastructure also facilitating Buddhist education
system.

14. Proposed Methodology for the research work & research design:

The following procedures and methods may be used in the research methodology for the
project on Integral Socio-cultural Practices among Buddhist Communities in Borderland
Regions, with a focus on Sikkim and particular districts of Arunachal Pradesh and North
Bengal:

Review of the Literature

Our research team will conduct a thorough analysis of the body of research on Buddhist
communities, socio-cultural practices, and borderlands in North Bengal, Sikkim, and
Arunachal Pradesh. Determine the main ideas, conceptual frameworks, and gaps in the
literature that are pertinent to the goals of the study.

Research Design

The team will investigate the complex socio-cultural practices within Buddhist communities,
using a qualitative research design. Using ethnographic techniques to become fully immersed
in the community, watch ceremonies, rituals, and day-to-day activities, and take part in
participatory research. To examine the parallels and discrepancies in socio-cultural practices
among various communities and regions, take a comparative approach.

Sampling Technique

A Non-Probability Sampling techniques will be use for carrying out a proposed study. A
purposive sampling will be used in order to choose representative Buddhist communities and
individuals for in-depth research. For carrying a field survey snow ball sampling will used
with whom structured interview would be carried out for the proposed research. For a
comprehensive understanding of socio-cultural practices, it will be taken into account that
there is diversity in terms of age, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity.
 21

Data Collection Methods

In order to conduct the proposed study both qualitative as well as quantitative methodology
will be used. To obtain qualitative information on socio-cultural practices, beliefs, traditions,
and rituals, semi-structured interviews with community members, religious leaders, elders,
key informants, Govt. officials and local Govt. representatives will be conducted.

We will use participant observation methods to record religious rites, celebrations, everyday
activities, and cultural events in Buddhist communities of our research areas.

During fieldwork, make use of audio-visual recording devices, photography, interviews

through questionnaires and note-taking to record rich, contextual data will be carried out.

Data analysis

To find reoccurring themes, patterns, and cultural norms, transcribe and code field notes,
observational data, and interview transcripts. Utilize methods such as narrative analysis,
grounded theory, or thematic analysis to interpret the qualitative data and produce insightful
understandings of socio-cultural practices.

Investigate relationships between various cultural practices and their socio-historical contexts
by conducting ongoing comparative analysis.

Ethical considerations

Guarantee the confidentiality and anonymity of sensitive information and get participants'
informed consent before collecting data. Be mindful of regional traditions, customs, and
religious beliefs when doing research in local Buddhist communities. Throughout the
research process, uphold honesty and integrity and follow any ethical recommendations made
by the relevant institutional review boards.

Community Engagement and Validation

To co-create knowledge and validate research findings, cultivate cooperative partnerships

with regional communities, stakeholders, and cultural institutions. Conduct member checks
and interactive feedback sessions to make sure the research findings are accurate and
pertinent from the viewpoints of the community.

Dissemination of Results
 22

Contribute to the scholarly conversation on Buddhist studies and socio-cultural anthropology

by presenting research findings in academic forums, conferences, and publications.

Take part in knowledge-sharing events like public lectures, community workshops, and
cultural gatherings to spread research findings and encourage respect and understanding of
other cultures.

This field-based project will offer a nuanced understanding of Integral Socio-cultural

Practices among the Buddhist Communities in Borderland Regions by integrating these
methodological approaches. This will provide valuable insights into the identities, customs,
and cultural heritage of these communities in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Darjeeling and
Kalimpong regions of North Bengal.

15. Major social and cultural theories to be applied in the proposed study:

Social theory: We will use few social theories for this project–
 Interactionist Perspective
 Functionalist Perspective
 Conflict Perspective
 Socialization (to explore – behavioural aspect of various communities of the people
of society of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Darjeeling, and Kalimpong)
 Social Exchange Theory (this theory is a established on the concept that a
relationship among the states is created through a process of cost-benefit analysis)
 Labeling Theory (we will use for individuals self-identity and the behavior of
Buddhist communities may be motivated to classify them).

Cultural theory: We will use few cultural theories for this project– to explore daily life of
Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim Darjeeling, and Kalimpong through the co-evolving realms of
environment, economy, society, polity, and technology to make up systems of mutual
sustainability. Culture of society is not just an instrument of development cooperation, it is
its basis.

16. Sample size for the research study: Arunachal Pradesh – 1000 approx., Sikkim – 1000
approx., Darjeeling – 1000 approx. and Kalimpong -1000 approx.
 23

17. Questionnaires and data collections:

Questionnaires and Data collection is one of the most important stages in our research. Data
will be organize into two broad categories: qualitative and quantitative.

 Qualitative Data ( we will get it from the In-depth interview, observation methods,
document review)

 Observation methods
 Quantities Data (which we will get it from the experiments, observing and recording,
survey research, etc)
 Mixed Method
 Primary Data( through one to one interviews and correspondence)
 Secondary Data (books, records, news paper, internet articles, research articles etc.)

18. Data analysis :

Data analysis we will putting facts and figures to solve our research problem. It is vital
to finding the answers of our research questions. We will use few types data analysis :
Narrative data analysis, descriptive data analysis, statistical data analysis, sampling, survey,
questionnaires (closed-ended, open- ended and combination of both), group study, interviews
etc. It will help to authenticate this project.

19. Significance and contribution:

The Project will be show the contribution of Buddhism to the culture of north east India.

 Buddhism had a huge influence on north east Indian culture as it provided the Indian
people with a popular religion that is simple to understand and follow.
 Buddhism attracts the common people and the ethnic people because of its simplicity.
 It gave a tremendous push for social equality and democratic values
 The Buddhist temples and monasteries were used as educational institutes. In the field of
education Buddhism tried to make education practical, action oriented and geared towards
social welfare.
 The scriptures documented in Sanskrit, Pali and Tibetan were enriched and developed by
scholars of the Hinayana and Mahayana sects. Those texts help us to know their previous
culture, myth, narratives, mantras, deities etc.
 24

 One of the most prominent contributions of Buddhism to Indian culture is in the state of
architecture, -the stupas, the sculpture and paintings, the viharas, and the chaityas that
were built at north-east India and other places are spectacular and showed the flourishing
of art in Buddhism. It also made valuable contribution to the art of painting, craft etc.
 Buddhism in north east India also familiarized the Indian vernaculars and thus promoted
respect for different languages and dialects. Indisputably, Buddhism has exercised a
profound humanizing and philanthropic influence on Indian society
 Wherever it went, Buddhism changed organization of communities, social hierarchy,
created opportunities for women, and gave individuals of all classes a role in spiritual
practice. But as Buddhism changed each new society it touched. Indeed, it was
Buddhism's ability to adapt to new contexts that allowed it to spread so far.

20. Innovation aspects of the proposed research :

 From a religious point of view and this project deals with religion in relation to
museums and not to aesthetics—only iconographic accuracy determines the authenticity
and liturgical functionality of an object. It is evident, with the production and
commissioning of works of art in Tibet and the Himalayan regions, that in everyday life
and in practice, images are clearly appreciated and evaluated from an aesthetic point of
view, as elsewhere around the world. In the same way, the concept of antiquity does not
add or remove value from an object, unless a religious value is also attributed to this
antiquity: the ownership of an object by a renowned master, the place where the image
was kept, the type of veneration.
 To know the Buddhist monastic culture and the status of the teacher or ‘Lama’
 Contribution of Lamaism
 Important role of Tibetan rituals and initiations.
 Rich visual symbolism, Tibetan Buddhist Iconography and their Mantras
 Practice of meditation .
 Elements of earlier Tibetan faiths and various form of Buddhism
 Buddhism became the dominant cultural form in Tibet, exerting a powerful influence
not only over religion, but also over politics, the arts, and other aspects of society.
 Know the name of Tibetan, Sanskrit manuscript.
 Know the local Buddhist Narratives
 25

21. Expected contribution of the research programme for the Indian knowledge system:
This project will completely covered Indian knowledge system

 The Bhartiya way is sustainable and strives for the welfare of all. The Indian Knowledge
Systems comprise of Jnan, Vignan, and Jeevan Darshan that have evolved out of
experience, observation, experimentation, and rigorous analysis.
 Northeast Indian civilization has always attached great value to knowledge — witnesses it
is large body of intellectual texts, the world's largest collection of manuscripts, its attested
tradition of texts, thinkers and schools in so many domains of knowledge.
 In the tradition, knowledge has been constituted, stored and maintained in the framework
of the oral culture.
 This project uninterrupted reflection on philosophy, nature and character of knowledge in
the northeast Indian tradition.
 Knowledge of Crafts: crafts have a direct bearing on day-to-day life of the people and
most of them are still a part of the northeast Indian life. For the craftsmen, the craft is not
only their profession, it is also their worship.
 Knowledge of art and architecture
 Knowledge of nature.

22. Expected output:

Milestone for the proposed study

6 months:
The proposed plan may be distributed in the following manners:
a) Review of Literatures
c) Discussion with scholars and experts.
d) Pilot survey

e) Preparation of questionnaires

12 months:
 26

a) Field survey- Interview, discussion, visit of monasteries, interactions with local

communities of selected areas according to our questionnaires etc.
b) Cording and analysis of the data

24 months:

a) Field survey- Interview, discussion, visit of monasteries, interactions with local

communities of selected areas according to our questionnaires etc.
b) Cording and analysis of the data
c) Drawing of results
d) Preparing and submitting the final report

The output of the proposed study will be discussed through a detailed report on the
completion. Also the output will be discussed through other forms of publications including
Policy Briefs- where the challenges faced by the Buddhist communities in border region will
be highlighted also the role of government and private sectors towards the development of the
region would be detailed from time to time basis.
The cultural legacy, community exclusiveness in the region of study would also be
documented through short videos and clippings which later could be circulated through social
media and Institute’s official digital handles. The videos in form of audio-visuals can also be
archived for future study.
The data sets that will be procured during the field study along with the video recordings will
be transcribed and the inputs of these would also be documented in form of reports on a time
to time basis.
23. Relevance of the proposed study for policy making:
Economic policy:
North-east region is far more strategic in comparison to the commonly believed status of a
sensitive region. In addition to its potential natural endowments, both in terms of natural
resources and an attractive tourist destination, the area is being seen as the country s veritable
gateway to the Southeast Asia which can play a significantly important role in the globalised
economy. If the correct policies are pursued, the region will be able to improve its own
economy and can equally contribute to the national economy. A new policy framework for
the region, possibly, will have to be based on the market approach (duly incorporating certain
political and cultural factors, which are crucial and unique to the region).The research work
 27

aims to establish the main reasons for the failure of the Central Government s existing policy
framework and develop a workable model/solution to bolster a faster pace of development.
Ecological policy :
The delicate balance between development and environmental preservation is crucial for
northeast India’s future.
Policy towards the preservation and conservation of Buddhist Infrastructure:
The study would review the role of government, private sector and public-private partnership
in conservation and restoring of Buddhist infrastructure, monuments
Role of Government and Private Sector in promoting Buddhist Education System:
The Study would feature about the role of government and private sector in promoting
Buddhist education system through facilitating infrastructure, proving grants and digitization
to ensure the outreach of the achieves and Buddhist scripts.

24. Relevance of the proposed study for society and achievement of sustainability goals :

Buddhism is a religion that originated in ancient India and has since spread across many parts
of the world. It has profoundly impacted culture and society, influencing how people think,
behave, and interact. Buddhism has left a significant mark on the world, from art to literature,
politics, and economics.
 In this project, we will discuss the influence of Buddhism on culture and society in
detail, exploring its impact in various aspects. It has profoundly impacted culture and
society in various ways. From inspiring art and literature to shaping politics and personal
development, Buddhism has left its mark on the world. Its emphasis on self-awareness,
compassion, and social justice has made it a powerful force for positive change. As
Buddhism spreads across the globe, it will likely continue to influence and shape the
cultures and societies it encounters.
 The Buddhist critique of development has important impacts and implications on the way
we approach and understand development. The Buddhist critique highlights the need for a
more sustainable and equitable approach to development, which is centered around the
well-being of all beings and the environment.
 Tibetan Culture can be seen as the collection of beliefs, knowledge, values, social norms
and social practices that have developed around the people who have been living in Tibet
for at least the last 3,000 years. Tibetan Culture is largely derived from and shaped by
 28

Tibetan Buddhism, both as the State religion and as a set of ideas, spiritual practices, and
values that have developed over more than 1,400 years. Tibetan Culture also includes
Tibetan language and Tibet’s unique systems of medicine, astronomy, literature, and arts.
These arts include music, dance, painting, poetry, metallurgy and a variety of crafts such
as statue-making, carpentry, and working with silver, gold, and other metals. Further,
Tibetan clothing, jewellery, and etiquette evolved in ways that manifest and confirm the
distinctive nature of Tibetan Culture. To this day, Tibetan Culture directly and
significantly influences people across the Himalayan region, from the Tibetan Plateau to
Ladakh, Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal and the other Himalayan Communities in India. In these
Himalayan Communities, Tibetan Culture remains strong and vibrant.
 Thus, Tibetan Buddhism provides a growing and solid foundation for promoting and
strengthening Tibetan Culture. Because so much of Tibetan Culture is derived from
Tibetan Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhist monasteries, academic institutions, teaching centers,
and activities provide excellent scope for preserving Tibetan Culture while also expanding
and extending its reach and impact. The large Tibetan Buddhist monastic institutions in
particular are important sponsors and users of traditional Tibetan religious paintings,
statues, textiles and embroidery, metal work, and carpentry, among other services and
products. In addition, much of Tibetan spiritual music and dance is performed in the
monasteries and nunneries, and much of Tibetan literature and poetry is based on Tibetan
Buddhist themes and context.
 In short in this project we will discuss that Buddhism is not only a religion, it is a way of
life a (saddhamma). It teaches a society to live together with its positivity, negativity,
similarities, dissimilarities, but maintaining its own dignity.

25. Feasibility of the proposed study:

The proposed research appears to be feasible based on several factors:

Access to Research Sites: Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and North Bengal are accessible
regions with established infrastructure for research activities. The presence of universities,
research institutions, and local organizations can facilitate access to research sites and
collaboration with local communities.
 29

Cultural Diversity: The borderland regions of Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and North
Bengal are known for their rich cultural diversity, particularly within Buddhist communities.
This diversity provides ample opportunities for studying various socio-cultural practices,
rituals, traditions, and customs prevalent among different Buddhist groups.

Existing Literature and Resources: While there may be some gaps in research specific to
integral socio-cultural practices among Buddhist communities in these regions, there is
existing literature and resources that can serve as a foundation for the proposed research.
Drawing upon previous studies, ethnographic accounts, archival documents, and oral
histories can enrich the research findings.

Community Engagement: Engaging with local Buddhist communities is crucial for the
success of the research project. Establishing rapport, building trust, and collaborating with
community leaders, elders, and stakeholders can facilitate access to information, cultural
artifacts, and traditional knowledge essential for understanding integral socio-cultural
practices.

Methodological Approaches: Utilizing a combination of qualitative research methods such

as ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation, interviews, and focus group discussions
can provide in-depth insights into the socio-cultural dynamics of Buddhist communities.
Additionally, employing interdisciplinary approaches that integrate anthropology, sociology,
cultural studies, and religious studies can enrich the research outcomes.

Ethical Considerations: Adhering to ethical guidelines and obtaining necessary approvals

from relevant authorities, including research ethics boards and community leaders, is
essential for conducting research with integrity and respect for the rights and privacy of
research participants.

Overall, considering the aforementioned factors, the proposed research on Integral Socio-
cultural Practices among Buddhist Communities in Borderland Regions appears to be
feasible, provided careful planning, effective collaboration, and sensitivity to local contexts
and dynamics.

The NER is distinguished for its rich traditional heritage of tribal or folk arts and
culture. Each tribe or ethnic group has its own cultural identity. Since time immemorial,
the diverse art and cultural forms of the region's tribals and rural people have
continued to shine. However, in the era of globalisation, culture has become a
 30

commodity, and there has been a significant change in the cultural life of Indians,
and India's NER is no exception.

26. Proposed research team and the justification:

i. Coordinator (PC): Dr. Rumki Mondal (Department of Pali, University of Calcutta).

Specialization in Buddhist Narrative Literature and Buddhist Art and Architecture and
Mahayana Buddhism.
ii. Co Project Coordinator (CPC): Dr. Sanghamitra Banerjee (Department of Pali, University
of Calcutta). She worked on Lamaism and The Mahayana Buddhism in Northern India.
iii. Project Assistant: Dr, Suman Dutta (Department of Indo-Tibetan Studies, Visva
Bharatis). Specialization in Indo-Tibetan studies.

27. Total Grant amount expected for the study : Rs. 69, 02,000/-

28. Justification for the expected grant:

The proposed project focuses on investigating the socio-cultural practices among Buddhist
communities residing in the borderland regions of north-eastern India, specifically Arunachal
Pradesh, Sikkim, Darjeeling, and Kalimpong. This research endeavour seeks to provide a
comprehensive understanding of their lifestyle, which has previously been studied in
fragmented segments with information scattered across various sources. Therefore, the
significance of this project lies in its ability to gather these fragmented pieces of information
and synthesize them into a cohesive framework, thereby presenting a holistic portrayal of the
communities' various aspects.

By consolidating and organizing scattered information, the project facilitates a deeper

exploration of the socio-cultural practices prevalent among these Buddhist communities. It
aims to delve into their traditions, customs, rituals, beliefs, and social structures within the
context of the borderland regions. This comprehensive understanding is essential for
preserving and promoting the rich cultural heritage of these communities and fostering social
cohesion and harmony.

Furthermore, the project's focus on borderland regions is of strategic importance, considering

the unique cultural diversity and historical significance of these areas. Understanding the
 31

socio-cultural practices of Buddhist communities in these regions is crucial for addressing

issues related to identity, heritage preservation, and community development.

Overall, the proposed project fills a significant gap in existing knowledge by consolidating
scattered information and providing a comprehensive analysis of the socio-cultural practices
among Buddhist communities in the north-eastern borderland regions of India. As such, it
merits support and funding to facilitate its successful implementation and contribute to
scholarly research, cultural preservation, and community empowerment efforts in the region.

29. Milestones set for:

6 months:
The proposed plan may be distributed in the following manners:
a) Review of Literatures
c) Discussion with scholars and experts.
d) Pilot survey
e) Preparation of questionnaires
12 months:
c) Field survey- Interview, discussion, visit of monasteries, interactions with local
communities of selected areas according to our questionnaires etc.
d) Cording and analysis of the data

24 months:

e) Field survey- Interview, discussion, visit of monasteries, interactions with local

communities of selected areas according to our questionnaires etc.
f) Cording and analysis of the data
g) Drawing of results
h) Preparing and submitting the final report
32