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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gann, Richard G., 1944–
Principles of fire behavior and combustion / Richard G. Gann, Raymond Friedman.—
Fourth edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7637-5717-5 (pbk.)
ISBN-10: 0-7637-5717-9 (pbk.)
1. Fire. 2. Combustion. 3. Flammable materials. 4. Fire prevention. I. Friedman, Raymond.
II. Title.
TP265.G36 2015
363.37’7—dc23
2013033274
6048

Printed in the United States of America

17 16 15 14 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
BRIEF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Fire Measurement and the SI System of Units
Chapter 2 Chemical Elements and Compounds: Atoms and
Molecules
Chapter 3 Physical and Chemical Change
Chapter 4 Flow of Fluids
Chapter 5 Heat Transfer
Chapter 6 Combustion, Fire, and Flammability
Chapter 7 Fire Characteristics: Gaseous Combustibles
Chapter 8 Fire Characteristics: Liquid Combustibles
Chapter 9 Fire Characteristics: Solid Combustibles
Chapter 10 Combustion Products
Chapter 11 Smoke and Heat Hazards
Chapter 12 Movement of Fire Gases
Chapter 13 Fire Fighting Chemicals
Chapter 14 Computational Modeling of Fires
Appendix A FESHE Correlation Guide
Appendix B Imperial and Metric Conversions
Glossary
Index
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Fire Measurement and the SI System of Units
About Measurement
Length, Area, and Volume Units
Mass and Density Units
Time Units
Force and Pressure Units
Energy and Enthalpy Units
Power Units
Temperature Units
Conversion Factors

Chapter 2
Chemical Elements and Compounds: Atoms and
Molecules
Atoms
Stability of Atoms
Atomic Mass and Dimension
Molecules and Compounds
Chemical Bonds and Valence
Organic Chemistry Nomenclature
Isomers
Ions
Free Radicals and Free Atoms

Chapter 3
Physical and Chemical Change
States of Matter
Characterization of Phases
Properties of Gases
Properties of Liquids
Properties of Solids
Physical and Chemical Change
Physical Changes
Chemical Changes
Principle of Combining Proportions
Energetics of Chemical Change
Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Kinetics

Chapter 4
Flow of Fluids
Laws Governing Motions of a Rigid Body
Momentum and Acceleration of a Rigid Body
The Effect of Gravitation on a Rigid Body
Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy: Mechanical Work
Basic Elements of Fluid Behavior
Force and Pressure
Viscosity
Buoyancy

Chapter 5
Heat Transfer
Temperature and Heat
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conductive Heat Transfer
Convective Heat Transfer
Radiative Heat Transfer
Hazards from Heat Transfer
Life Safety
Endurance of Structures: Fire Resistance

Chapter 6
Combustion, Fire, and Flammability
Combustion
Flaming and Nonflaming Combustion
Fire Initiation
Fire Spread
Fire Ventilation
Fire Termination
Two Examples of Room Fires
Flammability
Fire Consequences, Hazard, Risk, and Flashover

Chapter 7
Fire Characteristics: Gaseous Combustibles
Categorization of Flames
Premixed versus Diffusion Flames
Laminar versus Turbulent Flames
Ignition of Gases
Flammability Limits and Propagation Rates of Premixed
Flames
Flammability Limits
Burning Velocity
Explosions, Deflagrations, and Detonations
Chemical Mechanisms of Combustion of Gases
Elementary Chemistry
Hydrogen Oxidation
Premixed Methane–Oxygen Flame Chemistry
Combustion of Larger Hydrocarbon Fuels
Specific Hazardous Gases
Hydrogen (H2)
Acetylene (C2H2)
Methane (CH4)
Ethylene (C2H4)
Ammonia (NH3)

Chapter 8
Fire Characteristics: Liquid Combustibles
Ignition of Liquids: Flash Point, Fire Point, and Autoignition
Temperature
Burning Rates of Liquid Pools
Flame Spread Rates over Liquid Surfaces
Hazards of Liquid Fuel Fires

Chapter 9
Fire Characteristics: Solid Combustibles
Fire Stages and Metrics
Solids versus Gases and Liquids
Materials and Products
Pyrolysis
Ignition to Flaming Combustion
Ignition to Nonflaming Combustion
Char Formation and Melting
Mass Burning and Flame Spread
Combustible Solids
Cellulosic and Other Natural Materials
Synthetic Polymeric Materials
Fire Retardants
Composite Materials and Furnishings
Acid–Base Pairs
Metals
Exothermic Materials

Chapter 10
Combustion Products
Smoke Aerosols
General Nature
Soot Formation
Aerosol Mist Formation
Measurement of Aerosol Yields
Quantity of Smoke Particles Produced
Visibility through Smoke
Gaseous Combustion Products
CO2 and H2O
CO
 Partially Oxidized Organic Molecules
Hydrogen Halides
HCN
Nitrogen Oxides
Other Combustion Gases
Smoke Alarms

Chapter 11
Smoke and Heat Hazards
Hazards of Smoke Exposure
Toxicity of Prominent Fire Gases
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrogen Chloride and Hydrogen Bromide
Nitrogen Oxides
Organic Irritants
Other Toxic Species
Oxygen Deficiency
Smoke Toxic Potency Measurement
Nonthermal Smoke Damage
Thermal Damage
The Limiting Hazard Concept

Chapter 12
Movement of Fire Gases
Structure of a Fire Plume in the Open
Fire Plume under a Ceiling
Filling of a Fire Compartment by Smoke
Smoke Flow from a Compartment with an Opening
Smoke Movement in Buildings

Chapter 13
Fire Fighting Chemicals
Categories of Fire Suppressants
Aqueous Agents
Water
Enhanced Water
Aqueous Foams
Nonaqueous Agents
Inert Gases
Active Halogenated Agents
Dry Chemical Agents
Special Considerations for Fire Extinguishment
Extinguishment of Flowing Gas Flames
Extinguishment of a Shallow Liquid Fuel Spill Fire
Extinguishment of a Deep Tank Liquid Fuel Fire
Ultrafast Extinguishment of Fires

Chapter 14
Computational Modeling of Fires
Types of Models
Users of Models
Zone Models
The Zone Approximation
The Consolidated Model of Fire and Smoke Transport Zone Model
Field Models
Characteristics of Field Models
The Fire Dynamics Simulator
Computational Modeling and the Limiting Hazard Concept
Values and Limitations of Models

Appendix A
FESHE Correlation Guide
Appendix B
Imperial and Metric Conversions
Glossary
Index
INSTRUCTOR, STUDENT, AND
TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES
Instructor Resources
Instructor’s ToolKit CD
Preparing for class is easy with the resources on this CD, including:
• PowerPoint Presentations Provides you with a powerful way to
make presentations that are educational and engaging to your
students. These slides can be modified and edited to meet
your needs.
• Lesson Plans Provides you with complete, ready-to-use
lesson plans that include all of the topics covered in the text.
Offered in Word documents, the lesson plans can be modified
and customized to fit your course.
• Test Bank Contains multiple-choice questions, and allows you
to create tailor-made classroom tests and quizzes quickly and
easily by selecting, editing, organizing, and printing a test
along with an answer key, including page references to the
text.
• Image and Table Bank Provides you with a selection of the
most important images and tables found in the textbook. You
can use them to incorporate more images into the PowerPoint
presentations, make hand outs, or enlarge a specific image for
further discussion.

Technology Resources
Navigate Course Manager
Combining our robust teaching and learning materials with an
intuitive and customizable learning platform, Navigate Course
Manager gives you the tools to build a solid, knowledgeable
foundation with world-class content. With Navigate Course Manager,
learning is no longer confined to the four walls of the classroom. Now
you can learn anytime and anywhere, when it is ideal for you.
World-class content joins instructionally sound design in a user-
friendly online interface to give students a truly interactive, engaging
learning experience with:
• eFolio, an engaging eBook that offers study advantages far
beyond the print textbook. With anytime access to complete
textbook content, interactive eBooks allow students the
flexibility to navigate between the text and enhanced activities
for greater understanding of core concepts.
• Course Management tools that simplify the management and
delivery of curriculum and assessments to students enabling
anytime, anywhere access to learning. Instructors can track
real-time progress, manage assignments, and view results in
the grade book.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Over the course of my career in fire science, I have benefited from
numerous collaborations, initially with colleagues at the U.S. Naval
Research Laboratory, mostly at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards), and
continuously from interactions with fire professionals both in the
United States and around the world. Special thanks to Rick Peacock
for his assistance with resources for computer modeling. Preparing
the latest edition of this book was a pleasure due to the quality of
Ray Friedman’s earlier edition. During the preparation of this
manuscript (and the years preceding it), I have benefited from the
patience, love, and support of my wife, Debbie Gann.

Richard G. Gann, PhD

Montgomery Village, MD
September 2013

Reviewers and Contributors

Brian Bagwell, Psy.D.
Metropolitan State University of Denver
Denver, Colorado

Timothy W. Baker
Lansing Community College
Lansing, Michigan

David A. Budde
EMS & Fire Science Technology Director
Lake Land College
Mattoon, Illinois
Melvin Byrne
Virginia Department of Fire Programs
Fairfax, Virginia

Kevin L. Hammons
IRIS Fire Investigations
Englewood, Colorado

Gary Johnson
Central Ohio Technical College
Newark, Ohio

Sherry LaQua-Hanchett
Portland Community College
Portland, Oregon

Stephen S. Malley
Weatherford College Public
Safety Professions
Weatherford, Texas

Byron Matthews
Cheyenne Fire and Rescue
Cheyenne, Wyoming

Larry Perez, Program Director

New Mexico State University at Dona Ana
Las Cruces, New Mexico

Mike Richardson
St Matthews Fire Department
Louisville, Kentucky

Christopher M. Riley
Portsmouth Fire, Rescue, and Emergency Services
Portsmouth, Virginia
John Shafer
Green Maltese
Greencastle Fire Department
Greencastle, Indiana

Douglas Smith
Portland Community College
Portland, Oregon

Robert Solomon, PE
NFPA
Quincy, Massachusetts

Kenneth Staelgraeve
Macomb Community College
Clinton Township, Michigan

Peter J. Struble
Practitioner in Residence
Fire Science Program
Wallingford, Connecticut

Michael Wolever
Toledo Fire and Rescue (ret.)
Bowling Green State University
Bowling Green, Ohio
INTRODUCTION
How Do Chemistry and Physics Relate
to Fire Protection?

The Evolution of Fire and Fire Science

Personal and public safety is enhanced by familiarity with the
science of how fires start, grow, and are controlled. This is the
premise of this book. Over the millennia of human existence, the
evolution of this understanding has curtailed the impact of unwanted
fire on a societal scale. Our application of this knowledge today can
reduce the threat to our own lives and possessions. As recently as
1985, unwanted fires in the United States cost 6200 lives, 28,400
injuries, and $14.8 billion in property damage. Modern fire science
has reduced these numbers, but in 2010, unwanted fires in the
United States still cost 3100 lives, 17,700 civilian injuries, 72,000 fire
fighter injuries, $11.6 billion in property damage, and 10,000 square
miles of burned forests and wildlands [1, 2]. The total cost to the
economy was a staggering $350 billion.
Fire is older than civilization. The first fuels, in the form of
vegetation, appeared on our planet some 500 million years ago, and
the first wildfires were ignited by lightning and volcanoes. Our first
hominid ancestors appeared approximately 5 million years ago.
These nomadic creatures lived through great destruction from the
uncontrolled spread of fires. They also learned by observation that
rain falling on a fire could limit harm to them and ignition of the
surrounding plant life [3, 4].
It was not until about 400,000 years ago that our forebears
learned how to get hold of something burning. They found great
value in controlled fire: it provided warmth, made food easier to eat,
and kept away wild animals. They still did not know how to start a
fire, so skill at keeping a fire burning at all times was schooled and
valued, and someone who allowed a fire to go out was subject to
punishment.
Less than 1000 generations ago, the species we refer to as Cro-
Magnon had begun living in established clusters and locations.
Within their small enclaves, they raised crops and engaged in
hunting and gathering. More importantly, they had learned how to
start fires. Fire was used to clear land for farming, to capture and
keep livestock, and to bake clay and work metal. The development
of more permanent homes and greater possessions also meant
these early humans now had more to lose from a fire.
As the centuries passed, the number of large, dense, urban
centers grew; being constructed of wood and other flammable or
combustible materials, these nascent cities were especially
vulnerable to fire. In what is now Europe, more than 40 recorded
conflagrations occurred between 31 BC and 410 AD. Successive
cultures developed penal codes to deter arson, building codes to
mitigate large fires, and permanent water supplies and fire brigades
to fight fires.
And yet, inexorably, as recently as the beginning of the 20th
century, conflagrations continued to destroy large portions of cities,
such as Baltimore (Figure I-1) and Chicago. Rapid fire growth in
single buildings, such as the 1911 Triangle Waist Company in New
York, continued to claim many lives.
The latter part of the 19th century had seen the emergence of
modern chemistry as a science that could be used to explain many
natural phenomena. By this time, Newton’s 17th-century formulation
of the basic laws of physics had also been expanded greatly. The
field of combustion science was born, and fuel-burning engines were
developed to provide power to cities and motorized transport.
At this point in human history, it was realized that fire is a form of
combustion. As such, fire is a chemical process that behaves
according to the laws of physics. It follows that understanding of the
pertinent chemical and physical principles provides the basis for
preventing and controlling fire.
Figure I-1 Map of the Baltimore, Maryland, area destroyed by the
1904 fire [5].
Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin.

The chemistry of fire encompasses the chemical make-up of the

items that burn, the chemical reactions that give rise to flames and
other fire products, the chemical reactions that retard or suppress
burning, and the harmful chemical reactions of the fire products with
people and property. Certain physical principles are also important in
the understanding of fire. Notably, the laws governing momentum
and energy apply. They underlie the rate of mixing of air into the
flames, the buoyant rise of the fire gases to the ceiling and the
subsequent motion under the ceiling, the escape of smoke from a
burning room into connecting compartments, and the rate at which
heat is transferred from the flames to not yet ignited material or to
people trying to escape the fire.

The Role and Contents of This Book

This text introduces the scientific concepts and principles needed to
understand fire and its consequences, and how it is controlled. In
essence, it provides the basics of what could be called fire literacy.
The text is directed at people who are embarking on a fire science
curriculum and at those who would simply like to learn more about
this fascinating, yet threatening, phenomenon. It is intended to
stimulate thinking about such questions as these:
 • What is a fire?
• How do fires start, grow, and go out?
• Which fire hazards are of concern?
• What can a computer model of a fire do?
Principles of Fire Behavior and Combustion, Fourth Edition is a
highly expanded and updated successor to Principles of Fire
Protection Chemistry and Physics, Third Edition. It addresses all the
course objectives and learning outcomes for the National Fire
Academy FESHE Model Curriculum Associate’s (Core) course called
Fire Behavior and Combustion.
The first five chapters of this text are an elementary review of the
formalism and fundamentals of chemistry and physics that govern
fire behavior. Effort has been made to show the relevance of what
might appear, at first glance, to be esoteric material. Many of the
specialized words in the text are defined in the glossaries at the end
of each chapter and again at the end of the text. Even if you are
already well versed in chemistry and physics, you should at least
skim this material; it will both serve as a refresher and establish a
common basis for the material to follow. If you have never taken
courses in chemistry or physics, you might benefit from obtaining an
introductory textbook on chemistry (e.g., C. H. Corwin’s Introductory
Chemistry: Concepts and Critical Thinking, sixth edition, Pearson
Prentice Hall, 2010) and physics (e.g., D. Halliday, R. Resnick, and
J. J. Walker’s Fundamentals of Physics Extended, ninth edition,
Wiley, New York, 2010). I also found that a web search was useful in
filling in some gaps.
The subsequent nine chapters of this text describe combustion;
the fire characteristics of materials (gases, liquids, and solids); the
properties, movement, and effects of combustion products
(temperature, smoke, toxicity, and corrosivity); and fire extinguishing
agents and procedures. The principles behind the hardware and
tactics of firefighting are included, but the applications are left to
other references, examples of which are cited. The text provides
information on special situations that might confront the fire fighter or
be of interest to the fire protection engineer (e.g., spontaneous
ignition, exothermic materials, and fires in abnormal environments)
and on the computer modeling of fires.
In the new edition, the text has been changed to be friendlier to
the reader who is encountering many of these subjects for the first
time. Each chapter contains introductory material that identifies the
importance and context of the chapter content, as well as the
capabilities the reader will develop from that content. There are new
examples relevant to fires, additional data and figures to reinforce
the text, and extensive references for those who might want to learn
more about any of the subjects.
Compared to the third edition, the fourth edition contains new
material throughout.
• This introduction outlines the history of fire and its role in
society, the early realization that fire is a chemical
phenomenon, and indicates how the understanding of fire
principles leads to enhanced ability to prevent and control
unwanted fires.
• Chapter 1, “Fire Measurement and the SI System of Units”
now explains how different sets of units arose, why it is
important to be able to convert among alternate units for the
same property, how to report and use numbers to the degree
of precision that is appropriate; and why fires are
characterized by enthalpy rather than energy.
• Chapter 2, “Chemical Elements and Compounds: Atoms and
Molecules,” now explains how the molecules in common
materials are named and shows the different ways that
molecules can be portrayed, depending on the properties that
the viewer needs to see.
• Chapter 3, “Physical and Chemical Change,” has additional
information on the states of matter; explanations of how
molecular behavior leads to the material properties we sense;
extended descriptions of phase changes, with examples
related to fires; and presentation of the equivalence ratio,
which determines the heat generation and the nature of
combustion products from a fire.
• Chapter 4, “Flow of Fluids,” now contains an expanded
presentation of Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation;
calculation of pressure drops in a standpipe and a stairwell;
and a revised discussion of viscosity, buoyancy, and
turbulence, including their roles in fires.
• Chapter 5, “Heat Transfer,” now contains expanded
presentations of conduction, convection, and thermal radiation;
and a new section on burn and structural hazards.
• Chapter 6, “Combustion, Fire, and Flammability,” is a new
chapter. It presents the National Fire Incident Reporting
System (NFIRS) and how it enables identifying the most
common and the most dangerous fire types; the fire
tetrahedron; the definitions of combustion and flammability; the
stages of fires; and the concepts of fire initiation, spread,
ventilation, backdraft, extinguishment, hazard, and risk. It
includes two examples of room fires that demonstrate the
progression from a small flame to room flashover.
• Chapter 7, “Fire Characteristics: Gaseous Combustibles,” now
relates fire stages to generic types of flames and contains an
enhanced presentation of ignition.
• Chapter 8, “Fire Characteristics: Liquid Combustibles,”
contains expanded text relating vapor pressure and
temperature to ignitability and flammability hazard, as well as
enhanced text regarding boilover and its hazards.
• Chapter 9, “Fire Characteristics: Solid Combustibles,” now
contains differentiation between the burning of solid fuels and
other fuel states; explanation of the difference between
materials and products; their testing and evaluation, including
the expanding use of heat release rate; and expanded
description of the types of pyrolysis, gasification, and ignition.
There are also sections on smoldering combustion, ignition of
secondary burning items, commercial uses of different types of
synthetic polymers, and the rationale for the use of fire
retardants and the current public debate that is leading to re-
examination of the benefits and proper use of these additives.
• The splitting of the presentation on combustion products into
two chapters, Chapters 10 and 11, “Combustion Products” and
“Smoke and Heat Hazards,” respectively, reflects the major
advances in the knowledge of fire smoke and its hazards.
There is a new section on the importance of smoke aerosols,
additional text on the measurement and characterization of
aerosols, presentation of different criteria for visibility through
smoke, and an expansion and update on the principles of
smoke alarms. New sections on smoke toxicity include
discussion of the incapacitating effects of smoke components
on people, the way these effects are measured and quantified
for use in fire safety assessments, a brief introduction to
thermostructural damage, and the concept of the limiting fire
hazard.
• Chapter 12, “Movement of Fire Gases” contains expanded text
on the filling of rooms by fire smoke, the flow of smoke from a
room, and the physics that governs smoke movement
throughout a building.
• Chapter 13, “Fire Fighting Chemicals” now contains an
expanded section on terminology, a new section on the
response of automatic sprinklers to a fire, and additional text
on the mechanisms of fire suppression using water.
Environmental impacts have completely changed the
landscape for non-aqueous fire suppression. The
phenomenology of the global environmental effects is
explained, and new extensive sections describe the migration
to different gaseous fire suppressants. There is expanded
discussion of flame extinguishment using water mist and dry
chemical powders, and a new section on ultrafast flame
suppression.
• Chapter 14: “Computational Modeling of Fires” reflects the
transition from innovative research to tools that have become
the norm for engineering practice. New text includes the
elements of a fire model, whether it be a simple equation or
complex mathematics requiring a computer for solution and a
section on the uses and users of such models. There are also
 sections on CFAST and FDS, the two most commonly used
computer models, each of which can be downloaded at no
charge.

Additional Thoughts for the Reader

Throughout this book, you will find citations to two references to
which every student of fire science should have access: the NFPA’s
Fire Protection Handbook (two volumes), now in its 20th edition, and
the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, now in its fourth
edition. These are the “go to” resources for dealing with fire safety
matters where more complexity is evident or suspected. While each
successive edition has improved significantly over the prior edition,
any edition of these references provides background material and
detailed exposition on the components of fire protection science, as
well as graphs and tables of supporting data. D. Drysdale’s An
Introduction to Fire Dynamics (third edition, John Wiley, New York,
2011) is also a solid resource.
The provision of fire safety is a mission in motion. In a few short
decades, the advances have been remarkable. Smoke alarms—
once an expensive curiosity—are now installed in nearly all homes.
Automatic sprinklers are the norm in commercial buildings. Less fire-
prone cigarettes and ground-fault circuit interrupters are decreasing
the number of ignitions from these sources. Oxygen consumption
calorimetry is enabling the commercialization of products, such as
mattresses, that do not burn as vigorously as the versions they
replace. Computational fire models are facilitating innovative building
designs that are newly functional, yet still safe. Our fire incidence
data system and its analysis have grown in content and credibility;
this system shows that our national fire problem is decreasing and
identifies our substantial cost savings as a result of this trend.
All of these achievements have been accomplished in the
presence of headwinds. Our growing affluence over the past
decades has increased the combustible fire load in our homes and in
those structures where we work and play. New materials that may be
superior in other ways are ignited more readily and burn more
vigorously. Recognition of health hazards has forced replacement of
PCBs and asbestos, two families of materials that had been
providing fire safety benefits. Most recently, new understanding of
our global environment has altered our perception of fire safety,
which has traditionally been provided locally or regionally. Notably,
the threats of ozone depletion and global warning have led to
restrictions being placed on the use of the highly effective
halogenated fire suppressants.
Old fire problems are solved; new ones emerge. Fire morphs, but
it remains a bane of our world. What is not changing is the need for
an intellectually curious, practically oriented fire safety community,
ready to protect an evolving society.

References
1. Karter, M. J. Jr. (2011). Fire Loss in the United States during
2010. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.
2. National Interagency Fire Center. www.nifc.gov.
3. Goudsblom, J. (1992). Fire and Civilization. New York, NY:
Penguin Press.
4. Grun, B. (1982). The Timetables of History. New York, NY:
Simon and Schuster.
5. Lyons, P. R. (1976). Fire in America! Quincy, MA: National Fire
Protection Association.
CHAPTER
1
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 TARTALOM.

ELSŐ RÉSZ: KÖZÉP-KOR.

I. A legrégibb emlékek és az ó-angol korszak. 7

II. Közép-angol korszak 10
1. Vallásos költészet 11
2. Lovag-epika és népballadák 12
3. Chaucer 15
4. A skótok 19

MÁSODIK RÉSZ: ÚJ-KOR.

I. könyv. A renaissance és a reformáció.

I. A renaissance.
1. A versköltészet 23
2. A színjáték.
a) Eredete. Shakespeare elődei és
kortársai 29
b) Shakespeare 48
3. A próza 67
II. A vallásos visszahatás. A puritánok.
1. Bunyan és a költők 74
2. John Milton 78

II. könyv Classikus kor.

I. A restauráció.
1. Erkölcse és költői 84
2. A színház 87
II. A szabad gondolkozás és a tiszta erkölcsök
kora.
1. A gondolkozók 95
2. A költészet. Pope 98
3. Az erkölcsös színdarabok 104
4. A sajtó. Steele és Addison 109
5. Az első nagy regények. Swift és Defoe 112
III. A polgárság emelkedése.
1. Állambölcselők és közgazdák 121
2. Az erkölcsös és szatirikus regény 124
3. A polgári színmű és a bohózat. Garrick 134
4. Aesthetikai elméletek; a kritika. Johnson
Sámuel 136
5. A népies költészet. Burns 140

III. könyv. A XIX. század.

I. Költészet.
1. A romantikusok 148
2. A szabadság énekesei: Moore, Shelley,
Byron 156
3. A társadalmi problemák költői 174
II. A regény.
1. A történelmi regény. Walter Scott 178
2. A társadalmi regény. Bulwer és Disraeli 183
3. Az erkölcsös regény. Dickens és Thackeray
188
4. Újabb regényírók és írónők 196
III. A vers és színmű a század végén.
1. A versköltők 207
2. A színpad 214
IV. Az irodalom egyéb fajai.
1. Tudományos irodalom- és essay-írók 218
2. Hírlapok. Irodalmi vállalatok 226

IV. könyv. Az észak-amerikai angol irodalom. 228–242

 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AZ ANGOL
IRODALOM TÖRTÉNETE ***

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