9.

1 CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

Biology teacher: Binderiya. R

Circulatory system
The main transport system of all
mammals, including humans, is the
blood system. It is also known as
the circulatory system. It is a
network of tubes, called blood
vessels. A pump, the heart, keeps
blood flowing through the vessels.
Valves in the heart and blood
vessels make sure the blood flows
in the correct direction.
 Heart
It is just under your ribs, slightly to
left of centre of your body. It is
made of very strong muscle. The
muscle in the heart contracts and
relaxes over and over again, all
through your life.
1. Heart (pump), blood (transport
medium), blood vessels (tubes).
2. Transport, defence against disease,
maintenance of body temperature.
3. The blood passes through the heart
twice for each circulation.
One circuit links the heart and lungs while
the other circuit links the heart with the
rest of the body.
 Oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood
The blood in the left-hand
side of the heart has come
from the lungs. It contains
oxygen, which was picked
up in the capillaries
surrounding the alveoli.
It is called oxygenated
blood.
This oxygenated blood is
then sent around the body.
Some of the oxygen is
taken up by the body cells,
which need oxygen for
respiration. When this
happens, the blood becomes
deoxygenated.
Figure 9.2: The general layout of the circulatory system of a
human, as seen from the front.
Use the animations to
compare the circulatory
systems of fish and
mammals.

What are the:

Differences?
Similarities?
What advantages does the
mammalian circulatory
system offer?
Fish Circulatory System
Human Circulatory System
 Double circulatory system
- one circuit links the heart
and lungs
- one circuit links the heart
to the rest of the body

Which circuit is under high

pressure?
Which is under low pressure?
How did you decide?
 Single circulatory system

Fish have a circulatory

system in which the blood
passes through the heart
only once on a complete
circuit. This is called a
single circulatory system.

Figure 9.3: The single

circulatory system of a fish.
 Questions
1. Look at Figure 9.2. Which side of the
heart contains oxygenated blood, and
which contains deoxygenated blood?
2. Explain how, and where, blood
becomes deoxygenated.
3. Explain why a double circulatory
system can provide respiring cells with
oxygen more quickly than a single
circulatory system.
9.2 HEART
Learning objectives
 learn about the structure and
function of the heart
 think about factors that
increase the risk of developing
heart disease
 investigate how exercise
affects heart rate
 Starter - Watch this!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zU90AkcTJEs
 Aorta
Vena cava

Pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
veins Semilunar
valves
Atrium
Septum

Atrioventricular
valve Ventricles

RIGHT LEFT
 HOW MUCH CAN YOU REMEMBER?

Draw a heart and

label as much as you
can!
(5 minutes)
Figure 9.4: A vertical section through a human heart, seen from the front.
Heart
The heart is divided into four
spaces, called chambers.
The two upper chambers are called
atria (singular: atrium).
The two lower chambers are
ventricles.
The chambers on the left-hand side
are completely separated from the
ones on the right-hand side by a
septum.
 Heart
 Both of the atria receive blood.
 The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins, which come
from the lungs.
 The right atrium receives blood from the rest of the body, arriving through
the big veins called the venae cavae (singular: vena cava).
 From the atria, the blood flows into the ventricles. The muscles in the walls
of the ventricles contract. This pumps the blood out of the heart. The muscle
contracts strongly, producing a large force that squeezes inwards on the
blood inside the heart and pushes it out.
 The blood in the left ventricle is pumped into the aorta.
 This is a big artery that takes the blood around the body. The right ventricle
pumps blood into the pulmonary artery, which takes it to the lungs.
 Key words
atria (singular: atrium): the thin-walled chambers at the top of
the heart, which receive blood
ventricles: the thick-walled chambers at the base of the heart,
which pump out blood
septum: the structure that separates the left and right sides of the
heart, keeping oxygenated blood separate from deoxygenated blood
pulmonary veins: the veins that carry oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the left atrium of the heart
venae cavae (singular: vena cava): the large veins that bring
deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
 Key words
aorta: the largest artery in the body, which receives oxygenated
blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to the body organs
pulmonary artery: the artery that carries deoxygenated blood
from the right ventricle to the lungs
atrioventricular valve: a valve between an atrium and a ventricle
in the heart, which allows blood to flow from the atrium to the
ventricle but not in the opposite direction
semilunar valves: valves close to the entrances to the aorta and
pulmonary artery, which prevent backflow of blood from the
arteries to the ventricles
Valves
Valves
The valve on the left-hand side of
the heart is made of two parts and
is called the bicuspid valve or
the mitral valve.

The valve on the right- hand side

has three parts and is called the
tricuspid valve.
Atrioventricular valves
The valves between the atria
and the ventricles are called
atrioventricular valves. They
allow blood to flow from the
atria into the ventricles but
prevent it from going in the
opposite direction.
Semilunar valves
The valves in the entrances to
the aorta and the pulmonary
artery are called semilunar
valves. These valves allow
blood to flow from the
ventricles into the arteries, but
stop it going the other way.
Differences in muscle wall thickness
1. The ventricles have much thicker,
more muscular walls than the atria.
2. There is also a difference in the
thickness of the walls of the right and
left ventricles. The right ventricle
pumps blood to the lungs, which are
very close to the heart. The left
ventricle, however, pumps blood to
the rest of the body.
Questions
4. Look at Figure 9.2 and Figure 9.4. List, in
order, the parts of the heart that blood flows
through on one complete journey around the
circulatory system.
5. Which parts of the heart contain oxygenated
blood?
6. Do arteries carry blood towards or away from
the heart?
7. Do veins carry blood towards or away from the
heart?
8. Describe how blood is pushed out of the heart.
 Questions
9. Which structure keeps oxygenated blood and
deoxygenated blood separate from one another
in the heart? Suggest why it is important for
them to be kept separate.
10. If you have a diagram of a vertical section
of the heart in your notebook, add labels to it to
show which of the one-way valves are
atrioventricular valves, and which are semilunar
valves.
11. Explain, in your own words, why the walls
of the atria are thinner than the walls of the
ventricles.
 Coronary arteries

You can see that there are

blood vessels on the outside
of the heart. They are called
the coronary arteries.
These vessels supply blood to
the heart muscles.
Figure 9.5: External appearance
of a human heart.
Blockage of the coronary arteries is called
coronary heart disease, or CHD for short.

Figure 9.6: How coronary heart disease is caused.

Heart Structure
Preventing CHD

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8HjmEERv1k
Preventing CHD

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvU3w_tUIrs&t=25s
 Heartbeat

3 pictures 1 word
 The pulse is caused by the
pressure of the blood
against the blood vessels

The “heart beat” heard

through a stethoscope is the
sound of valves closing

An electrocardiogram (ECG)
records the electrical impulses
travelling through the heart
 Figure 9.9: A normal ECG. You can think of it as a
graph. with time on the x-axis and electrical
activity on the y-axis. The points labelled P, Q, R, S
Figure 9.8: The electrodes fixed to the man's and T represent different stages in one heartbeat.
body will record the activity of his heart.
 Key words
coronary arteries: vessels that deliver oxygenated blood to the
heart muscle
coronary heart disease (CHD): disease caused by blockage of the
coronary arteries
pulse rate: the number of times an artery expands and recoils in
one minute; it is a measure of heart rate
ECG: a graph showing the electrical activity of the heart plotted
against time
 Тал саран
хавхлага

Гол судас /Аорт Уушгины артер

Зүүн тосгуур
Баруун тосгуур
Хоёр хавтаст
Гурван хавтаст
хавхлага
хавхлага
Баруун ховдол Зүүн ховдол
 Please watch video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWFyxn0qDEU
 How the heart works
• The heart beats as the muscles in its walls
contract and relax.
• When they contract, the heart becomes
smaller, squeezing blood out.
• When they relax, the heart becomes larger,
allowing blood to flow into the atria and
ventricles.
 As the walls of the atria contract, they increase the
pressure of the blood in the atria. This pushes down on the
atrioventricular valves, swinging them open like doors and
allowing blood to flow through, down into the ventricles.

When the ventricles contract, the valves are pushed closed

again by the pressure of the blood in the ventricles. The
tendons attached to them stop them from swinging up too far
- they have to stop in the 'closed' position.
What happens during one heart beat
Figure 9.10: How the heart beats.
 Questions
12. Describe where you would find coronary arteries and explain their
function.
13. Explain why coronary arteries can sometimes become blocked.
14. List three different ways you can measure your heart rate.
15. Look at the ECG in Figure 9.9.
a. Use the scale to find the mean time between two Q spikes.
b. Use your answer to a to calculate the person's heart rate in beats per
minute.
16. Explain how the septum and the bicuspid valve help to ensure that
fully oxygenated blood leaves the heart in the aorta at high pressure.
Homework