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EXPLORING ENERGY
From Sunlight to Electricity

Shah Rukh
 CONTENTS

Title Page
Chapter 1: Introduction to Energy
Chapter 2: The Nature of Sunlight
Chapter 3: Harnessing Solar Power
Chapter 4: Solar Cells: How They Work
Chapter 5: Photovoltaic Systems: Basics and Beyond
Chapter 6: Solar Energy Storage Solutions
Chapter 7: The Journey of Electrons
Chapter 8: Understanding Electricity
Chapter 9: From Light to Voltage: Photovoltaic Principles
Chapter 10: Solar Panel Construction: Inside Out
Chapter 11: The Power of Concentrated Solar
Chapter 12: Solar Farms: Scaling Up
Chapter 13: Solar Energy and the Environment
Chapter 14: Exploring Alternative Solar Technologies
Chapter 15: The Art of Solar Energy Management
Chapter 16: Wind Power: Capturing the Breeze
Chapter 17: Turbines and Wind Farms
Chapter 18: Innovations in Wind Energy
Chapter 19: Wind Energy Storage Solutions
Chapter 20: Challenges and Opportunities in Wind Power
Chapter 21: Hydropower: Tapping into Water's Potential
Chapter 22: Hydroelectricity: How it Works
Chapter 23: The Environmental Impact of Hydropower
Chapter 24: Wave and Tidal Energy: Riding the Waves
Chapter 25: Biomass: Energy from Organic Matter
Chapter 26: Biofuels: Fuelling the Future
Chapter 27: Geothermal Energy: Earth's Inner Heat
Chapter 28: Geothermal Power Plants: Exploring the Depths
Chapter 29: The Future of Geothermal Energy
Chapter 30: Nuclear Power: Fission and Fusion
Chapter 31: Nuclear Reactors: Design and Operation
Chapter 32: Nuclear Energy and Safety Concerns
Chapter 33: The Role of Nuclear Energy in the Future
Chapter 34: Energy Efficiency: Maximizing Output
Chapter 35: Smart Grids: Managing Energy Demand
Chapter 36: Energy Storage Technologies: Beyond Batteries
Chapter 37: The Economics of Renewable Energy
Chapter 38: Policy and Regulation in the Energy Sector
Chapter 39: The Global Energy Landscape
Chapter 40: Conclusion: Towards a Sustainable Energy Future
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
TO ENERGY
Energy is a fundamental concept in physics and a cornerstone of
modern science. It's a property of objects and systems that enables
them to perform work or cause change. In simpler terms, energy is
what makes things happen in the universe.
Forms of Energy:

1. Kinetic Energy: This is the energy possessed by an

object due to its motion. The faster an object moves, the
more kinetic energy it has.
2. Potential Energy: This is energy that is stored in an
object due to its position or configuration. It can be
gravitational, elastic, chemical, or nuclear, among others.
3. Heat (Thermal) Energy: This is the internal energy
present in a system due to its temperature. It's the energy
transferred between objects due to a temperature
difference.
4. Electrical Energy: This is the energy associated with the
flow of electric charge. It powers our electronics,
appliances, and lighting.
5. Light (Radiant) Energy: This is electromagnetic energy
that travels in waves and can be detected by the human
eye. It includes visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared
radiation, among others.
6. Sound Energy: This is the energy produced by vibrations
traveling through a medium, such as air, water, or solids.
Sources of Energy:
 1. Renewable Energy: Derived from natural resources that
are replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight,
wind, water (hydroelectric), biomass, and geothermal heat.
2. Non-renewable Energy: Derived from finite resources,
such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels
(uranium, plutonium).
Importance of Energy:

1. Economic Growth: Energy is essential for driving

economic activities, powering industries, transportation,
and infrastructure development.
2. Quality of Life: Access to energy improves living
standards by providing heating, cooling, lighting, and
powering appliances that enhance comfort and
convenience.
3. Environmental Impact: The choice of energy sources
can have significant environmental consequences, with
renewable energy generally being cleaner and more
sustainable compared to fossil fuels.
4. Global Security: Energy plays a crucial role in geopolitics,
with nations vying for control over energy resources and
routes, leading to conflicts and alliances.
Challenges and Opportunities:

1. Energy Transition: There's a global push towards

transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources
to mitigate climate change and reduce dependence on
finite resources.
2. Technological Innovation: Advances in technology,
such as energy storage, smart grids, and renewable energy
technologies, offer opportunities to enhance efficiency and
sustainability.
 3. Policy and Regulation: Effective policies and regulations
are needed to incentivize the adoption of clean energy,
promote energy efficiency, and ensure energy access for
all.
4. Social Equity: Energy access is not uniform globally, and
efforts are required to address energy poverty and ensure
equitable distribution of resources.
Conclusion:
Energy is a multifaceted concept that permeates every aspect of our
lives, from the smallest particle interactions to the largest global
economies. Understanding energy and its implications is crucial for
addressing the challenges of the modern world, from climate change
to social equity, and unlocking the potential for a sustainable and
prosperous future.
 CHAPTER 2: THE NATURE OF
SUNLIGHT
The nature of sunlight is a captivating subject that spans across
various scientific disciplines, encompassing physics, astronomy,
biology, and even art and culture. Let's embark on a detailed
exploration of sunlight, covering its origin, composition, properties,
interactions, and significance.
Origin and Composition:

1. Nuclear Fusion: The sun primarily emits light and heat as

a result of nuclear fusion reactions occurring in its core.
Hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium, releasing
tremendous amounts of energy in the process.
2. Electromagnetic Spectrum: Sunlight consists of
electromagnetic radiation spanning a wide range of
wavelengths, from high-energy gamma rays to low-energy
radio waves. The visible spectrum, which humans can
perceive, occupies a small portion of this spectrum.
Properties of Sunlight:

1. Intensity and Irradiance: Sunlight intensity varies

depending on factors such as time of day, atmospheric
conditions, and location on Earth. Solar irradiance refers to
the power per unit area received from the sun.
2. Color and Spectrum: Sunlight appears white to human
eyes, but it actually consists of a spectrum of colors
ranging from violet to red. This spectrum can be observed
in phenomena like rainbows and prisms.
3. Polarization: Sunlight can become polarized due to
scattering in the atmosphere, resulting in patterns of
 polarized light that can be observed in the sky, water
reflections, and certain materials.
Interactions with Earth's Atmosphere:

1. Scattering: The atmosphere scatters sunlight, with

shorter blue wavelengths being scattered more than longer
red wavelengths, giving the sky its blue color.
2. Absorption and Reflection: Different atmospheric
components absorb and reflect sunlight to varying degrees,
influencing weather patterns, climate, and the Earth's
energy balance.
3. Ozone Layer: The ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet
(UV) radiation from the sun, protecting life on Earth from
excessive UV exposure.
Biological and Environmental Effects:

1. Photosynthesis: Sunlight is crucial for photosynthesis,

the process by which plants convert light energy into
chemical energy, producing oxygen and organic
compounds that sustain life.
2. Circadian Rhythms: Sunlight regulates biological
processes and the circadian rhythms of organisms,
influencing sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and
overall health.
3. Vitamin D Synthesis: Sunlight exposure is essential for
the synthesis of vitamin D in human skin, which plays a
vital role in bone health, immune function, and mood
regulation.
Cultural and Artistic Significance:

1. Symbolism: Sunlight has been symbolically associated

with concepts such as enlightenment, vitality, and hope
across cultures and throughout history.
 2. Artistic Depictions: Artists throughout the ages have
been inspired by the beauty and symbolism of sunlight,
capturing its effects in paintings, sculptures, and other
forms of artistic expression.
Technological Applications:

1. Solar Energy: Sunlight is harnessed as a renewable

energy source through solar photovoltaic and solar thermal
technologies, providing clean electricity and heat for
various applications.
2. Solar Radiation Management: Scientists explore
methods to manipulate sunlight to mitigate climate
change, such as solar radiation management techniques
aimed at reducing global temperatures.
Conclusion:
Sunlight is not merely a source of illumination; it is a dynamic force
that shapes our world in profound ways. From sustaining life and
influencing biological rhythms to inspiring art and powering
technological innovations, sunlight's impact is vast and multifaceted.
Understanding the nature of sunlight is essential for appreciating its
significance and harnessing its potential for the betterment of
humanity and the planet.
 CHAPTER 3: HARNESSING
SOLAR POWER
Harnessing solar power involves the conversion of sunlight into
usable forms of energy, primarily electricity and heat. This process
utilizes various technologies and strategies to capture, convert,
store, and distribute solar energy efficiently and sustainably. Let's
explore the detailed aspects of harnessing solar power across
different applications and technologies:
Photovoltaic (PV) Technology:

1. Solar Cells: Photovoltaic cells, commonly known as solar

cells, directly convert sunlight into electricity through the
photovoltaic effect. These cells are typically made of
semiconductor materials such as silicon.
2. Solar Panels: Solar panels consist of interconnected solar
cells arranged in modules or arrays. They capture sunlight
and produce direct current (DC) electricity, which can be
converted into alternating current (AC) using inverters for
use in homes, businesses, and grid-connected systems.
3. Efficiency Improvements: Ongoing research focuses on
enhancing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of solar
cells through advancements in materials science,
manufacturing techniques, and system design.
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP):

1. Solar Thermal Power Plants: Concentrated solar power

plants use mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a
receiver, where it is converted into heat. This heat is then
used to generate steam, drive turbines, and produce
electricity.
 2. Types of CSP Systems: CSP systems can be based on
various technologies, including parabolic troughs, solar
power towers, and dish/engine systems, each with its
unique advantages and applications.
3. Thermal Energy Storage: Some CSP plants incorporate
thermal energy storage systems, allowing them to store
excess heat generated during the day for use during
periods of low sunlight or high demand, improving grid
integration and reliability.
Solar Heating and Cooling:

1. Solar Water Heating: Solar thermal collectors capture

sunlight to heat water for domestic, commercial, and
industrial applications, including space heating, hot water
supply, and swimming pool heating.
2. Solar Air Conditioning: Solar-driven absorption or
adsorption cooling systems utilize solar thermal energy to
provide cooling without relying on electricity-intensive
compression refrigeration, offering sustainable solutions for
air conditioning in buildings.
3. Passive Solar Design: Passive solar design principles
integrate architectural features, building orientation, and
materials to optimize natural daylighting, heating, and
cooling, reducing the need for artificial lighting and HVAC
systems in buildings.
Solar Energy Storage:

1. Battery Storage: Battery storage systems, such as

lithium-ion batteries, are increasingly used to store excess
solar electricity generated during periods of high sunlight
for later use when sunlight is unavailable or demand is
high, enhancing energy independence and grid stability.
2. Thermal Storage: Solar thermal systems can store
excess heat energy in insulated tanks or materials, such as
 molten salts or phase-change materials, for use in heating,
cooling, or power generation when needed.
Grid Integration and Distributed Generation:

1. Net Metering: Net metering policies allow solar energy

system owners to feed excess electricity back into the grid
and receive credit for it, promoting the adoption of
distributed solar generation and enabling consumers to
offset their energy bills.
2. Microgrids: Solar-powered microgrids provide localized
electricity generation, storage, and distribution, enhancing
energy resilience and reliability in remote areas,
communities, and critical infrastructure facilities.
Environmental and Economic Benefits:

1. Renewable Energy: Solar power is a clean, renewable

energy source that produces no greenhouse gas emissions
or air pollutants during operation, contributing to climate
change mitigation and improving air quality.
2. Job Creation: The solar industry creates jobs in
manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and related
sectors, stimulating economic growth and providing
opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship.
3. Energy Access: Solar power can provide affordable and
reliable electricity access to remote and underserved
communities worldwide, reducing energy poverty and
promoting sustainable development.
Conclusion:
Harnessing solar power offers immense potential to meet the world's
energy needs sustainably, reduce carbon emissions, and promote
energy security and resilience. Advancements in solar technologies,
coupled with supportive policies, investment, and public awareness,
are driving the widespread adoption of solar energy as a key pillar of
the transition to a clean and sustainable energy future.
 CHAPTER 4: SOLAR CELLS:
HOW THEY WORK
Understanding how solar cells work is crucial for grasping the
mechanics behind solar energy generation. Solar cells, also known as
photovoltaic (PV) cells, are devices that convert sunlight directly into
electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Let's explore the detailed
workings of solar cells, covering their structure, materials, operation
principles, and applications:
Structure of Solar Cells:

1. Semiconductor Material: Solar cells are typically made

of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, which have
properties that enable them to absorb photons (light
particles) and generate electricity.
2. P-N Junction: The basic building block of a solar cell is
the P-N junction, where two types of semiconductor
materials—P-type (positively doped) and N-type
(negatively doped)—are joined together. This junction
creates an electric field within the cell.
3. Contacts and Layers: Metal contacts are attached to the
semiconductor layers to extract the generated electricity.
Anti-reflective coatings and protective layers are also
applied to enhance light absorption and durability.
Operation Principles:

1. Photovoltaic Effect: When sunlight (photons) strikes the

solar cell, it excites electrons in the semiconductor
material, causing them to be released from their atoms
and creating electron-hole pairs.
 2. Charge Separation: The electric field at the P-N junction
causes the liberated electrons to move towards the N-type
region and the positively charged holes to move towards
the P-type region, creating a voltage potential.
3. Current Flow: The flow of electrons through an external
circuit connected to the solar cell generates an electric
current, which can be utilized to power electrical devices or
stored in batteries for later use.
Types of Solar Cells:

1. Crystalline Silicon (c-Si): The most common type of

solar cell, c-Si cells are made of silicon wafers sliced from
single-crystal (monocrystalline) or multicrystalline ingots.
They offer high efficiency and long-term reliability but can
be relatively expensive to manufacture.
2. Thin-Film Solar Cells: Thin-film solar cells are made of
thin layers of semiconductor materials deposited onto
substrates such as glass, metal, or plastic. They are
lightweight, flexible, and potentially cheaper to produce
but typically have lower efficiency.
3. Perovskite Solar Cells: Perovskite solar cells are a
relatively new type of solar cell that uses organic-inorganic
hybrid perovskite materials. They have shown rapid
efficiency improvements and promise low-cost
manufacturing but still face challenges related to stability
and scalability.
Efficiency and Performance Factors:

1. Sunlight Absorption: The efficiency of a solar cell

depends on its ability to absorb sunlight across the solar
spectrum. Materials and design optimizations aim to
maximize light absorption while minimizing losses due to
reflection or transmission.
 2. Carrier Recombination: The recombination of electron-
hole pairs within the semiconductor material reduces the
efficiency of solar cells. Strategies such as passivation
layers and surface treatments help mitigate recombination
losses.
3. Temperature Dependence: Solar cell efficiency
decreases with increasing temperature due to the
reduction in the semiconductor's bandgap and the increase
in carrier recombination rates. Proper thermal management
is essential for maintaining performance in hot climates.
4. Shading and Soiling: Shading from obstructions such as
trees or buildings and accumulation of dirt or debris on the
solar cell surface can significantly reduce energy output.
Solar array design and regular maintenance are necessary
to minimize shading and soiling effects.
Applications of Solar Cells:

1. Residential Solar PV Systems: Solar panels installed on

rooftops or ground-mounted arrays generate electricity for
residential homes, reducing utility bills and reliance on grid
power.
2. Commercial and Industrial Solar Installations: Solar
PV systems are used in commercial and industrial settings
to offset electricity consumption, enhance energy
resilience, and achieve sustainability goals.
3. Off-Grid and Remote Power: Solar cells power off-grid
applications such as remote telecommunications, rural
electrification, and portable electronic devices, providing
reliable electricity where traditional grid access is limited or
unavailable.
4. Solar Farms and Utility-Scale Solar Plants: Large-
scale solar installations, including solar farms and utility-
scale solar power plants, contribute significant amounts of
 renewable energy to the grid, supporting decarbonization
efforts and energy transition initiatives.
Conclusion:
Solar cells are at the forefront of renewable energy technologies,
offering a clean, abundant, and sustainable solution for electricity
generation. Understanding the intricate workings of solar cells—from
semiconductor physics to device engineering—empowers us to
harness the sun's energy more efficiently and effectively, driving the
global transition towards a cleaner and greener energy future.
Continued research and innovation in solar cell technology hold the
promise of further improvements in efficiency, affordability, and
scalability, accelerating the adoption of solar energy worldwide.
 CHAPTER 5: PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEMS: BASICS AND
BEYOND
Delving into the realm of photovoltaic (PV) systems involves
understanding the fundamental principles of solar energy conversion
and the intricate engineering behind the deployment of solar panels.
Let's embark on a detailed exploration of photovoltaic systems,
covering their basics, components, types, design considerations,
applications, and future prospects:
Basics of Photovoltaic Systems:

1. Solar Panels: At the heart of a photovoltaic system are

solar panels, also known as photovoltaic modules, which
consist of interconnected solar cells that convert sunlight
into electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
2. Inverters: Photovoltaic systems incorporate inverters to
convert the direct current (DC) electricity generated by
solar panels into alternating current (AC), which is
compatible with standard electrical systems and grid
connections.
3. Mounting Structures: Solar panels are mounted on
support structures such as rooftops, ground mounts, or
tracking systems to optimize sunlight exposure and
orientation for maximum energy production.
4. Balance of System Components: Additional
components such as wiring, junction boxes, combiner
boxes, and monitoring systems are part of the balance of
system (BOS) to ensure safe and efficient operation of the
PV system.
Components of Photovoltaic Systems:

1. Solar Panels: Made of semiconductor materials such as

silicon, solar panels absorb sunlight and generate electricity
when exposed to photons.
2. Inverters: Inverters convert DC electricity from solar
panels into AC electricity suitable for use in homes,
businesses, and the grid.
3. Mounting Hardware: Mounting structures secure solar
panels to rooftops or ground surfaces, optimizing their
orientation and tilt angle for maximum sunlight exposure.
4. Wiring and Electrical Components: Wiring, connectors,
fuses, breakers, and other electrical components facilitate
the flow of electricity within the PV system and ensure
safety and reliability.
5. Monitoring and Control Systems: Monitoring systems
track the performance and output of the PV system,
providing data on energy production, system health, and
potential issues for maintenance and optimization.
Types of Photovoltaic Systems:

1. Grid-Tied Systems: Grid-tied photovoltaic systems are

connected to the utility grid, allowing for the export of
surplus electricity generated by solar panels and the import
of electricity when sunlight is insufficient.
2. Off-Grid Systems: Off-grid photovoltaic systems operate
independently of the utility grid and typically incorporate
batteries for energy storage, providing electricity in remote
or isolated locations without grid access.
3. Hybrid Systems: Hybrid photovoltaic systems combine
solar power with other renewable energy sources such as
wind or hydroelectricity, along with energy storage, to
optimize energy production and reliability.
 4. Building-Integrated PV (BIPV): Building-integrated
photovoltaic systems integrate solar panels directly into
building materials such as rooftops, facades, or windows,
offering aesthetic appeal and architectural integration.
Design Considerations for Photovoltaic Systems:

1. Location and Orientation: The location, orientation, and

tilt angle of solar panels influence their exposure to
sunlight and energy production, with factors such as
shading, roof pitch, and geographical location taken into
account.
2. System Sizing: Proper system sizing involves determining
the capacity of solar panels, inverters, and energy storage
(if applicable) to meet the energy needs of the site based
on factors such as electricity consumption, solar resource
availability, and load profiles.
3. Shading Analysis: Shading from trees, buildings, or other
obstructions can significantly impact the performance of a
PV system, necessitating shading analysis to optimize
panel placement and minimize energy losses.
4. Electrical Design: Electrical design considerations include
wiring configurations, voltage levels, overcurrent
protection, grounding, and interconnection requirements to
ensure compliance with safety standards and electrical
codes.
Applications of Photovoltaic Systems:

1. Residential PV Systems: Residential photovoltaic

systems provide homeowners with clean, renewable
electricity, reducing energy bills and environmental impact
while increasing energy independence.
2. Commercial and Industrial PV Systems: Commercial
and industrial photovoltaic systems are installed on
rooftops, carports, or ground mounts to offset electricity
 consumption, lower operating costs, and demonstrate
corporate sustainability.
3. Utility-Scale PV Plants: Large-scale photovoltaic power
plants generate electricity for the grid, contributing to
renewable energy targets, grid stability, and
decarbonization efforts on a regional or national scale.
4. Off-Grid and Remote Power: Off-grid photovoltaic
systems power remote telecommunications, water
pumping, lighting, and other applications in areas without
access to the utility grid, offering reliable electricity supply
in off-grid environments.
Future Prospects and Challenges:

1. Technological Advances: Ongoing research and

development in photovoltaic technologies aim to improve
efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance reliability through
innovations in materials, manufacturing processes, and
system integration.
2. Energy Storage Integration: The integration of energy
storage technologies such as batteries with photovoltaic
systems enables increased self-consumption, load shifting,
and grid services, addressing the intermittency and
variability of solar power.
3. Grid Integration and Policy Support: Grid integration
solutions, smart grid technologies, and supportive policies
and incentives are essential for scaling up photovoltaic
deployment, integrating renewables into the grid, and
fostering market growth.
4. Environmental Considerations: Environmental
considerations such as the lifecycle carbon footprint,
resource depletion, and end-of-life management of
photovoltaic systems require attention to ensure
sustainable and responsible deployment of solar energy
technologies.
Conclusion:
Photovoltaic systems represent a transformative solution for
harnessing clean, renewable solar energy to meet the world's
growing electricity demand sustainably. By understanding the basics
of photovoltaic systems—from solar panel operation to system
design and applications—we can unlock the full potential of solar
power to drive the global transition towards a low-carbon, resilient,
and equitable energy future. Continued innovation, collaboration,
and investment in photovoltaic technologies are essential for
realizing this vision and achieving a sustainable energy landscape for
generations to come.
 CHAPTER 6: SOLAR ENERGY
STORAGE SOLUTIONS
Solar energy storage solutions play a pivotal role in addressing the
intermittency and variability of solar power generation, enabling the
effective integration of solar energy into the grid and enhancing
energy reliability, resilience, and flexibility. In this comprehensive
exploration, we'll delve into the various aspects of solar energy
storage, including technologies, applications, benefits, challenges,
and future prospects:
Importance of Solar Energy Storage:

1. Intermittency of Solar Power: Solar energy generation

fluctuates due to factors such as weather conditions, time
of day, and seasonal variations, posing challenges for grid
stability and reliability.
2. Grid Integration: Energy storage enables the alignment
of solar energy supply with demand, facilitating grid
integration, load balancing, and peak shaving, while
reducing the need for backup power and fossil fuel-based
generation.
3. Energy Resilience: Solar energy storage provides backup
power during grid outages and emergencies, enhancing
energy resilience for critical infrastructure, communities,
and off-grid locations.
Technologies for Solar Energy Storage:

1. Battery Storage: Lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid

batteries, flow batteries, and other electrochemical storage
technologies are commonly used for solar energy storage
 due to their high efficiency, fast response times, and
scalability.
2. Thermal Storage: Solar thermal systems utilize heat
storage mediums such as molten salts, phase-change
materials, or rocks to store excess thermal energy
generated by solar collectors, enabling dispatchable power
generation and heat delivery.
3. Hydrogen Storage: Electrolysis of water using surplus
solar electricity produces hydrogen, which can be stored
and later converted back into electricity through fuel cells
or combustion, offering long-term energy storage and grid
flexibility.
4. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES): CAES
systems compress air using surplus solar electricity and
store it in underground caverns or tanks, releasing it to
drive turbines and generate electricity when needed,
providing large-scale energy storage capabilities.
Applications of Solar Energy Storage:

1. Residential Energy Storage: Homeowners utilize solar

energy storage systems to store surplus solar electricity
generated during the day for use during the evening or
periods of high demand, reducing reliance on grid
electricity and lowering energy bills.
2. Commercial and Industrial Applications: Commercial
and industrial facilities deploy solar energy storage
solutions for peak shaving, demand response, tariff
optimization, and backup power, enhancing energy
efficiency and cost savings.
3. Grid-Scale Energy Storage: Utility-scale solar energy
storage projects support grid stability, load management,
and renewable energy integration, providing ancillary
services such as frequency regulation, voltage support, and
grid balancing.
 4. Microgrid Integration: Microgrids combine solar energy
generation with storage and other distributed energy
resources to provide localized electricity supply, improve
energy resilience, and support off-grid or islanded
operation.
Benefits of Solar Energy Storage:

1. Energy Independence: Solar energy storage reduces

dependence on grid electricity and fossil fuels, providing
greater energy autonomy and security for individuals,
communities, and nations.
2. Peak Load Management: Solar energy storage helps
mitigate peak demand on the grid, reducing electricity
costs, grid congestion, and the need for expensive
infrastructure upgrades.
3. Renewable Energy Integration: By storing excess solar
energy, storage solutions enable higher levels of renewable
energy penetration, supporting decarbonization goals, and
reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Grid Support Services: Solar energy storage systems
provide valuable grid support services such as frequency
regulation, voltage control, and ramping capabilities,
enhancing grid stability and reliability.
Challenges and Limitations:

1. Cost: The upfront capital cost of solar energy storage

systems, including batteries, inverters, and balance-of-
system components, remains a significant barrier to
widespread adoption, although costs have been declining
rapidly.
2. Technology Performance: Performance factors such as
efficiency, cycle life, degradation rates, and safety must be
carefully considered to ensure the reliability and longevity
of solar energy storage systems.
 3. Resource Availability: Limited availability of critical
materials such as lithium for battery manufacturing and
suitable geological formations for thermal and pumped
hydro storage may pose constraints on the scalability of
certain storage technologies.
4. Regulatory and Policy Barriers: Regulatory
frameworks, market structures, and incentives play a
crucial role in facilitating the deployment of solar energy
storage, with supportive policies needed to incentivize
investment and overcome regulatory barriers.
Future Trends and Opportunities:

1. Technology Advancements: Ongoing research and

development efforts aim to improve the performance,
efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of solar energy storage
technologies through innovations in materials,
manufacturing processes, and system design.
2. Hybrid Solutions: Hybrid energy storage systems that
combine multiple storage technologies, such as batteries
with thermal or hydrogen storage, offer synergistic benefits
and enhanced system performance.
3. Community Energy Storage: Community-based energy
storage initiatives empower local communities to share and
manage solar energy resources collectively, fostering
energy resilience, equity, and social cohesion.
4. Policy and Market Developments: Supportive policies,
market mechanisms, and regulatory reforms, including
carbon pricing, renewable energy targets, and grid
modernization initiatives, are essential for unlocking the full
potential of solar energy storage and accelerating its
deployment.
Conclusion:
Solar energy storage solutions are essential enablers of the transition
to a clean, resilient, and sustainable energy future. By addressing
the intermittency and variability of solar power generation, energy
storage enhances grid stability, reliability, and flexibility while
unlocking new opportunities for renewable energy integration,
energy independence, and climate change mitigation. Continued
innovation, investment, and collaboration across technology
development, policy frameworks, and market mechanisms are critical
for realizing the full potential of solar energy storage and ushering in
a renewable energy-powered world.
 CHAPTER 7: THE JOURNEY
OF ELECTRONS
The journey of electrons is an intriguing voyage through the realms
of physics, chemistry, and electronics, guiding us from the subatomic
world to the macroscopic scales of everyday life. Let's embark on a
detailed exploration of the journey of electrons, tracing their paths,
behaviors, and applications across various domains:
Subatomic Realm:

1. Atomic Structure: Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom

in discrete energy levels or orbitals, governed by quantum
mechanics. They exhibit wave-particle duality, behaving as
both particles and waves.
2. Electron Movement: Electrons can move between
orbitals by absorbing or emitting photons, undergoing
transitions that give rise to the emission or absorption of
light in spectroscopy.
3. Chemical Bonding: In chemical reactions, electrons
participate in the formation and breaking of chemical
bonds between atoms, determining the structure,
properties, and reactivity of molecules.
Electric Current:

1. Conduction in Materials: In conductive materials such

as metals, electrons can move freely in response to an
electric field, constituting an electric current that carries
energy and information.
2. Electric Circuits: In electrical circuits, electrons flow from
the negative terminal to the positive terminal of a voltage
 source, powering devices and performing electrical work
along the way.
3. Resistance and Ohm's Law: Resistance in materials
impedes the flow of electrons, leading to voltage drops and
heat dissipation. Ohm's law relates voltage, current, and
resistance in electrical circuits.
Electronics and Semiconductor Devices:

1. Semiconductor Properties: Semiconductors are

materials with electrical conductivity between that of
conductors and insulators, whose properties can be
modulated by controlling electron flow.
2. Diodes: Diodes are semiconductor devices that allow
current to flow in one direction while blocking it in the
opposite direction, enabling rectification, voltage
regulation, and signal modulation in electronic circuits.
3. Transistors: Transistors are semiconductor devices used
for amplification, switching, and signal processing in
electronic circuits. They control the flow of electrons
between different regions of a semiconductor material.
Energy Conversion:

1. Solar Cells: In photovoltaic solar cells, photons from

sunlight excite electrons in semiconductor materials,
generating an electric current that can be harvested as
solar power for electricity generation.
2. Batteries: Batteries store chemical energy and release it
as electrical energy through redox reactions involving the
transfer of electrons between electrodes, powering
portable devices, vehicles, and grid storage systems.
3. Fuel Cells: Fuel cells convert chemical energy from fuels
such as hydrogen and oxygen into electricity through
electrochemical reactions involving the movement of
 electrons across an electrolyte, offering clean and efficient
energy conversion.
Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Computing:

1. Quantum Tunneling: In quantum mechanics, electrons

can tunnel through energy barriers that would be
impassable in classical physics, enabling phenomena such
as electron microscopy, quantum tunneling diodes, and
scanning tunneling microscopy.
2. Quantum Computing: Quantum computers harness the
quantum properties of electrons, such as superposition and
entanglement, to perform computations at speeds and
scales beyond classical computers, with applications in
cryptography, optimization, and simulation.
Magnetic Fields and Spintronics:

1. Magnetic Fields: Electrons possess an intrinsic property

known as spin, which gives rise to their magnetic moment.
Electrons in motion create magnetic fields and interact with
external magnetic fields, leading to phenomena such as
magnetism, magnetic storage, and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI).
2. Spintronics: Spintronics, or spin electronics, exploits the
spin degree of freedom of electrons to manipulate and
transport information in electronic devices, offering
potential advantages in energy efficiency, data storage,
and quantum information processing.
Conclusion:
The journey of electrons spans from the subatomic realm of
quantum mechanics to the macroscopic world of electrical circuits,
semiconductor devices, and energy conversion technologies.
Understanding the behaviors, properties, and applications of
electrons is fundamental to numerous fields of science and
technology, shaping our understanding of matter, energy, and the
universe. As we continue to unlock the mysteries of electrons and
harness their potential in innovative ways, their journey remains an
endless source of exploration, discovery, and technological
advancement.
 CHAPTER 8:
UNDERSTANDING
ELECTRICITY
Understanding electricity is like unraveling the threads of a complex
tapestry woven throughout the fabric of modern civilization. From
the flicker of a light bulb to the hum of a computer, electricity
powers our daily lives in myriad ways. Let's embark on an extensive
journey through the intricacies of electricity, covering its
fundamental concepts, properties, generation, transmission,
applications, and impact on society:
Fundamental Concepts:

1. Electric Charge: Electricity arises from the movement of

electrically charged particles, primarily electrons, which
carry negative charge. Protons, with positive charge, and
neutrons, with no charge, constitute the structure of
atoms.
2. Electric Fields: Electric charges create electric fields,
regions in space where other charges experience a force.
Electric fields exert attractive or repulsive forces on
charged particles and influence the behavior of electrical
systems.
3. Electric Potential: Electric potential, or voltage,
represents the energy per unit charge at a point in an
electric field. Voltage difference drives the flow of electric
current, analogous to the pressure difference driving fluid
flow.
4. Electric Current: Electric current is the flow of electric
charge, typically carried by moving electrons in conductive
 materials. Current is measured in amperes (A) and flows
from areas of high voltage to low voltage.
5. Resistance: Resistance is the property of a material to
oppose the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms
(Ω) and depends on factors such as material composition,
length, cross-sectional area, and temperature.
Properties of Electricity:

1. Direct Current (DC): Direct current flows in one

direction, maintaining a constant polarity over time. It is
commonly produced by batteries and photovoltaic cells and
used in electronic circuits and devices.
2. Alternating Current (AC): Alternating current
periodically reverses direction, changing polarity over time.
It is generated by rotating machinery such as generators
and is used in most electrical power distribution systems
worldwide.
3. Frequency and Period: Alternating current oscillates at a
specific frequency, measured in hertz (Hz), representing
the number of cycles per second. The period is the inverse
of frequency, indicating the time taken for one complete
cycle.
4. Power and Energy: Electrical power is the rate at which
energy is transferred or consumed by an electrical device
and is measured in watts (W). Energy consumption over
time is expressed in watt-hours (Wh) or kilowatt-hours
(kWh).
Generation and Transmission:

1. Power Plants: Electricity is generated in power plants

using various energy sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear
energy, hydroelectricity, wind, solar, and geothermal
energy. Turbines convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy.
 2. Transmission and Distribution: High-voltage
transmission lines carry electricity from power plants to
substations, where it is stepped down to lower voltages for
distribution to homes, businesses, and industries through
distribution networks.
Electrical Systems and Components:

1. Circuits: Electrical circuits consist of interconnected

components that allow the flow of electric current.
Components include sources (e.g., batteries), loads (e.g.,
light bulbs), conductors (e.g., wires), and control elements
(e.g., switches).
2. Switches and Relays: Switches control the flow of
current in a circuit, allowing devices to be turned on or off.
Relays are electrically operated switches used for remote
or automated control of circuits.
3. Transformers: Transformers change voltage levels in
electrical systems, stepping up voltage for transmission
and stepping down voltage for distribution and use. They
operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Applications of Electricity:

1. Lighting: Electricity powers lighting systems, including

incandescent bulbs, fluorescent lamps, light-emitting
diodes (LEDs), and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs),
illuminating homes, streets, and buildings.
2. Heating and Cooling: Electric heaters, furnaces, air
conditioners, and heat pumps provide heating and cooling
in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, offering
comfort and climate control.
3. Electronics: Electricity powers electronic devices such as
televisions, computers, smartphones, and appliances,
enabling communication, entertainment, productivity, and
automation.
 4. Transportation: Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid
vehicles use electric powertrains driven by batteries or fuel
cells, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence
on fossil fuels.
5. Industrial Processes: Electricity is integral to industrial
processes such as manufacturing, metallurgy, chemical
processing, and materials fabrication, powering machinery,
equipment, and automation systems.
Safety and Hazards:

1. Electric Shock: Electric shock occurs when the body

becomes part of an electric circuit, resulting in injury or
death. Safety measures such as insulation, grounding,
circuit protection devices (e.g., fuses, circuit breakers), and
electrical codes mitigate risks.
2. Fire and Arc Flash: Electrical faults can cause fires and
arc flashes, releasing intense heat and energy. Fire
prevention measures, electrical maintenance, and personal
protective equipment (PPE) reduce the likelihood of
accidents.
Environmental and Societal Impact:

1. Environmental Impacts: Electricity generation from

fossil fuels contributes to air and water pollution,
greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change.
Transitioning to renewable energy sources and energy
efficiency measures mitigates environmental impacts.
2. Energy Access: Access to electricity is essential for socio-
economic development, education, healthcare, and quality
of life. Efforts to expand electricity access in underserved
regions, through grid extension, off-grid solutions, and
renewable energy deployment, promote social equity and
economic growth.
 3. Energy Transition: The global transition towards cleaner,
renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and
hydroelectric power aims to reduce carbon emissions,
mitigate climate change, and build a sustainable energy
future.
Conclusion:
Understanding electricity is paramount in navigating the complexities
of the modern world and harnessing its potential for progress and
prosperity. From its foundational principles to its diverse applications
and societal implications, electricity shapes every aspect of human
civilization, driving innovation, connectivity, and economic growth. As
we continue to advance in technology and knowledge, a deeper
understanding of electricity empowers us to address challenges,
embrace opportunities, and build a more sustainable and electrified
future for generations to come.
 CHAPTER 9: FROM LIGHT TO
VOLTAGE: PHOTOVOLTAIC
PRINCIPLES
From the radiant glow of the sun to the generation of electricity, the
journey from light to voltage epitomizes the transformative power of
photovoltaic principles. Delving into this topic unveils the intricate
physics behind solar energy conversion, offering insights into the
mechanisms, materials, technologies, and applications that drive the
solar revolution. Let's embark on a comprehensive exploration of
photovoltaic principles, tracing the path from sunlight to electrical
power:
Solar Radiation and Photons:

1. Solar Spectrum: Solar radiation encompasses a broad

spectrum of electromagnetic waves, from infrared to
ultraviolet, with visible light being the most significant
component reaching the Earth's surface.
2. Photons: Photons are particles of light that carry energy
proportional to their frequency. When sunlight reaches a
photovoltaic material, photons interact with electrons,
initiating the photovoltaic effect.
Photovoltaic Materials and Devices:

1. Semiconductor Properties: Photovoltaic materials,

typically semiconductors such as silicon, possess unique
electronic properties that enable the conversion of light
into electricity.
2. Photovoltaic Cells: Photovoltaic cells, also known as
solar cells, are the building blocks of photovoltaic devices.
 They consist of semiconductor layers with a p-n junction,
where electron-hole pairs are generated upon photon
absorption.
Photovoltaic Effect:

1. Generation of Electron-Hole Pairs: When photons with

energy greater than the bandgap of the semiconductor
material strike the solar cell, they excite electrons from the
valence band to the conduction band, creating electron-
hole pairs.
2. Charge Separation: The electric field at the p-n junction
causes the liberated electrons and holes to move in
opposite directions, creating a voltage potential across the
solar cell.
Mechanisms of Solar Energy Conversion:

1. Direct Bandgap Materials: In direct bandgap materials

like crystalline silicon, photons can directly excite electrons
across the bandgap, leading to efficient solar energy
conversion.
2. Indirect Bandgap Materials: In indirect bandgap
materials like gallium arsenide, photons require additional
energy to overcome momentum conservation constraints,
resulting in lower efficiency compared to direct bandgap
materials.
Types of Photovoltaic Cells:

1. Crystalline Silicon Cells: Crystalline silicon solar cells

dominate the photovoltaic market, offering high efficiency,
stability, and reliability. They are available in two main
forms: monocrystalline and multicrystalline
(polycrystalline).
2. Thin-Film Cells: Thin-film solar cells utilize thin layers of
semiconductor materials deposited on substrates such as
 glass, metal, or plastic. They offer flexibility, lightweight,
and potential cost advantages but typically have lower
efficiency.
3. Perovskite Cells: Perovskite solar cells are a promising
emerging technology with rapid efficiency improvements.
They utilize organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials
and offer low-cost fabrication and high efficiency potential.
Photovoltaic System Components:

1. Solar Panels: Photovoltaic modules or solar panels

consist of interconnected photovoltaic cells, encapsulated
and protected by a cover material. They convert sunlight
into electricity and form the primary building blocks of
photovoltaic systems.
2. Inverters: Inverters convert the direct current (DC)
output from solar panels into alternating current (AC)
electricity suitable for use in homes, businesses, and the
grid.
3. Mounting Systems: Solar panels are mounted on
support structures such as rooftops, ground mounts, or
tracking systems to optimize sunlight exposure and
orientation for maximum energy production.
Efficiency and Performance Factors:

1. Sunlight Absorption: Photovoltaic materials and designs

aim to maximize sunlight absorption across the solar
spectrum while minimizing losses due to reflection or
transmission.
2. Carrier Recombination: Minimizing electron-hole
recombination within the semiconductor material is crucial
for maximizing photovoltaic efficiency. Passivation layers
and surface treatments help reduce recombination losses.
3. Temperature Dependence: Photovoltaic efficiency
decreases with increasing temperature due to the
 reduction in the semiconductor's bandgap and the increase
in carrier recombination rates. Proper thermal management
is essential for maintaining performance.
4. Manufacturing Quality and Process Control: Quality
control measures during manufacturing, such as material
purity, crystallographic orientation, and defect density
reduction, contribute to photovoltaic cell efficiency and
reliability.
Applications of Photovoltaic Principles:

1. Grid-Connected Systems: Grid-connected photovoltaic

systems generate electricity for on-site consumption or
feed excess power back into the grid, offsetting electricity
bills and promoting renewable energy integration.
2. Off-Grid Systems: Off-grid photovoltaic systems provide
standalone power generation for remote or isolated
locations without access to the utility grid, supporting off-
grid living, rural electrification, and emergency backup
power.
3. Solar-Powered Devices: Photovoltaic principles are
applied in various solar-powered devices, including solar
calculators, outdoor lights, backpack chargers, and
portable electronic gadgets, offering sustainable and
renewable energy solutions for everyday use.
4. Utility-Scale Solar Farms: Large-scale photovoltaic
installations, such as solar farms and utility-scale solar
power plants, contribute significant amounts of renewable
energy to the grid, supporting decarbonization efforts and
reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Challenges and Future Prospects:

1. Cost Reduction: Continued research and development

efforts focus on reducing the cost of photovoltaic
technologies through advancements in materials,
 manufacturing processes, and system design, making solar
energy more competitive with conventional energy
sources.
2. Efficiency Improvements: Ongoing research explores
new materials, device architectures, and fabrication
techniques to improve photovoltaic cell efficiency, aiming to
surpass the theoretical limits of single-junction solar cells.
3. Integration and Storage: Integrating photovoltaic
systems with energy storage technologies such as
batteries, pumped hydro, and hydrogen enables round-the-
clock renewable energy supply and enhances grid stability
and resilience.
4. Emerging Technologies: Emerging photovoltaic
technologies, such as perovskite solar cells, tandem solar
cells, and organic photovoltaics, hold promise for further
efficiency gains, cost reductions, and novel applications,
driving the evolution of the solar industry.
Conclusion:
The journey from light to voltage encapsulates the remarkable
transformation of solar energy into electricity through the principles
of photovoltaics. As we harness the power of the sun to meet our
energy needs sustainably, photovoltaic technologies continue to
evolve, driving innovation, economic growth, and environmental
stewardship. With ongoing advancements in materials science,
engineering, and policy support, photovoltaics pave the way towards
a clean, renewable energy future, where sunlight fuels our progress
and prosperity while preserving the planet for generations to come.
 CHAPTER 10: SOLAR PANEL
CONSTRUCTION: INSIDE
OUT
Solar panel construction is a fascinating blend of advanced materials
science, engineering ingenuity, and manufacturing precision,
resulting in devices that harness sunlight to generate clean and
renewable electricity. Let's dive deep into the intricacies of solar
panel construction, exploring each layer and component from the
inside out:
1. Photovoltaic Cells:

1. Semiconductor Materials: Solar panels consist of

photovoltaic (PV) cells made from semiconductor materials
such as crystalline silicon, which convert sunlight into
electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
2. P-N Junction: Photovoltaic cells have a p-n junction,
where layers of differently doped silicon create an electric
field that facilitates the separation of electron-hole pairs
generated by absorbed photons.
3. Metal Contacts: Metal contacts, usually made of silver or
aluminum, collect the electric current generated by the
photovoltaic cells and transfer it to external circuits.
2. Front Cover:

1. Tempered Glass: The front cover of a solar panel is

typically made of tempered glass, which is highly
transparent and durable, protecting the photovoltaic cells
from environmental damage and providing mechanical
support.
 2. Anti-Reflective Coating: To minimize light reflection and
maximize light absorption, the front cover may feature an
anti-reflective coating, enhancing the overall efficiency of
the solar panel.
3. Encapsulation:

1. EVA Encapsulation Layer: The photovoltaic cells are

encapsulated within a layer of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)
resin, which serves as an adhesive and protective barrier.
EVA encapsulation enhances the durability and reliability of
the solar panel by preventing moisture ingress and
mechanical stress.
2. Backsheet: A backsheet made of polymer material, such
as Tedlar or TPT (Tedlar-Polyester-Tedlar), further protects
the photovoltaic cells from moisture, UV radiation, and
electrical insulation.
4. Photovoltaic Module Assembly:

1. Frame: The photovoltaic cells, front cover, encapsulation

layer, and backsheet are assembled into a rigid frame
typically made of aluminum or stainless steel. The frame
provides structural support, facilitates mounting, and
ensures the integrity of the solar panel.
2. Junction Box: A junction box is attached to the back of
the solar panel frame, containing electrical connections,
bypass diodes, and other components for wiring and
electrical safety.
3. Connectors: Connectors attached to the junction box
enable the interconnection of multiple solar panels into
arrays and facilitate the integration of the solar panel with
electrical systems.
Manufacturing Process:
 1. Wafer Production: Crystalline silicon wafers are
manufactured through a process of ingot slicing, wafering,
and surface treatment, resulting in thin, flat substrates
with high-purity silicon.
2. Cell Fabrication: Photovoltaic cells are fabricated through
processes such as doping, passivation, screen printing, and
metallization, transforming silicon wafers into functional
solar cells capable of converting sunlight into electricity.
3. Module Assembly: Photovoltaic cells are interconnected,
encapsulated, and framed to form photovoltaic modules.
Automated assembly lines ensure precise alignment,
encapsulation, and quality control throughout the
manufacturing process.
Performance and Quality Assurance:

1. Testing and Certification: Solar panels undergo rigorous

testing and certification to verify their performance,
durability, and safety standards. Tests include efficiency
measurements, thermal cycling, humidity exposure, and
mechanical stress tests.
2. Quality Control: Quality control measures, such as visual
inspection, electrical testing, and defect detection, are
implemented at various stages of the manufacturing
process to ensure the reliability and performance of solar
panels.
3. Warranty and Longevity: Solar panel manufacturers
typically offer warranties ranging from 20 to 25 years,
guaranteeing minimum performance levels and product
reliability over the panel's operational lifespan.
Applications and Integration:

1. Residential Rooftop Systems: Solar panels are

commonly installed on residential rooftops to generate
electricity for on-site consumption or feed excess power
 back into the grid, reducing utility bills and carbon
emissions.
2. Commercial and Industrial Installations: Commercial
and industrial facilities deploy solar panels for rooftop or
ground-mounted solar arrays, offsetting electricity
consumption, lowering operating costs, and demonstrating
corporate sustainability.
3. Utility-Scale Solar Farms: Large-scale solar
installations, such as solar farms and utility-scale solar
power plants, generate electricity for the grid, supporting
renewable energy targets, grid stability, and
decarbonization efforts.
4. Off-Grid and Remote Applications: Solar panels power
off-grid applications such as telecommunications, water
pumping, lighting, and rural electrification, providing
reliable electricity in remote or underserved areas.
Future Trends and Innovations:

1. Advanced Materials: Ongoing research focuses on

developing novel photovoltaic materials, such as
perovskites, quantum dots, and organic polymers, with
enhanced efficiency, flexibility, and scalability.
2. Bifacial Modules: Bifacial solar panels capture sunlight
from both the front and rear sides, increasing energy yield
by leveraging reflected and diffuse light, especially in
environments with high albedo.
3. Smart and Integrated Systems: Integration of solar
panels with smart technologies, energy storage systems,
and building management systems enables enhanced
energy management, demand response, and grid
integration capabilities.
4. Circular Economy: Emphasis on sustainability and
circular economy principles drives initiatives for solar panel
Another random document with
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il fu fait. Les naves et li vaissiel furent recargiet de draps, d’avoir et
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roy Edouwart et coumment il chevauça encorez avant. Fº 90 vº.
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camps, et mis en bonne ordenance de bataille, et d’autre part aussi
tout li honme bourgois de Caen; et moustroient par samblant que il
attenderoient les Englois et les conbateroient. Mais qant il les veirent
venir cevauchant en ordenance de bataille, et tout en une brousse,
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ville à sauveté. Là ot grant encauch et maint honme reversé et bouté
jus à terre, et ceoient à mons l’un sus l’autre, tant estoient il fort
eshidé. Li connestables de France et li contes de Tanqarville, li sires
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dedens la ville bien avant. Et ensi que il entroient, il se rengoient et
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à mons. Auqun chevalier et esquier, qui savoient le cemin viers le
castel et meismement des honmes de la ville, se destournèrent et se
missent hors dou fouleis et de la voie des Englois, et se retraissent
et boutèrent ou chastiel. Tout chil et celles qui peurent avoir celle
aventure d’entrer ens ou chastiel, furent sauvé. Moult de honmes, de
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ouvertes, et prendoient les camps et eslongoient ce mescief, et ne
faisoient compte de cose qui demorast derrière. Bien sçavoient que
tout estoit perdu: encores ewireus qui se pooit sauver par ce parti.
Englois, gens d’armes et archiers qui encauçoient les fuians,
faisoient grans occisions, car honme n’estoit espargniés, qui ceoit en
lors mains.
Et avint que li connestables de France et li contes de Tanqarville,
qui monté estoient en celle porte au pont, regardèrent au lonc, tant
en la ville que dehors la ville, car tous jours entroient Englois; et
veirent devant euls sus les rues si grans oribletés et pestilenses que
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de euls meismes de esceir en ce dangier et entre mains d’archiers
qui point ne les congneuissent. Ensi que il regardoient aval, en grant
doubte, ces gens ocire et abatre, il perchurent un gentil chevalier
englois, qui n’avoit q’un oel, lequel on nonmoit mesire Thomas de
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banière. Et par la banière que uns chevaliers portoit toute droite, il le
ravisèrent, car bien l’avoient veu aultrefois, et boutèrent hors deus
de lors pennons par les fenestres de la porte, et conmenchièrent à
criier et à huier et à faire signe que on parlast à euls. Tantos chil
gentilhonme englois, qui estoient avoecques mesire Thomas de
Hollandes, entendirent ce signe, et li dissent: «Monsignour, arestés
vous. Là sus sont retrait grant fuisson des barons de France, qui ne
sont pas bien asegur de lors vies. Montons amont, car il vous
demandent et se voellent rendre. Vous poriés par ce parti moult tos
avoir une bonne journée.» Mesires Thomas et sa banière s’aresta; et
descendirent de lors chevaus et montèrent les degrés de la porte.
Ensi que il montoient, li doi conte de France lor vinrent au devant et
li dissent: «Messires Thomas de Hollandes, entendés à nous et nous
prendés à prisonniers, et nous sauvés les vies de ces
archiers.»—«Qui estes vous?» dist mesires Thomas. «Nous sonmes
Raouls, contes d’Eu et de Gines, connestables de France, et je
Jehans de Melun, contes de Tanqarville et canbrelens de France.»
Qant messires Thomas de Hollandes les entendi, si senti et
congneut tantos que il avoit bien volé, et fu tous resjois pour deus
raisons: li une estoit pour tant que il avoit bons prisonniers, dont il
poroit avoir cent mille moutons; l’autre pareçon, pour tant que il lor
sauveroit les vies, car il gissoient là et avoient esté en grant peril
pour les archiers et les Gallois, car ils sont si divers que il ne voellent
nului congnoistre. Tantos chil doi conte fiancièrent lors fois à mesire
Thomas de Hollandes, et aussi fissent tout li aultre baron et
chevaliers, qui dedens la porte estoient. Considerés la bonne estrive
et aventure que mesires Thomas de Hollandes ot d’avoir si bons
prisonniers qui li ceirent ens ès mains. Tantos, il ordonna trois de ses
chevaliers et de ses honmes à demorer là d’encoste ses prisonniers,
et mist son pennon en la porte. Ce estoit segnefiance que la porte
estoit à lui, et tout chil qui dedens estoient; et puis descendi aval et
monta à ceval, et se remist en ordenance avoecques les autres au
cevauchier et à aler toutdis avant; mais toutes gens fuioient devant
les Englois. Si est la ville de Kem grande et poissans et estendue
durement et fort peuplée. Et cei adonc si bien as Englois que sans le
dangier de passer au pont, il passoient et repasoient, ensi que il
voloient, la rivière de Ourne, car la mer estoit si basse pour celle
heure que il n’i avoient nul empecement de passer, et par ce point fu
la ville plus tos conquise.
Ensi ot et conquist li rois d’Engleterre la bonne ville de Kem, et en
fu sires; mais aussi il li cousta moult de ses honmes, car chil qui
estoient montés ens ès loges et sus les tois, par jetter pières et baus
et autres coses, en mehagnièrent et ocirent assés. Et fu dit au roi
d’Engleterre au soir et raporté de verité que il avoit perdu bien cinq
cens honmes, dont li rois fu si courouchiés que il ordonna et
conmanda que à l’endemain tout fust mis à l’espée, et la ville
contournée en feu et en flame. A ces paroles dire, estoit messires
Godefrois de Harcourt presens, qui amoit la ville de Kem, quoi que il
fust là en la compagnie des Englois, et ala au devant et rafrena le
corage dou roi, et li remoustra ensi, en disant: «Chiers sires,
soufisse vous, se vous avés les biens de la ville, sans essillier.
Encores est la ville moult peuplée, et se sont repus et muchiés moult
de gens en cambres, en soliers, en tours et en celiers, qui se
meteront à deffense, se il voient que on les voelle tout metre à
l’espée. Et ce vous poroit grandement couster de vos honmes, et
vous en avés bien à faire, avant que vous soiiés au cor de vostre
voiage; et auerés des rencontres et des batailles assés, avant que
vous soiiés venus devant Calais, où vous tendés à venir; mais faites
asavoir et criier par toute la ville que casquns se loge et se tiengne
en sa paix, car jà ont vostres gens tant conquesté que tout li plus
povre sont rice.» Li rois se rafrena et se ordonna par le consel
Godefroi de Harcourt.
Li rois d’Engleterre et ses gens furent signeur de la ville de Kem
trois jours, et ne fissent à honme ne à fenme mal, depuis que
mesires Godefrois de Harcourt en eut priiet et parlet. Mais jà avoient
les Englois pris et levés tant de biens et de bons meubles, que bien
lor devoit souffire; et tant en avoient amené des aultres villes
conquises et dou plat pais que tout en estoient cargiet et soelet. Et
orent ordenance et avis, en ces trois jours, que tout lor butin et lor
conquès et les prisonniers que pris avoient, il les envoieroient en
Engleterre par la mer, et en lors vaissiaux qui gissoient à l’ancre,
assés priès de Kem, en la rivière de Ourne. Se ne fissent li plus de
ces Englois que porter, mener et chariier toutes bonnes coses,
draps, toilles, pennes, lis, cambres ordonnées, et tous bons
meubles. De menues coses et petites, il ne faisoient compte, et
vendoient bien li un à l’autre lor pillage et lor conquès, et en
donnoient très grant marchiet, et lors prisonniers aussi, et tout estoit
remis à cariage et voiture et porté en la navie. Li connestables de
France et li contes de Tanqarville furent rendu et livré de mesire
Thomas de Hollandes au roi d’Engleterre. Et furent tant que dou
rendage et de la prise bien d’acort ensamble, et des aultres
chevaliers qui pris avoient esté en la ville de Kem prissonniers. Et
toutes coses furent tout mis ens la navie, et li contes de
Honstidonne, à tout deus cens honmes et quatre cens archiers,
ordonnés à estre capitains et conduisières de la navie, pour mener
en Engleterre. Et fissent ce les Englès à celle intension et ordenance
que il ne voloient point estre cargiet, sus le grant cemin que il
avoient à faire, de nulle cose qui lor donnast empecement. Fos 113
et 114.
P. 143, l. 1: oïrent.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14: virent. Fº 137.
P. 143, l. 1: ruire.—Mss. A 15 à 17, 20 à 29: bruire, bruyre.
Fº 138 vº.
P. 143, l. 6: voir Sup. var. (n. d. t.)

P. 143, l. 13: aucun chevalier.—Ms. B 6: neuf chevaliers. Fº 304.

P. 144, l. 19: moutons.—Mss. A 20 à 22 et B 6: escus. Fº 200.
P. 146, l. 4: il vous tourroit.—Mss. A 23 à 33: la quèle chose vous
redonderoit à grant blasme (mss. A 30 à 33: honte. Fº 184.)
Fº 158 vº.
P. 147, l. 17: Si fu ordonnés.—Ms. B 6: Sy le renvoia on et tout
l’avoir devant conquis et toute leur navire en Engleterre par le conte
de Hostiton à cinq cens combatans. Et ossy y furent mené tous les
prisonniers, le connestable et le conte de Tancarville et bien six vingt
chevaliers et quinse cens riches hommes normans, que de Kem,
que de Saint Lo et de Barfleu, qui depuis paièrent grant renchon.
Fº 306.

§ 263. P. 147, l. 25: Ensi ordonna.—Ms. d’Amiens: Quant li roys

englès eut enssi ordounné, si comme vous avés oy, il fist
chevauchier ses marescaux seloncq se premierre ordounnanche,
l’un des lés et l’autre d’autre; et il et li prinches de Galles, ses filx,
chevauchoient enmy le moiienne. Yaux parti de Kem, il entrèrent en
le comté de Ewrues, ardant et essillant le pays. Et vinrent à une ville
que on claimme Louviers, là où on fait plus grant drapperie qu’en
ville qui soit en France; et estoit priès ossi bonne que li chitéz
d’Ewrues ou que Saint Leu en Constentin. Si fu la ville de Louviers
prise assés tost à peu de force, car elle n’estoit point fremmée; et fu
toutte courue et robée, et y eut trouvet très grant avoir. Quant li roys
englès eut fait ses vollentés de le ville de Louviers et de le comté de
Ewruez, horsmis des fortrèchez, car devant nul fort il ne se volloit
arester, si se mist sour la rivierre de Sainne, et gasta tout le pays
d’entours Mantes et Meulent. Et s’en vint à Vrenon, qui estoit moult
grosse ville, et l’ardi et essilla. Puis s’en vint à Poissi, mout grosse
ville ossi, et trouva le pont brisiet et deffait. Ossi avoit il fait à Vrenon,
dont il fu dollans et courouchiés; mès encorrez estoient les estakez
et les gistez en le rivierre. Si se aresta là li roys, et y sejourna par
cinq jours. Endementroes fist il le pont refaire bon et fort, pour
passer son host bien et aisiement. En che sejour il fist chevaucier
ses marescaux monseigneur Godeffroy de Harcourt et le comte de
Warvich jusques à Saint Clou, et là bouter les feus, et puis Saint
Germain en Laie et le Monjoie aussi ardoir et abattre, et tant que on
en veoit clerement les feux de Paris. Et estoient adonc moult esbahit
en le chité, car elle, à che donc, n’estoit point fremmée fors que de
bailles. Si se doubtoient li Parisiien qui li Englès par outraige ne
venissent escarmucier à yaux.
Quant li roys de Franche, qui se tenoit adonc en Paris, vit lez
Englès si aprochier, que les feux estoient à deux petittez lieuwez
priès de lui, si fu moult courouchiéz, et demanda consseil coumment
il poroit ouvrer de ceste besoingne. Ad ce jour avoit grant fuison de
prelas et de fourés chaperons dalléz lui, car li roys de Behaigne, li
dus de Loerainne, messires Jehanz de Haynnau, li comtez de
Namur et toutte se chevallerie estoient à Saint Denis et là environ. Si
conssillièrent au roy que il venist deviers yaux, et ewist advis de
chevauchier contre ses ennemis, et que de yaux enclore sour aucun
pas, car à leur navie ne poroient il jammais retourner. Et lui dissent
encorrez, pour lui recomforter, qu’il ne fust de riens effraés, car par
fummières li Englès ne le bouteroient jamès hors de son hiretaige.
Adonc se parti li roys de Paris et s’en vint à Saint Denis, où il
trouva le roy de Behaingne, le duc de Lorainne, le comte de Bloix,
son nepveult, monseigneur Jehan de Haynnau, et grant fuison de
bonne chevalerie, qui li fissent grant chierre et li conssillièrent qu’il
chevauchast contre ses ennemis. Lors remforcha li roys son
mandement partout, en Bourgoingne, en Campaigne, en Franche,
en Vermendois, en Artois, en Pikardie et par tous lieux où il pooit
avoir gens d’armes, qu’il venissent deviers lui; et chil obeirent, qui
mandet furent.
Endementroes fu li pons à Poissi refais bons et fors, et passa
oultre li roys [englès] et toutte sen host; et s’en vint logier en l’abbeie
de Poissi, et y fu le nuit de Nostre Damme my aoust, et le jour toute
jour. Et l’endemain il s’en parti, et chevaucha plus avant le chemin
de Pikardie, au léz devers Biauvais et Biauvesis. Fº 91.
—Ms. de Rome: Au quatrime jour, li rois d’Engleterre et les
Englois issirent de Kem, et qant il monta à ceval, il i avoit autour de li
grant fuisson de honmes et de fenmes, qui venu l’estoient veoir. Se
lor dist li rois tout hault: «Entre vous qui chi estes, de la courtoisie
que je vous fac, remerciiés vostre bon amic Godefroi de Harcourt,
car par li estes vous deporté de non estre ars.» Tout et toutes
s’engenoullièrent adonc devant le roi, et dissent de une vois: «Très
chiers sires, Dieus le vous puist merir, et à li ossi.» Adonc cevauça li
rois oultre, et li princes de Galles, ses fils; et grant fuisson de
claronchiaus et de tronpètes et de menestrels cevauçoient devant et
faisoient lor mestier. Et cevauchièrent en cel estat tout au lonch de la
ville de Kem, et missent priès d’un jour au widier, avant que li arrière
garde fust hors. Et prissent tout le cemin de Louviers, et se logièrent
oultre Kem, celle première journée puis lor departement, une lieue
ou cemin de Louviers.
Et li contes de Honstidonne à toute sa carge à flun de la mer se
desancra, et vint celle première marée jessir à l’ancre en l’abouqure
de la mer. Et enmenoit si grant avoir jà conquis en Normendie que
mervelles seroit à penser, et bien cinq cens prisonniers, tous rices
honmes des viles où il avoient passet, et le conte d’Eu et de Ghines,
connestable de France, et le conte de Tanqarville, et bien soissante
chevaliers et esquiers. Et esploitièrent tant depuis, à l’aide de Dieu
et dou vent, que il prissent terre en Engleterre. Si fu tous li pais
resjois de lor venue, et par especial la roine Phelippe d’Engleterre, et
conjoi ces chevaliers prisonniers; et furent envoiiet et mis ens ou
chastiel de Londres, tout au large et à lor aise, car li rois en avoit
ensi escript et segnefiiet à la roine. Se tint la bonne roine
l’ordenance dou roi, ne jamais ne l’euist brissiet.
 Tant cevauchièrent li rois d’Engleterre et ses gens, depuis que il
se furent departi de la bonne ville de Kem, que il aprochièrent
Louviers, une bonne ville, et où on faisoit grant fuisson de draperie,
et estoit pour lors rice et plentiveuse de tous biens. Les Englois
entrèrent dedens à peu de fait, car pour lors et en devant elle n’estoit
noient fremée. Si fu la ville courue et reubée, mais il ne prendoient
que toutes bonnes coses, et ne se voloient mais cargier de si grant
meuble que il avoient fait en devant, pour tant que lor navie ne les
sievoit plus. Nequedent ne se pooient il tenir de pillier et de rompre
huges et escrins et de prendre or et argent, qant il le trouvoient. Et
qant il avoient assamblé des draps, des lainnes et des biaus jeuiauls
à grant fuisson, il apactissoient les honmes dou pais qui se boutoient
ens ès fors. Et tenoient trop bien lors pactis, et lor vendoient tout ce
de gros que pris et pilliet avoient; et donnoient pour cent florins ce
qui en valloit mille, et ensi orent il moult de finance sus le cemin.
Qant il orent fait lors bons et lors volentés de Louviers et il s’en
departirent, li darrainnier boutèrent le feu dedens; et puis entrèrent
en la conté d’Evrues et l’ardirent toute, reservé les forterèces. Et
passèrent Pasci et au Pont à l’Arce et aprocièrent la chité de Roem,
qui pour lors estoit moult bien garnie de gens d’armes et de
signeurs; mais chil qui dedens estoient, n’avoient nulle volenté de
issir, car il avoient bien oï dire que la ville de Kem estoit perdue par
l’orguel des bourgois de la ville, qui vorrent issir. Et là estoient en
garnison li contes de Harcourt, frères à mesire Godefroi, et li contes
de Dreus, mais sa ville fu arse. Li avant garde ne se peurent tenir,
c’est à entendre chil qui la gouvernoient, que il n’aproçassent Roem,
et en ardirent les fourbours. Li rois d’Engleterre et sa bataille
passèrent ensi que à une lieue priès, et se rengièrent et ordonnèrent
à la veue et moustre de ceuls qui en Roem estoient, et lor
mandèrent la bataille par un hiraut; mais point ne s’i acordèrent.
Si tournèrent les Englois deviers Vrenon, où il i a bon chastiel et
fort, auquel il ne fissent nul samblant de l’asallir, mais il ardirent la
ville, et puis Vrenuel et tout le pais de environ Roem et le Pont de
l’Arce. Et vinrent ensi tout ardant le pais, à destre et à senestre, et
devant euls jusques à Mantes et Meulent. Et passèrent assès priés
dou fort chastiel de Roleboise, mais point n’i assallirent. Et partout
sus la rivière de Sainne trouvoient il les pons deffais. Et tant
ceminèrent que il vinrent à Poissi, et trouvèrent le pont deffait; mais
encores estoient les estaces dou pont et les gistes en la rivière. Si
se aresta là li rois et toute li hoos, et i sejournèrent cinq jours. Et
entrues entendirent les Englois carpentiers, que il avoient amené en
lor compagnie, au pont refaire. Et couroient li fourageur tout le pais
environ, tant que, des feus que il faisoient ou plat pais, les fumières
en estoient veues de Paris.
Li rois Phelippes et li signeur de France, qui se amassoient à Paris
et venoient de tous costés, avoient grant mervelle de ce que les
Englois faisoient. Et disoient ensamble li auqun: «Mervelles est dou
voiage des Englois. Que pensent il à devenir, ne où quident il passer
la rivière de Sainne?» Disoient à aultre qui respondoient à ce
pourpos: «Il iront passer en Bourgongne, qui ne lor ira aultrement au
devant.»—«Que on conmence donc! respondoient li aultre; il n’est
point en lor poissance de faire ce voiage: il seront avant conbatu
quatre fois.» Or fu on moult esmervilliet à Paris, qant les nouvelles i
vinrent que les Englois avoient refait le pont à Poisi, et estoient tout
passé la rivière de Sainne. Donc fu conmune renonmée que les
Englois venroient devant Paris. Donc se departi li rois Phelippes à
toute sa cevalerie que il avoit très grande, et s’en vint à Saint Denis.
De quoi li bourgois de Paris furent tout esbahi, mais il leur fist dire et
semer paroles que il se departoit pour aler au devant des Englois et
euls combatre; et parmi tant, li peuples de Paris s’apaissa. Et li rois
d’Engleterre se tint à Poissi cinq jours, et fu là le jour de la Nostre
Dame mi aoust, et tint court solempnèle en l’abeie des Dames de
Poisi, et sist à table en draps vermauls d’escarlate, fourés d’ermine,
et en sourcot sans mances, et tint son estat roial de toutes coses,
aussi bien ou mieuls que il fust en Engleterre.
Qant li rois d’Engleterre ot esté à Poisi les Dames, cinq jours, et ils
et ses gens s’i furent rafresqi, il s’en departirent et cevauchièrent
oultre en aproçant Paris. Messires Godefrois de Harcourt, li contes
de Warvich, messires Renauls de Gobehem et messires Thomas de
Hollandes menoient l’avantgarde, et cevauçoient à tout cinq cens
lances et douze cens archiers, et ardoient et essilloient tout le pais
devant euls. Et avoient ars les Englois, estans euls à Poisi les
Dames, Saint Germain en Laie, la Montjoie, Saint Clo et Boulongne,
et courut jusques ens ès fourbours de Paris. Et pour ce avoient esté
li Parisien si esbahi, car adonc Paris n’estoit noient fremée fors de
kainnes, et furent adonc toutes levées et sierées, qant li rois fu partis
et venus à Saint Denis. Fos 114 et 115.
P. 147, l. 28: soissante.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14, 18 à 22: quarante.
Fº 138 vº.
P. 148, l. 7 et 8: l’un à l’un des lés et l’autre à l’autre lés.—Mss. A 1
à 6, 8, 11 à 22: l’un d’un costé et l’autre d’autre. Fº 139.—Mss. A 23
à 33: l’ung à dextre et l’aultre à senestre. Fº 159.
P. 148, l. 10 et 27: voir Sup. var. (n. d. t.)

P. 148, l. 12: Louviers.—Mss. A 23 à 33: Loviers.—Mss. A 20 à 22:

Louvres. Fº 201 vº.
P. 148, l. 30: de Dreus.—Mss. A 1, 3: d’Evreux.
P. 148, l. 31: Roem.—Mss. A 1 à 7: Rouen. Fº 139.—Mss. A 20 à
22: Rouan. Fº 202.
P. 148, l. 32: Vrenon.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 8 à 22: Vernon. Fº 139.—
Mss. A 7, 23 à 33: Gysors. Fº 133, en marge. Vernon a été effacé
dans le texte du ms. A 7.
P. 149, l. 2: Vrenuel.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 8 à 14, 18 à 22: Viennel.
Fº 139.—Mss. A 15 à 17: Vernonnel. Fº 140 vº.—Mss. A 7, 23 à 33:
Vernon. Fº 133.
P. 149, l. 4: Mantes.—Les mss. A 20 à 22 ajoutent: à chevas.
Fº 202.
P. 149, l. 5 et 6: Roleboise.—Mss. A 11 à 14: Roloboise. Fº 133 vº.
—Mss. A 20 à 22: Roseboise. Fº 202.—Mss. A 23 à 29: Roulleboise.
Fº 159.
P. 149, l. 10: estaches.—Mss. A 11 à 14, 18, 19, 30 à 33: ataches.
Fº 133 vº.—Mss. A 20 à 22: estançons. Fº 202.
 P. 149, l. 15: Boulongne.—Mss. A 7, 20 à 33: petite Bouloigne.
Fº 133.
P. 149, l. 16 et 25 et p. 150, l. 16: voir Sup. var. (n. d. t.)

§ 264. P. 150, l. 17: Ensi que.—Ms. d’Amiens: Ensi que li roys

englès chevauchoit et qu’il aloit, son host traynant, messires
Ghodeffroix de Harcourt, ses marescaux, qui chevauchoit d’un
costet et faisoit l’avangarde à tout cinq cens hommez d’armes et
douze cens archiers, encontra grant fuisson de bourgois d’Amiens à
cheval et à piet et en grant arroy et riche, qui s’en alloient au
mandement dou roy Phelippe, vers Paris. Si les courut sus messires
Godeffroys et se routte, et les assailli vighereusement; et chil se
deffendirent ossi assés vassaument, car il estoient grant fuison et de
bonne gent et friche et bien armet. Là eut grosse bataille et dure et
qui dura longement, et mainte belle rescousse, car chacuns se
prendoit priès de bien faire le besoingne. Finablement, li bourgois
d’Amiens furent là desconfit, tout mort et tout pris; peu en escappa.
Et perdirent tuit leur charoy, leur arroy et leurs pourveanches qui
estoient grandez et grossez; et en y eut bien mors sus le place
douze cens. Et retourna li dis messires Godeffroys deviers le roy
englès sur le soir, et li recorda sen aventure: dont li roys fu moult
liés, quant il vit que li besoingne estoit pour lui. Si cevauça li roys
avant et entra ens ou Biauvesis, ardant et essillant le plat pays, ensi
comme il avoit fait en Normendie. Et chevaucha tant en telle manière
que il s’en vint logier en une moult belle et riche abbeie que on
claimme Saint Missiien et siet assés priès de Biauvais. Si y jut là li
roys une nuit. L’endemain, si tost qu’il s’en fu partis, il ne s’en
dounna de garde, si vit le feu dedens et toutte ardoir, dont il fu moult
courouchiés, car il l’avoit asseuret et coummandet à ses marescaux
que on n’y fesist nul mal; et ceux qui le feu y boutèrent, il lez fist
pendre, affin que li aultre gardaissent une autre foix mieux son
commandement. Fº 91.
—Ms. de Rome: Or cevauchièrent les Englois et entrèrent ou pais
de Vexsin. Et ardirent chil de l’avant garde les fourbours de Pontoise
et de Biaumont sus Oise et Cormelles en Vexsin et Sas en Vexsin et
tout le pais sans nul deport, et prissent le cemin de Ghissors et de
Gournai. Et ardirent les Englois Gamaces et tous les fourbours de
Ghisors et de Gournai et tout le pais de Vexsin, et entrèrent en
Biauvoisin. Et trouvèrent chil de l’avant garde les bourgois d’Amiens
assés priès de Saint Just en Biauvesins, que li rois de France avoit
mandés, et aloient passer Oize la rivière au pont à Crai. Il furent
courut sus de ceuls de la bataille des marescaus et se deffendirent,
car il estoient bien quatre mille. Et les conduisoient li viscontes de
Qesnes, li sires de Biausaut, li sires de Sautcourt et mesires Pières
de Mellincourt, et furent en bon couvenant et se conbatirent assés
vaillanment; mais finablement, il furent desconfi, et en i ot biaucop
de mors et de pris. Li demorans tournèrent en fuites, et se boutèrent
en la Herielle et ens ès villes voisines fremées de là priès. Li quatre
chevalier demorèrent prisonnier, et plus de deus cens autres
honmes, qui tout paiièrent depuis raençon. Ce soir retournèrent chil
de l’avant garde deviers le roi d’Engleterre, là où il estoit logiés. A
l’endemain, toute li hoos passa assés priés de Biauvais, et furent li
fourbours ars, et une moult rice abbeie, qui est asisse assés priès de
Biauvais, que on nonme Saint Lusiien. Fº 115.
P. 150, l. 21 et 22: douze cens.—Mss. A 23 à 29: quatorze cens.
Fº 160.—Mss. A 30 à 33: treize cens. Fº 184 vº.
P. 150, l. 25: viers Paris.—Ms. B 6: et estoient bien trois mille.
Fº 308.
P. 151, l. 11: douze cens.—Ms B 6: quinze cens. Fº 308.
P. 151, l. 20: Saint Lusiien.—Mss. A 1 à 33: Saint Messien. Fº 140.
P. 151, l. 27: Car li rois.—Ms. B 6: car à la prière des moines et qui
avoient fait present de bons vins, il leur avoit acordé, et fist pendre
vingt de ceulx qui le feu y avoient bouté. Et donna encores as
moines vingt des plus riches prisonniers qu’il euist de la cité de
Bieauvais en restituant leur damaige: de quoy ces vingt paièrent l’un
pour l’autre chacun vingt escus à ceulx de Saint Mesien pour la
refescion de leur abbeie; et ne les vot onques le roy quitter de leur
foy aultrement jusques à tant qu’il eurent paiet. Fº 309.
 § 265. P. 152, l. 3: Apriès chou.—Ms. d’Amiens: Quant li roys se fu
partis de Saint Messiien, il s’en passa oultre par dallés le chité de
Biauvais et n’y vot point arester pour assaillir, ne à assegier, car il ne
volloit mies travillier ses gens, ni perdre sen artillerie, et s’en vint
logier ce jour en une ville que on claimme Milli en Biauvesis. Li doy
marescal de son ost passèrent si priès des fourbours de Biauvais
qu’il ne se peurent tenir que il n’alaissent assaillir et escarmuchier à
chiaux des barrièrez, et partirent leurs gens en trois bataillez et
assaillirent à trois portez. Et y eut mout grant assault, mès peu y
gaegnièrent, car à la dite chité ne peurent il riens fourfaire; mais il
ardirent tous les fourbours de Biauvais jusques as portez, et deux
bonnes abbeies qui seoient hors des murs de le cité, et à leur
departement, pluisseurs villages entours le chité. Et se deseverèrent
li doy marescal li ungs de l’autre. Si en allèrent li ungs chà, li autres
là, ardant, robant et essillant le pays de tous costéz; et allèrent tant
en telle mannierre qu’il vinrent au soir logier à Milli dallés le roy leur
seigneur.
L’endemain, li roys se parti de Milli et s’en alla parmy le pays,
gastant et essillant à son pooir, et vint logier à une bonne grosse ville
que on claimme Grantviller. L’endemain, il s’en parti et passa par
devant Argies; et ne trouvèrent nullui qui gardast le castiel. Si
l’ardirent et tout le pays d’environ jusquez à le ville de Pois, là où il
trouvèrent bonne ville et deux castiaux, mès nuls des seigneurs n’y
estoit, ne nullez gardez n’y avoit, fors deux belles damoiselles, filles
au seigneur de Pois, qui tantost ewissent estet viollées, se
n’ewissent esté doy chevalier d’Engleterre qui les deffendirent et les
menèrent au roy pour ellez garder: che furent messires Jehans
Camdos et li sires de Basset. Liquelx roys, pour honneur et
gentillèche, leur fist grant feste et les envoya conduire à sauveté là
où ellez veurent aller. Et se loga li roys le nuit en le ditte ville et ou
plus bel castel de Pois, et toutte son ost ens ès vilettes d’entour.
Celle nuit parlementèrent les bonnez gens de Pois as marescaux de
l’ost que li ville deut y estre rachatée parmy une somme de florins à
paiier au matin. Quant ce vint au matin, li roys se desloga et se mist
au chemin à tout son host, excepté aucuns qui demorèrent pour
recepvoir le racat.
 Quant chil de le ville furent assamblet et il virent que li hos s’estoit
partis et que cil qui demouret estoient, n’estoient que ung petit de
gens, il n’eurent talent de paiier, ainschois les coururent seure pour
ocire. Chil Englès se missent à deffensce et envoiièrent apriès l’ost
querre secours. Li messages s’en alla quanqu’il pot, criant: «Trahi!
trahi!» Quant chil de l’ost l’entendirent, il retournèrent qui mieux
mieux, tant qu’il vinrent à Pois, et tuèrent chiaux qu’il trouvèrent, qui
lasqueté et fraude leur avoient fait; et ardirent le ville et le castiel si
netement qu’il n’y demora maison. Puis s’en alla li hos, et ne cessa
si vint à Airainnes. Là endroit fist criier li roys sur le hart que nulx ne
fourfesist à le ville, car il y volloit reposer ung jour ou deux. Che fist il
pour tant qu’il volloit querre avis par quel pas il polroit le rivierre de
Somme passer plus aise. Fº 91.
—Ms. de Rome: Et s’en vinrent logier ce jour à Grantvillers, et
passèrent la rivière de Tierain, et puis vinrent à Dargies, ardant et
essillant tout le pais. Si ne trouvèrent chil de l’avant garde nului qui
deffendissent ne gardaissent le chastiel de Dargies. Si le prissent à
petit de fait et le desemparèrent, et le ardirent ce que ardoir en
porent; et puis passèrent oultre, ardant et exillant le pais à tous lés.
Et vinrent ensi jusques à Pois, là où il trouvèrent bonne ville et deus
chastiaus, mais nuls des signeurs n’i estoient, ne nulles gardes n’i
avoit, fors deus belles jones damoiselles, filles au signeur de Pois,
Jehane et Marie, qui tantos euissent esté violées, se ne fuissent doi
gentil cevalier d’Engleterre, asquels la congnisance vint de la prise,
mesire Jehan Candos et mesire Renault de Basset, qui tantos les
delivrèrent, pour la cause de gentilèce, des mains d’archiers qui les
avoient, et les amenèrent au roi: liquels rois en ot pité, et lor
demanda où elles vodroient estre, et elles respondirent: «A Corbie.»
Là les fist li rois mener et conduire sans peril. Et se loga li rois celle
nuit en la ditte ville de Pois et toutes ses gens, là ou environ, au
mieuls qu’il peurent. Et orent celle nuit parlement li honme de Pois et
ceuls des deus chastiaus, à mesire Godefroi de Harcourt et au conte
de Warvich qui gouvrenoient l’avantgarde, pour euls sauver de non
estre ars à l’endemain, car il doubtoient ce grandement au
deslogement dou roi. Et se porta trettiés que, parmi une sonme de
florins que il paieroient à l’endemain et trop bon marchiet, il seroient
respité.
A l’endemain, li rois et toute li hoos se deslogièrent et se missent
au cemin; et demorèrent derrière auquns hommes d’armes et
archiers, pour recevoir cel argent. Mais qant li hoos fu eslongie
environ une lieue, ces honmes de Pois ne vorent point paier, ne
nulle paction tenir; mais coururent sus ceuls qui demoret estoient, et
en ocirent et mehagnièrent auquns. Les nouvelles vinrent à ceuls de
l’arieregarde, qui cevauçoient tout derrière, conment li bonhonme de
Pois estoient faussaire. On le segnefia au roi, pour sçavoir quel cose
il en voloit faire. Li rois fist arester toute l’oost et là logier pour ce
jour, et envoia ses marescaux de rechief à Pois. Qant les Englois
furent retourné jusques à là, il trouvèrent ces bonhonmes qui
estoient rebelles, qui tantos furent en voies, qant il veirent ces
Englois venus; mais il en i ot des atrapés biaucop, qui furent mors et
mehagniet. Et fu la ville de Pois toute arse, et li doi chastiel ars et
abatu; et puis retournèrent li marescal, là où li rois d’Engleterre estoit
logiés.
Qant ce vint à l’endemain, li rois et toute li hoos se deslogièrent et
cevauchièrent viers Arainnes, ardant et essillant le pais à destre et à
senestre. Et vinrent à Arainnes environ tierce, et là s’arestèrent, car
il ne savoient là, ne où, ne qant, il passeroient la rivière de Sonme.
Fº 115.
P. 152, l. 17: voir Sup. var. (n. d. t.)

P. 152, l. 26: Grantviller.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 29: Grantvillier.

Fº 140.
 P. 152, l. 28: Argies.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14, 18, 19: Orgies.
Fº 140.—Le ms. B 6 ajoute: qui estoit au conte de Blois. Fº 309.
P. 153, l. 19: se rançonnèrent.—Ms. B 6: à paier douse cens
florins dedens trois jours. Fº 310.

§ 266. P. 154, l. 21: Or voel je.—Ms. d’Amiens: Or voeil retourner

au roy Phelippe de France, qui estoit à Saint Denis ou là environ, et
tousjours li venoient et croissoient gens de tous costéz, et tant en
avoit que sans nombre. Si estoit li dis roys partis de Saint Denis o
grant baronnie en instance de che que de trouver le roi englès et de
combattre à lui, car de ce avoit il grant desir, pour contrevengier
l’arssin de son royaumme et le destruction que li Englès y avoient
fait. Et chevauça tant li roys de France par ses journées qu’il vint à
Coppegni le Quisiet, à troix lieuwes priès d’Amiens, et là s’aresta
pour atendre ses gens qui venoient de touttez pars, et pour aprendre
le couvenant des Englès.
Or dirons dou roy Edouwart qui estoit à Arainnes arestéz, si
comme vous avés oy, et avoit mout bien entendu que li roys de
Franche le sieuwoit o tout son effort; et si ne savoit encorrez là où il
poroit passer le rivierre de Somme, qui est grande, large et
parfonde; et si estoient tout li pont deffait ou si bien gardet de
bonnes gens d’armes que le rivierre ne porroit passer. Si appella li
roys ses deux marescaux, le comte de Warvich et monseigneur
Godeffroit de Halcourt, et leur dist que il presissent mille hommez
d’armes et deux mille archiers tous bien montés, et s’en alaissent
tastant et regardant seloncq le rivière de Somme, se il poroient
trouver passaige là où il poroit passer et toutte sen host. Si se
partirent li doy marescal dessus noummet, bien acompaigniet de
gens d’armes et d’archiers, et passèrent parmy Loingpret et vinrent
au Pont à Remy, et le trouvèrent bien garny de grant fuisson de
chevaliers et d’escuiers et des gens dou pays, qui là estoient
assamblet pour le pont et le passaige deffendre et garder. Si vinrent
là li Englès, et se missent à piet et en bon couvenant pour lez
Franchois assaillir. Et y eut très grant assault et très fort, et qui dura
dou matin jusques à primme, mès li pons et la deffensce estoient si
bien batillie et deffendue, que oncques li Englès n’i peurent riens
concquerre; ainschois s’en partirent et chevauchièrent d’autre part.
Et vinrent à une grosse ville que on claimme Fontainne sur Somme;
si l’ardirent toutte et robèrent, car elle n’estoit point fremmée. Et puis
vinrent à une autre ville que on claimme Loncq en Pontieu sur
Somme; si ne peurent gaegnier le pont, car il estoit bien garnis et fu
bien deffendus. Apriès, il s’en chevauchièrent deviers une autre
grosse ville que on claimme Loncqpret sur Somme. Et y a bonnes
chanonneries et riche ville et moult de biaux hostelx, qui tout furent
ars et robés, et n’y demoura maison en estant; mès li pons estoit
deffais, et ne peurent veoir mannierre ne tour coumment il fuist
refèz. Si chevaucièrent encorres deviers Pikegny, et trouvèrent le
ville et le castiel et le pont bien garny, par quoy jammais ne
l’ewissent gaegniet ne pris. Enssi avoit li roy Phelippes fait pourveir
les destroix et les passaiges sus le rivierre de Somme, affin que li
roys englès ne son host ne pewissent passer, car il les volloit
combattre à se vollenté ou afammer par delà le Somme. Fº 91 vº.
—Ms. de Rome: Bien lor avoit dit messires Godefrois de Harcourt
que desous Abbeville devoit avoir un passage, mais que on seuist
ou peuist prendre la mer à point. On li demanda quels li pasages
estoit, et se point il l’avoit passet. Il respondi: «Onques ne le passai.
Je ne le sçai fors par oïr dire. Et toutes fois, entre Amiens et
Abbeville, il i a pluisseurs passages sus la rivière de Sonme. On
deveroit envoiier taster se li pont sont deffait ou bien gardé.»
Li rois i envoia; et en furent esleu et ordonné pour aler, li contes de
Warvich et messires Godefrois de Harcourt, à tout mille honmes
d’armes et deus mille archiers, tous bien montés. Si se departirent
de Arraines et cevauchièrent parmi Lonchpret, et vinrent au Pont à
Remi, et le trouvèrent bien garni et pourveu de grant fuisson de
chevaliers et d’esquiers et des honmes dou pais qui là estoient
assamblé. Et en estoient chapitainne li sires de Doumarc, li sires de
Havesqerqe, li sires de Brimeu, li sires de Boubert et li sires de
Saintpi, et avoient mallement fortefiiet le pont, et euls aussi. Qant les
Englois veirent ce, il passèrent oultre et vinrent à Fontainnes sus
Somme, une grose ville, et l’ardirent toute, car elle n’estoit point
fremée. Et puis vinrent à Lonch en Pontieu, et trouvèrent le pont bien
garni et pourveu de gens d’armes et d’archiers; et estoit cose
imposible de euls conquerre et là passer. Fos 115 vº et 116.
P. 154, l. 23: de tous lés.—Ms. B 6: tant de l’Empire que des
parties de Franche; et sy atendoit le conte de Savoie et mesire Lois
de Savoie son frère qui estoit priès et mandés à mille lanches.
Fº 311.
P. 155, l. 3: Copegni l’Esquissiet.—Mss. A 1 à 6: Compegny
l’Esquissié. Fº 241.—Mss. A 15 à 17: Copigny l’Esquiessié. Fº 142.
—Mss. A 20 à 22: Copegni l’Escuissé. Fº 204.—Mss. A 23 à 29:
Coppigny l’Esquisié. Fº 161.—Mss. A 7 à 14, 18, 19, 30 à 33:
Coppegni l’Esquissié. Fº 134 vº.—Ms. B 6: Coppegny. Fº 311.
P. 155, l. 23: Pont à Remi.—Ms. A 7: Pont Atemi. Fº 135.—Mss. A
30 à 33: Pont Athemy. Fº 186 vº.
P. 156, l. 3: sus Somme.—Ms. A 7: sus Sainne. Fº 135.
P. 156, l. 5: Lonch.—Mss. A 20 à 22: Loing. Fº 204 vº.—Mss. A. 30
à 33: Long. Fº 186 vº.
P. 156, l. 24: voir Sup. var. (n. d. t.)

§ 267. P. 156, l. 16: Quant li doi.—Ms. d’Amiens: Quant li marescal

d’Engleterre eurent enssi un jour enthier tastet et chevauchiet et
costiiet le rivierre de Somme, et il virent que de nul léz il ne
trouveroient point de passage, si retournèrent arrière à Arainnes
deviers le roy leur seigneur, et li recordèrent leur cevaucie et tout ce
que trouvet avoient.
Che meysme soir, vint li roys de Franche jesir à Amiens à plus de
cent mil hommes, et estoit tous li pays d’environ tous couviers de
gens d’armes.
Quant li roys englès eut entendu ses deux marescaux, si n’en fu
mies plus liés et coummencha moult à muser; et coummanda que,
l’endemain au matin, il fuissent tout appareilliet, car il se volloit
deslogier de là. Si se passèrent le nuit enssi, et l’endemain bien
matin, li roys englès oy messe; puis sonnèrent les trompettes, et
montèrent tout à cheval. Et chevaucha li roys parmy le Vismeu, à
tout son host, droit par deviers Oizemont et le bonne ville de
Abbeville en Pontieu, et si coureur devant, et de tous costés ardans
et essillans le pays, si comme il avoit coummenchiet.
Che meysme jour coummanda li roys de Franche à monseigneur
Godemar dou Fay, que il partesist d’Ammiens et presist grant
fuisson de gens d’armes, et s’en allast à le Blancque Take desoubz
Abbeville et gardast là le passaige contre lez Englès, par quoi il ne
pewissent passer. Adonc se departi messires Ghodemar dou Fay et
prist bien deux mil hommez d’armes et cinq mil de piet parmy les
Geneuois, et s’en vint là où il estoit ordounnés et establis pour aller.
Fº 92.
—Ms. de Rome: Qant il (les Anglais) veirent que tout li pasage
estoient si bien pourveu et deffendu, il retournèrent viers le roi et
toute l’oost, qui les atendoient à Arrainnes, et li recordèrent ce que il
avoient trouvé.
Bien avoient entendu li roy d’Engleterre et ses consauls, que li rois
Phelippes, à toute sa poissance, le poursievoit moult fort et estoit jà
venus à Amiens, et que sur ce il euissent avis et consel. Si fu li dis
rois d’Engleterre consilliés de departir d’Arraines et de aprocier
Abbeville et le pasage de la Blance Taqe, où il esperoient à passer,
car trop mieuls lor valoit que il atendesissent apriès le passage, que
li passages atendesist apriès euls. Si se departirent au matin de la
ville d’Arraines et chevauchièrent viers Abeville, ardans et essillans
le pais. Et coururent chil de l’avantgarde jusques à Aumale, et fu la
ville arse; et puis s’en retournèrent viers Oizemont, où li rois
d’Engleterre et les Englois, pour ce jour, avoient pris lor logeis. Et
trouvèrent sus lor cemin une grose ville non fremée qui s’apelle
Sénartpont et se gouverne toute de la draperie: si fu de l’avant garde
toute courue et arse; et puis passèrent oultre et vinrent à Oizemont.
Là trouvèrent il le roi et toute l’oost; si se logièrent pour ce jour.
Fº 116.
 P. 156, l. 27 et 28: à muser et à merancolier.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 8 à
14, 18, 19: à avisier et soy merencolier. Fº 141 vº.
P. 158, l. 1: le Blanke Take.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 8 à 14, 18 à 22:
Blanche Tache. Fº 141 vº.—Mss. A 7, 15 à 17, 23 à 33: la Blanche
Take ou Tacque ou Taque. Fº 135 vº.—Ms. B 6: entre Saint Vallery et
le Crotoy desoubz Abeville. Fº 313.
P. 158, l. 15: combatans à tournikiaus.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 8 à 10:
tourniquiens, turniquiens. Fº 142.—Mss. A 15 à 17, 20 à 22:
Tournoisiens, Tournisiens. Fº 142 vº.

§ 268. P. 158, l. 16: Apriès ceste ordonance.—Ms. d’Amiens:

Encorrez coummanda li roys de Franche que tout seigneur et aultre
fuissent prest, car il volloit chevaucier deviers Arainnes, là où on
disoit que li roys englès estoit. Et se parti d’Ammiens et passa le
Somme parmy les pons, et chevaucha vers Arainnes et y vint à
heure de nonne. Et li rois englès s’en estoit partis au matin; et
encorres trouvèrent li dit Franchois assés des pourveanches as
Englès. Si se loga li roys de Franche à Arainnes à l’heure qu’il y vint
et le soir ossi, et l’endemain tout le jour, pour attendre ses gens et
son grant host qui le sieuwoient.
Li roys englès, qui chevauchoit parmy le Vismeu, ardant et
essillant le pays, fist tant que il parvint à Maroel. Et ardirent ses gens
le ville, et assaillirent le castiel, et le concquissent d’assault et le
abatirent et rompirent, et ossi une abbeie qu’il trouvèrent bien garnie
en le ville de Maroel. Et puis chevaucièrent devers Oisemont, ardant
et essillant le pays, tant que les flameskes en volloient en Abbeville.
Tant allèrent li Englès en celle mannierre qu’il aprochièrent le ville de
Oisemont, là où tout le pays de Vismeu estoit assambléz. Quant ces
gens, qui estoient en Oisemont, virent aprochier cez Englès, il se
traissent hors as camps, et se quidièrent bien deffendre encontre
yaux; si les coururent seure asprement et vistement. Et avoient pour
cappittainne un bon chevalier banereth, le seigneur de Bouberk,
hardi homme durement. Là y eut grant hustin et dur. Et eurent li
Englès une mout fort rencontre, et en y eult pluisseurs navrés et