Computer System

Table of Contents
chapter_1 2
chapter_1_extra1 66
chapter_1_extra2 73
chapter_21_input_devices 81
chapter_22_direct_input_devices 102
1 Untitled 103
2 Untitled 104
3 Untitled 105
4 Untitled 106
chapter_23_output_devices 116
chapter_31_storage_devices 133
Chapter 1: Types and components
of a computer system
Cambridge IGCSE ICT
Dr. Zarli Htun
1
September-2021
© 2021 IGCSE ICT Notes by ZL
Chapter 1 - Sections
• 1.1 Hardware and software

• 1.2 Main components of a computer system
• 1.3 Operating systems
• 1.4 Types of computer
• 1.5 Impact of emerging technologies

1.1 Hardware and Software
Hardware
 Computer systems are commonplace in our daily life.
 Computers are electronic devices that receives, processes and stores data(input) and produces a result(output).
 A computer is made up of both hardware and software.
data info:
text, video /audio
Work of a computer secondary storge hdd, ssd
Input, process, storage, and output 3

Hardware
 Hardware is the physical components of a computer system that you can touch.
• e.g., keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, casing, power supply
 Types of Hardware
• Internal - the motherboard, random access memory(RAM), read-only memory(ROM), video cards, sound cards, etc.
• External - keyboard, mouse, monitor

Hardware - Internal
Motherboard
 The motherboard is the backbone of the computer.
 It is a printed circuit board (PCB) that contains buses, or electrical pathways, that interconnect the components.
 Major components on a motherboard include:

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Random Access Memory (RAM) upgrade RAM, add new HDD or SSD
• Expansion slots startup program

• Chipset ROM
• Basic input/output system (BIOS) chip and Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) chip
• SATA connectors
• Internal USB connector

Motherboard components
Buses on Motherboard

Hardware - Internal
 Sound card: A sound card is a device that attaches to the motherboard to enable the computer to input, process,
and deliver sound.
 Network Card: A network card provides the computer with a network (internet connection) either through wireless
signals or a physical cable connection.
 Graphic card: A graphics card is a device that attaches to the motherboard to enable the computer to process and
display graphics.
 Internal Hard disk (HDD) : A hard disk drive is used to store information like software and files. The capacity of hard
drive ranges from GB to Tera Bytes.
 Optical Disk Drive: The optical disk drive (CD/DVD/Blu-Ray) allows for optical disks to run on the computer. Some
optical disk drives are able to write “burn” data onto discs.
 Power Supply: The power supply gives power to computer system. Power supply connects to all the main
components of the computer system including the motherboard, hard drive, optical drives, etc.

Hardware - Internal
Power Supply Unit(PSU)

Hardware - External
????

Software
 Software are programs that control the computer system or processing electronic data.
 Software consists of sets of instructions that tell the computer hardware what to do.
 Software is written in computer programming language.
Types of software
• Application software
• System software
10

Software – Application software
 Application software are programs that allow users to do specific tasks. This may be to:
• Write a letter/Present information
• Browse the internet
• Manipulate data in a spreadsheet or database
• Manipulate graphics, sound or video.
Examples of application software

• Word processor
• Spreadsheets
• Database
• Control and measuring software
• Apps (Applications)
• Photo editing software
• Video editing software
• Graphics manipulation software
11

 Application software examples
Word processing Spreadsheet Database
Used to prepare reports, Use to create to organise and Database is used to insert and
school essays etc. manipulate numeric data. organise data using fields and
records.
• Create New or edit existing text • Use of various formulas to carry out set
documents. tasks:
• Create a table so that records can be
• Formatting tools • Sum, Max, Min, Average
inserted.
• Create font styles • Count, CountA
• Run queries using search criteria to
• Importing tables/images • CountIf & SumIF
find specific data.
• Spell Check • Lookups
• Create reports including labels from
• Copy/Paste • IF and Nested Ifs
the search criteria.
• Find/Replace • Apply various formatting to cells/
• Page layout • Create graphs (Ba/Pie charts)
12

 Application software examples
Photo Editing Graphics Manipulation Video Editing

Used to edit digital images to Used to create and edit bitmap and vector Used to edit and format video using
either touch up or to apply various graphics. various tools and techniques.
formatting techniques.
• Contrast/Brightness • Pixels in bitmap images can be changed • Split and Trim videos
• Use of layers to produce a different image. • Create split screens
• Filter tools • Vector images use: • Rearranging order of clips.
• Lighting effects • Lines • Transitions between clips (Fade)
• Liquify (change features of a • Curves • Inserting Audio
face) • Text • Applying filters and using video
• Brush tools enhancement techniques
• Clone/Stamp tool
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Software – Application software Commercial - Microsoft
Office, Windows OS,
 Application software examples Freeware - Linux OS, Libre
Office, OpenOffice
Apps (Phone Applications) Measuring and Control Software
Apps are the software which runs on mobile phones. Measuring and control software which are responsible
They usually come with the phone or can be downloaded and for changing physical conditions in an environment.
updated.
• Games (Angry Birds) Measuring

• Video/Music Streaming (YouTube) • Sensors take readings which are processed by the
• Social Media (Facebook, Twitter, computer or microprocessor.
Instagram)
• Communication (Whats App, Viber) Control Software
• Camera (Editing images) • By comparing sensor readings to a pre-set level the
• GPS (Satellite navigation) control software will decide on an output (For example
• Health/ Fitness to increase or decrease the heat in a green house.
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Software – System software
 System software are programs that allow the hardware to run properly and allow the user to communicate with the
computer
 System software are normally involved in the running of the computer:
• Operating systems to provide a user interface
• Device drivers which allow hardware components to work.
• Utility software which maintain the computer performance.
 Compilers, linkers, Device Driver, Operating systems, Utilities programs are defined as system software.
15

Software – System software
• System software examples
Operating Systems Manages computers functions including hardware devices

(input/output). Also provides users with a GUI interface
Device Drivers Allows hardware devices to run on the computer including printers,
sound, graphics and network cards.
Linkers Combines object files produced by a complier into a single program.

Compiler Translates a program written In a specific language which can be
understood by the
computer.
Utilities Help to manage and maintain computer

resources and performance by running specific tasks.
carry out configuration and maintanance task
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1.2 Main components of a computer system
 Input devices: keyboard, mouse

 Output devices: monitor, printer
 Secondary/Backing storage devices: DVD R/W drive, removable hard drive
 Processor and internal memory devices
• central processing unit (CPU)
• internal hard disk
• random access memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM)
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CPU
 Central processing unit (CPU) is the ‘brain’ of the computer.

 It is responsible for interpreting and executing commands.
 The CPU is a small microchip/single integrated circuit that resides within a CPU package.
 CPUs usually plug into a large socket on the main circuit board (the motherboard) of a computer. They get very hot
when they are operating so usually have a large fan attached to their top to keep them cool.
 The speed of the CPU is measured in Gigahertz(GHz). MHz - Hertz - GHz
clocks cycles per second
 A 1 GHz CPU can carry out 1 billion instructions per second!
 Intel and AMD are the most popular CPU brands.
 Modern CPUs are called microprocessors which is a single integrated circuit which is found in many household
devices and equipment.
embedded computers
 A CPU has three parts:
• a control unit,
• an arithmetic logic unit(ALU) and
• the immediate access store(RAM).
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CPU
A CPU Socket
A CPU Socket on Motherboard
Popular CPUs
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Internal Storage – Primary/Main Memory
 Primary/Main Memory
• RAM
• ROM
• Secondary Memory
• HDD
• CD/DVD
• Flash Drive
• Pen Drive
• Cache memory
20

 RAM
 RAM stands for Random Access Memory.
 RAM is volatile which means that when the computer is turned off all data is lost.
 RAM works closely with CPU and stores data being used by the CPU while running applications.
 RAM, like the CPU, also plugs in to sockets on the motherboard.
 When a computer is running, its RAM will contain
• The operating system software
• The application software currently being used
• Any data that is being processed
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 ROM
 ROM stands for Read Only memory.
 ROM is a built in memory that cannot be changed once written.
 ROM is non-volatile memory which means that memory is not lost when computer is turned off.
 Programs that might be stored on ROM include:
• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) which carries out a hardware check when the computer is turned on then loads the operating
system into the RAM.
• Program cycles in a washing machine.
22

Internal Storage
 Cache is the fastest type of Memory.
 It is located between the processor and the RAM.
 Cache collects data from the RAM.
 Holds onto commonly used data.
 The Cache will automatically transfer the next set of data from the RAM in to the Cache so that it can be processed
by the CPU.

 Cache memory helps CPU for faster access
23

Internal Storage
 Internal hard disk drive (HDD) or solid state drive (SSD) is the computer’s main internal storage.
 Application software, disk operating system and files are stored in it.
 Main advantage of these storage is
• fast data transfer/access times
• large capacity to store data
Internal Hard disks
Inside of HDD 24

Secondary/Backing Storage RAM vs Backing storage
 Backing storage is also known as secondary storage.

 Backing storage is non-volatile which means that data is not lost when computer is turned off.
 Backing storage is also known as secondary storage.
 Backing storage is non-volatile which means that data is not lost when computer is turned off.
 Backing storage is used to store data for a long time. (data can be read from and written to)
 Users tend to make copies of original files on backing storage.
 Backing storage incudes the internal hard disk, portable/removable hard disk, optical disks, pen drives, etc.
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1.3 Operating systems
Operating systems and their role
 An operating system is a special piece of software that manages the general operation of a computer system.
 Operating systems enable computer systems to function and to allow users to communicate with computer systems.
 Without an operating system, a computer is of little use.
Different types of OS
26

Operating systems and their role
GUI, CLI, Voice Interface,
Operating System Function etc.
 It acts as an interface between the user and the computer.

Running application/Process
 It manages applications that are running on the computer. management allocates running applications to RAM as
File management
 It manages files and file operations such as creating, saving, finding files, etc. necessary and removed when finished.
 It manages the computer’s memory, deciding what should be loaded into memory and what should be removed.
user account control (username, password,
 It looks after computer security, preventing unauthorised access to the system.
biometric authentication,etc)
 It manages the computer’s input and output hardware such as printers, etc. Access control (Firewall, Antivirus and
malware protection)
resource management eg., print spooling
resources in computer During large print jobs, the computer will have the pages read for the printer faster
than the printer can produce them.
The operating system keeps each page in a queue ready for printing. This process is
called print spooling.
27

User Interface
 The system that people use to interact with a computer (to give it commands, to see the results of those commands,
etc.) is known as the user interface.
• Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Command-Line Interface (CLI)
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
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Command Line Interface(CLI)
 User have to type text-based instructions or commands in order to perform specific tasks.
List contents in a directory
 Exercise: Try to listen to music in https://cmd.to/fm by using text command.

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Command Line Interface(CLI)
 User have to type text-based instructions or commands in order to perform specific tasks.
 User can give direct commands to the computer.
 It uses less memory(RAM) than other types of interface.
 e.g. To copy a text file called NOTES from a USB device to the hard drive the user would have to type:
 > COPY E:\NOTES.TXT C:\
 The user would have to learn a whole set of strange commands so that they could make use of the computer
system.
 Plus it was not very interesting look at – no visual clues to tell you what to do next.
 This meant computers used to be quite difficult to use, so this type of interface is only really suitable for expert users.
 But Command-line interfaces are still used today on many servers.
 These computers need to use all of their computing power running networks, etc. so they do not use GUIs.
 CLI is only suitable for expert users.
30

Graphical User Interface(GUI)
 Main features of GUI
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Graphical User Interface(GUI)
 A GUI is an interface built around visual (graphical) things and easy to use. e.g., Windows 7/8/10, MacOS are
popular OSes that provide GUI.
 A GUI is sometimes called a WIMP interface: Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer because it is built with:
• Windows are regions of the screen used to display information.
• Icons are small pictures that are used to represent folders, software, etc.
• Menus are lists of options the user can select from.
• A pointer is an arrow that can be moved around the screen and is used to select things.
 A windows manager looks after the interaction between windows, the applications and the windowing system.
 To display all of the nice graphics takes a lot of computing power so quite a powerful computer is needed.
 Today Touch screen phones use post-WIMP interaction, where fingers are in contact with the screen allowing actions
such as rotating.
Usage
 GUI is widely used by the end-user who doesn’t have great knowledge of how a computer works.
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Difference between CLI and GUI
Advantages Disadvantages
CLI • The user has more freedom to use specific command in • User needs to learn commands
interacting with the computer.
• commands must be byped in without errors.
• More control to computer system
• No visual aids.
• Can give direct command to computer system
GUI • The user does not need to learn any commands. • Takes up more memory than a CLI interface.
• The interface is easier to use. • Requires an operating system to operate.
• Can use a pointing device to clicks and select icons or • Require more computing power than CLI.
menu options.
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1.4 Types of computers
PC/desktop computers
Compact PC Mini Desktop

Tower-type PC
All-in-one PC
https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-mini-desktop-pcs/
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PC/desktop computers
 Refers to general purpose computers office/company/bussiness, education,entertaining,
 Made up of separate monitor, keyboard, mouse and processing unit
Advantages of desktop computers compared to laptop computers:

 Spare parts are cheaper.
 Have a better specification for a given price. faster CPU, etc
 Power consumption is not critical since they plug straight into a wall socket and the larger casings allow a better
dissipation of heat.
 Being fixed in one location, there is less likelihood of them being damaged.
 Internet access is more stable since they are not moved around.
Disadvantages of desktop computers compared to laptop computers:
 They are not portable since they are made of separate components.
 It is necessary to copy files when you want to do some work elsewhere.
 Many components so clutters up the desk space.
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Laptop/Notebook computers
 Laptop (or notebook) refers to a type of computer where the monitor, keyboard, pointing device and processor are all
together in one single unit.
 It is extremely portable.
 The key features in a laptop are:
• low weight (to aid portability)
• low power consumption (and also long battery life) battery - rechargable
• a processor that does not generate too much heat (cooling is very important).
36

Laptop/Notebook computers
Advantages of laptop computers compared to desktop computers:
 Very portable, since the monitor, pointing device, keyboard, processor and backing store units are all together in one
single box
Does not takes too much space
 No trailing wires
 Full advantage of Wi-Fi. both wire and wireless connection. Wi-Fi can be
 Can link into any multimedia system. connected esasily.
rechargable battery - Can use laptop even when the
electricity is off.
Advantages of laptop computers compared to desktop computers:
 Easy to be stolen.
 Limited battery life so the user may need to carry a heavy adaptor.
 The keyboards and pointing devices may be awkward to use. touchpad
 Heat dissipation is more difficult due to the structure of the laptop.
Not easy to add spare parts compared to desktop comptuer due to its
structure.
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Tablets
 Internet-enabled portable computer
 Use touch screen technology(no conventional keyboard)
virtual keyboard
 Keys are appeared on the screen and use by touching with finger or stylus.
 Wi-Fi or 3G/4G/5G supported
 Sensors including cameras, microphones, accelerometers and touch screens.
drawing/photo editing Features of tablets:

playing games • high-definition, anti-glare displays HD
• front- and back-facing cameras
watching movies • lower weight and longer battery life than laptops
• Bluetooth connection to printers and other devices
• flash (solid state) memory and cloud storage facilities to
backup and synchronise data sources
• sensors to carry out the following functions:
• proximity sensors to detect if a device is close to the ear to
block unintended touches
• accelerometer, which detects movement and orientation of
the device can use speech-recognitions systems.
sensors - light sensor - adjust brightness level

screen position sensor - auto rotate 38

Tablets
 Phablet: A hybrid between tablet and smartphone. It has smaller screen than tablets.
 A smartphone with at least a 5" screen
39

Tablets
Advantages of tablets compared to laptops:
 Very fast to switch on.
 Fully portable. more durable and reliable than laptops
 Touch-screen technology means they are simple to use and don’t need any other input device.
 Don’t generate any heat - they use solid state technology. support more network connection
 Battery life of a tablet is a lot longer. types: Wi-Fi, mobile network(SIM
card - 3G,4G,5G)
 When the power button is pressed it goes into standby but remains connected to the internet, so the user still hears
alerts when emails are received.
Disadvantages of tablets compared to laptops:

 They often have limited memory or storage compared to a laptop.
 They can be expensive to run if the internet is being accessed frequently via 3G/4G mobile phone networks.
 Typing on a touch screen can be slow and error-prone compared to a standard keyboard.
 Transferring of files often has to be done through an ‘Apps store’.
 Laptops support more types of file format than tablets, and also run more types of software.
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Smart Phones
 Function like a normal phone (i.e., phone call)
 Like a computer, it has an OS (Android, iOS or Windows) and run some computer applications.
• Send/receive emails, multimedia applications, etc.
 Support Wi-Fi, 3G/4G/5G mobile network - 3rd Generation
 Some Apps that can be used with smartphones

• Send/receive emails
• Surf the net (websites, social networks)
• GPS Geographical Positioning System
• Calendar functions
• Telephone banking
• Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
• Streaming of videos, music
• Instant messaging SMS, Viber, ..
41

Smart Phones
Next generation smartphones
 Touch screen wit OLED technology(organic light-emitting diode)
 Crystalline layer on the screen can be solar-powered.
 Can communicate using Li-fi (Light Wi-Fi)
 Li-fi higher data transfer rate and more secure
42

Smart Phones
Advantages of smart phones:
 They are very small in size and light in weight.
 Can use them to make phone calls and connect to the internet while on the move.
 Because they use Wi-Fi and mobile phone networks, they can be used almost anywhere.
 They have hundreds of Apps.
 They have a reasonable battery life compared to laptops.
Disadvantages of smart phones:

 Small screens make pages difficult to read and small keyboards make typing difficult and slow.
 Web browsing and photography can drain the battery quickly.
 Memory size in most phones isn’t very large when compared to laptops and PCs – although it is comparable to
tablets.
 Not all website features are compatible with smartphone operating systems.
 Because of its small size it is much easier to lose (or for it to be stolen) a smartphone than laptops or PCs.
 The data transfer rate using mobile phone networks is slower than with Wi-Fi.
43

Smart Watches
 Wearable mini-computer
 Same functions as smartphone and many more
• e.g., Fitness and health-monitoring capability
 Use OLED tech

 Advantages and disadvantages of smartphones apply for smartwatches
Advantages of a smartwatch over a smartphone:

1. notifications are delivered straight to the user’s wrist
2. easy to use for monitoring fitness and health regimes special plan
Disadvantages of a smartwatch over a smartphone:

1. large and bulky which can make them uncomfortable to wear
2. unattractive in design
44

Mainframe computer
Mainframe computers in a server room

45

1.4 Types of computers IBM Z3
Mainframe computer
 Mainframes are high-performance computers with large amounts of memory and processors that process billions of
simple calculations and transactions in real time.
 Mainframe computers are typically:
• Powerful - they can process vast amounts of data, very quickly
• Large - they are often kept in special, air-conditioned rooms
• Multi-user - they allow several users (sometimes hundreds) to use the computer at the same time, connected via remote terminals
(screens and keyboards).
 Their main purpose is to run commercial applications, such as banking, insurance companies, government
departments, where huge amounts of data need to be processed each day.
 The main features of main frame computers are as follows.

 They can have several CPUs.
 They have very fast processor speeds.
 They can support multiple operating systems.
 They have huge amounts of storage capacity.
 They have huge internal memories (e.g. several hundred Gigabyte of RAM).
 They often operate using time sharing or batch processing.
46

Mainframe computer
Advantages
 Can be used to do very large jobs which require large memories and very fast processor time.
 Used in time-sharing systems to allow users to be given a time slice of the very powerful facilities afforded by a
mainframe system.
 Can deal with very complex mathematical functions (e.g. fractals) which would be very time consuming using, for
example, a PC.
Disadvantages
 Mainframe computers need to be permanently housed in a large room, so cannot be moved around.
 They are very expensive to operate and maintain.
47

Mainframe computer
 IBM Mainframe computer
https://www.ibm.com/topics/mainframe
48

1.5 Impact of emerging technologies
Artificial Intelligence (AI) biometrics
Various types of biometrics
Let’s find out about Artificial Intelligence applications

- DeepBlue, MuseNet, Self Driving car
49
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0z4FweCy4M&ab_channel=Tesla
 Artificial intelligence (AI) is computer systems that can simulate human intelligence (able to make decisions typically
made by a human).
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) biometrics use dynamic profiling technique to enhance the accuracy of biometric
identification systems. Computerised facial-recognition systems are confused by soft biometric changes like growing
facial hair, wearing glasses, age. New systems use AI to learn from scanning a number of faces and pick out these
soft biometric features.
 Biometrics authentication is used as a form of identification which recognises individuals body parts. Biometrics uses
unique characteristics of the human which means it can not be replicated by other people.
 e.g., fingerprint system, eye recognition system, facial recognition system
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 Finger Printing
• Staff can scan their finer prints to sign in and out of work.
• Police can use finger print to authenticate an individual’s identity.
• Some laptops use finger prints biometrics to gain access to the system.
 Eye Recognition
• The iris of the eye is scanned for recognition purposes.
• No physical contact is required to scan the iris which may be useful in some cultures.
• Immigration at airports use eye recognition to prevent people travelling with fraudulent documentation.
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Vision Enhancement
 Vision Enhancement uses video technology to bring distant objects closer and into focus.
 The vision enhancement system amplifies infrared light so that an image can be clearly seen even in darkness.
 Militaries across the world use this technology to complete missions and carry out surveillance at night.
Night-vision enhancement system(LVES)

Low-vision enhancement system(LVES)
52

Vision Enhancement
 Low-vision enhancement systems (LVES) use video technology through a headset connected to a computers. The
system allows images to be projected inside the headset in front of the eyes. This brings the objects closer for
examination by the user of the system.
 Night vision enhancement (NVE) amplifies infrared light and visible light so that an image can still be seen in
apparent darkness. The military use this technology to carry out surveillance at night.

Night-vision enhancement system(LVES)

Low-vision enhancement system(LVES)
53

Robotics
 Robotics are used commonly in the manufacturing industry typically completing labour intensive jobs.
 e.g., They are used in car factories to weld cars bodies, spray body panels and fit items such as windscreens.
 Robotics are used commonly in the manufacturing industry typically completing labour intensive jobs.
 Drones today are a type of robot widely used.

• - Used by military in their missions
• - Used by civilians in many works such as surveying landscape in 3D, investigating weather phenomena, rescue in natural disasters.
54

Robotics
 Robotic surgery
 Robots are also used in surgical procedures. Robotic surgery allows surgeons to perform complex procedures with
more precision.
 With this technique, surgeons use robotics equipped with a camera arm and several interactive mechanical arms.
55

Robotics
Amazon’s Drone Delivery
 https://arstechnica.com/cars/2019/01/amazon-begins-testing-deliveries-with-sidewalk-drones/
56

Quantum Cryptography
 Quantum cryptography is based on the use of photons (light) and their physical quantum properties to
produce a virtually unbreakable cryptography system.
 This helps protect the security of data being transmitted over fibre-optic cables.
 It is based on the laws of physics rather than mathematics.
 Cryptography
• the science of making a message unintelligible to any unauthorised user. (encryption)
 https://crypto.interactive-maths.com/caesar-shift-cipher.html
57

Quantum Cryptography
 Example of cryptography
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Computer Assisted Translation(CAT)
 CAT is a type of language translator that use specific software to help in the translation process.
 E.g., Google Translate
 The human user can either type or speak into a microphone. The information will then be translated in to the
selected language.
 (https://translate.google.com/ )
 CAT uses two tools:
• terminology databases - linguistic databases that grow and learn from translations being carried out
• translation memories - these automatically insert known translations for certain words, phrases or sentences.
 All CAT software needs some post-editing by the user to remove errors from the translation process.
 While not perfect, they are certainly more accurate than existing free online translators.
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3D and Holographic Imaging
 3D and holographic imaging is a technology that allows 3D images to be produced.
 A holographic image moves in the same way as the original image in three dimensions (3D).
 The technology involves the use of:
• a source of laser light
• interference of light
• light diffraction, and
• light intensity recording
60

3D and Holographic Imaging
 Holograms have the following applications:

• engineering design (CAD)
• architecture (ability to rotate design through 360 degrees)
• Simulations
• cinema (special effects)
• gaming (special effects)
• Advertising
• holographic televisions (expected by around 2025, these should give a full 3-D experience without the need of
special glasses)
• optical computers (these will operate at speeds that are trillions of times faster than current technology computers).
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Virtual Reality
 Virtual reality is an artificial environment that is created by software.

 The user makes use of data goggles, sensor suits, data gloves or helmets to get a feeling of reality.
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Virtual Reality
Uses:
 Military applications (e.g. training to use a new tank)
 Education (e.g. looking inside an ancient building as part of a history lesson)
 Entertainment (e.g. games where gloves, goggles or helmets are worn to give realism to the scenario)
 Health care (aids in diagnostics)
 Fashion (preparation for fashion shows)
 Real estate (allows people to look around properties without actually having to visit them)
 Engineering (e.g. seeing how new designs will look)
 Media (e.g. special effects in films)
 Scientific visualisation (e.g. looking at molecular structures in chemistry).
 Computer Games: users are able to immerse themselves into a gaming platform.
 Sports: It is used as an aid to measuring athletic performance as well as analysing technique
 Construction: An organisation can not only render the resulting structure in 3D but also experience them as they
would in the real world.
63

Summary
 1.1 Hardware and software

 1.2 Main components of a computer system
 1.3 Operating systems
 1.4 Types of computer
 1.5 Impact of emerging technologies
64

IGCSE ICT
Chapter 1
ALu/CU Multi core
Embedded computers
▪ An embedded computer is a computer that is integrated into other devices and controls
the operations of that device.
▪ Embedded computers can be found in modern TV sets, motor vehicles, telephones, digital
cameras, washing machines, microwaves and dishwashers.
▪ Processors that contain in these devices are called microprocessors.
Microprocessor
- A microprocessor is the main part of an embedded computer which performs all the
calculations or decision making.
- The job of these processors is to manage the operation of these machines and devices.
▪ There are two main types of embedded processors: ordinary microprocessors and
microcontrollers.
▪ Do not require the processing power of standard devices such as desktop, laptops or
workstations.
▪ An embedded computer is programmed specifically for the work it is intended to do.
▪ It is not a general purpose like a mainframe or other computers.
▪ It is programmed to perform specific tasks.
▪ For example, a dishwasher has some main program settings but the processor will also
monitor water levels, temperature, pressures and so on. It will halt the dishwasher if it
detects a fault.
▪ Some embedded computers can connect to network or Internet and they can be updated
remotely. For example, processors in modern cars receive new updates of their programs
from their manufacturer.
Some examples of devices with embedded computers/processors.

- Calculator
- Industrial robot
- Washing machine
Single-board computers
▪ Single-board computers (SBCs) are affordable computers used in education, embedded
computing projects and physical computing projects. The unit itself costs very little and
uses a cheap microSD card as its storage.
▪
▪ E.g., The Raspberry Pi Zero
▪ E.g., The meter in taxis, fully automatic washing machine
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IGCSE portable/connectivity(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, SIM - mobile data, ph call, ICT
Internet email)
Specialist Phones
▪ Mobile phones use a SIM card to connect to a mobile phone network.
▪ SIM stands for subscriber identity module, and a SIM card is used to identify the
subscriber to a mobile phone network.
▪ Mobile phones with specialist features provide users with functions that meet particular
user needs.
▪ For example, an emergency button that is linked to a list of emergency contacts. When this
button is pressed, the phone will call each person on the list until someone answers.
Talking phone Phone for elder people phone for children
Accessibility Features assistive technology

▪ Some phones include accessibility features.
e.g., the Alto 2 ‘talking phone’
- a specialist mobile phone for blind and partially sighted people
- every feature and function are spoken aloud.
▪ There are also other phones that provide fewer, larger buttons and connections for hearing
aids.
Watch: https://www.verywellfamily.com/best-cell-phones-for-kids-5188569
Tablets
Tablet devices are bigger than smart phones. But have similar features.
For example, a tablet device has a touch screen, apps and Wi-Fi connectivity to provide access
to the internet. Some tablets devices have SIM card slots to allow internet connectivity using
the mobile phone network.
▪ Screen size and resolution

- range from 5 to 12 (tablet, phablet)
- resolution - higher good
▪ Memory (RAM)
- Unlike laptop or desktop, RAM size is limited in tablet.
- Memory cannot be upgraded in tablet.
- General RAM requirements
o e.g., video playback, watch movies, internet email Wi-Fi - 1 GB to 4 GB
o video editing, photo edition - 4 GB to 8 GB
- Microsoft surface pro - up to 16 GB
▪ Wireless connectivity
- Tablets support common wireless standards are 802.11 b/g/n. ac
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IGCSE ICT
▪ Camera
- two cameras, front/rear camera
- Resolution of cameras in tablet continue increasing as they develop.
▪ Speakers
- very tiny and they produce low quality sound.
- Users use headphones to produce high quality sound.
▪ Inputs and Outputs

- Input - 3.5 mm headphone minijack, a USB port
- Apple iPad - no USB port
▪ Output
- screen display, speaker
Battery life
tablet, smart phone, laptop , desktop,
▪ Factors that affect the battery
camcorder,
lifedigital camera, game console,
streaming, graphics
navigation aids, media player, entertainment system
size of battery, brightness of
(TV,the screen,
speaker systembacklight,
,etc) amount of time table is on, number of
apps running.
Camcorders
▪ Like cameras, they capture video for film or broadcast.

▪ Digital cameras and camcorders use light sensors to capture images formed by light passing
through the device’s lens.
▪ Traditionally, cameras are used to capture still images and camcorders are used to capture
moving images.
▪ Come in various different formats from very cheap, simple systems to full professional
equipment.
▪ Moving images (movies) are simply a sequence of images called ‘frames.
▪ The quality of the image captured by the camera depends on:
Quality of the lens - A good lens allows light to travel through it without introducing any
defects. It also allows the user to choose how much light can travel through it.
Image processor - A good image processor can compensate for poor lighting conditions.
Resolution of the sensor - Better-quality sensors can capture more detail and produce images
with a greater number of pixels. Digital images are made up of small dots called pixels.
4K
4000 pixels
1400x1024
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IGCSE ICT
▪ The advantage of camcorders over a device like a camera or phone that can record video is
that it is designed specifically for one task. As a result, it will have more video-related
features including often a hard disk for storing footage.
Game consoles
▪ Games can be played on PCs.

▪ However, consoles also have a vast number of users.
▪ Some consoles are designed to be used in a fixed
place, connected to TV or other screen.
▪ They can be mobile and have own built-in screens.
▪ Most consoles have either a handheld control device or built-in buttons that allow the user
to direct passage through a game.
▪ Games are provided on disk or as downloads from internet.
▪ Many now come with motion detectors or hand-held motion sensitive devices that allow
the user to act out actions in the real world that are interpreted by the system and integrated
into the game on the screen.
▪ Some other games use virtuality reality controllers and headsets to immerse the player in a
realistic gaming experience.
▪ Modern games consoles are multifunctional.
▪ They may have apps and connectivity that provide access to local networks and the internet
▪ as well as the option to play movies and music.
▪ Some consoles also have disk drives to play films and other content on DVD, Blu-ray or
4K Ultra HD Blu-ray media.
Hand-held game consoles

▪ Provide mobile gaming.
▪ Have a built-in screen and less storage than a full-size console.
▪ Games that can be played on these devices often have reduced
image and sound quality, reduced game complexity and limited
storylines in order to reduce the amount of data that needs to be
stored.
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5ROTfHOvNI
Home Entertainment System
▪ A home entertainment system is known as

a home cinema or home theatre.
▪ With a large screen, projected or a large
TV.
▪ Separate speakers and input devices such
as DVD players, streaming systems and
broadcast.
▪ Sophisticated systems can have sound
processing boxes that produce very high-
quality output.
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IGCSE ICT
Television
▪ Television display still and moving images on screen.

▪ The quality of image is set by the numbers of pixels that are used to display the image. This
is referred to as the screen’s resolution.
▪ The resolution of a TV is stated as horizontal pixels x vertical pixels.
▪ For example, a resolution of 1280 x720 is often stated as 720 p and 1920x1080 is stated as
1080p in TV.
▪ For the production of sound, most televisions come with built-in speakers.
▪ However, these are often small and of limited quality because the screen is usually very
thin.
▪ Most modern television can be connected to an external sound system to improve their
sound quality.
▪ Smart televisions use apps and can download and stream content from the Internet.
Sound system
▪ Sound systems can produce loud, rich sound using high-quality speakers and amplifiers.
▪ Sound systems can play music from CDs or from local storage.
▪ They can usually be connected to personal devices like smartphones, media players and
tablet devices using wired connections like USB or wireless connections like Bluetooth.
▪ Some sound systems can also connect to the internet to play music stored online.
Personal video recorder

▪ A personal video recorder (PVR) is a device that records
broadcasted content so that it can be watched at a later date.
▪ Some devices fall into multiple categories. For example, some
satellite television devices contain both a set-top box (STB) and a
PVR.
spotify -
netflix -
Media player VLC -
▪ A software program or hardware device capable of playing media file or disc. For e.g.,
Windows Media player
▪ Hardware devices with the same function is called streaming devices. e.g., Amazon's
Firestick, Apple TV, iPod, etc.
▪ The content could be streamed directly from the internet or accessed from network or local
storage.
▪ Media players can be connected to a television directly or using a wired or wireless
network. USB, VGA, HDMI Bluetooth, Wi-Fi
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IGCSE ICT
Figure: Amazon Firestick, Apple TV, iPod

taxi
Navigation aids bus
walking
▪ Widely available today destination
▪ Popular navigation aids are apps on phones such as Google Maps. possible paths
▪ Commonly used in cars, delivery vans and ships. km, walking
▪ But also found in vehicles using Satellite Navigation or SatNav.
▪ Use GPS satellites to guide to a destination.
▪ User inputs a postcode / coordinates or address of destination.
▪ Give the fastest route, the shortest route and an economical route.
▪ Have three parts:
- network of satellites,
- a control station on earth,
- the receiving devices (end-user).
▪ Specialist devices with audio alerts and waterproof and shockproof cases
are available for walkers, cyclists and runners.
How it works
▪ Satellite sends radio-wave signal to Earth.
▪ The receiver listens out for the signals.
▪ To know the precise location, the receiver's device picks up signals from 3 or 4 satellites.
▪ Radio waves from satellites travel by the speed of light.
▪ Each signal includes information about the satellite it came from and a time-stamp.
▪ The receiving devices can calculate how far it is from the sending satellite. Consequently,
the receiver can figure out its exact location on Earth.
Multi-functionality and Convergence
▪ Mobile phone which can be used not only to make calls but also to do
o texting
o emailing
o taking photos
o recording video
o media playback including music and movies
o satellite navigation
o document processing
o web browsing
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IGCSE ICT
health and fitness flash light
calendar, event, schedule calculator
o clock and alarm
o gaming
▪ Devices such as smart phones, tablet, laptops are multifunctional devices.

▪ Embedded computers are not multifunctional.
▪ They are destined to perform a special task only.
▪ As technologies develop, devices like smartphones often adopt technologies and features
from other types of devices. This is called convergence.
▪ e.g., smart phones today share a lot of features such as fitness tracker, navigation aids,
music player, hand-held game console.
Home Automation Devices and Smart Assistants microprocessor - embedded computer
▪ One type of emerging technology is a group of devices that can be used to create smart
homes.
▪ For example, home automation devices can connect a range of digital devices which sense
and control functions in the home, such as temperature and lighting.
▪ These functions can be controlled form apps on smartphones or the internet.
Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjYTzvAVozo
data - ADC
sensor ---> embedded computer ----> make deicision(control action)
---> DAC ---> Actuator --->
ROM - control program

(washing program,
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IGCSE ICT
Software
Two types of software
 Application software backup

 System software compression
anti-virus sw
format
System software tools/Utility Software defragment
 Utility software is a type of system software which carries out configuration and
maintenance tasks.
 Help to manage and maintain computer resources and performance by running specific
tasks.
Backup
■ Creating a copy of your files is known as Backup.
■ Backups can be set to run automatically (usually at a time when the system is not in
use) or can be started by a user.
The following factors must be considered when doing a backup

1. The frequency of the backup once a week, daily????
2. The media devices which would use to store the backup. external device/cloud storge,etc)
3. The size of the backup.
4. The physical location of the backup.
5. To back up on cloud storage or not.
6. Who has access to the backup?
7. What software will be used to carry out the backup
8. When to run the backup
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IGCSE ICT
RAM
Defragmentation slow down
 As data is stored to hard disk, some systems spread it across the disk wherever there is free
space.
 This means that sometimes data is fragmented and stored out of order or out of sequence.
(fragmentation)
 This takes extra time and slows down the process of loading a software by RAM.
magnetic HDD
 Defragmentation means rearranging all the fragmented files of a software together in an
organized manner to reduce fragmentation and speed up the system.
 Disk defragmentation utilities reorder the fragments of data so that they are stored as close
to each other as possible.
 Defragmentation utilities are usually set to run automatically, but they can also be started
by a user.
Note: Modern storage device such as SSDs do not need to perform defragmentation.
Compression zip, rar, 7zip
 Compression utilities
o reduce the original size of a file or set of files and produce a
new compressed file.
o Extract the compressed file in order to get the original file or
files.
 The resulting compressed file is not usually readable by the original application.
 Extracting the data from a compressed file so it can be read by the original application is
called decompressing.
Example
Where there are repeated patterns of data, rather
than storing every repeated instance, only the first
instance of the data is stored, alongside how many
times it is repeated. For example, in Figure 2.4,
there were eight instances of a, six instances of b
and two instances of c in the original file. This data
can be compressed to be stored as ‘a8b6c2’, which
reduces the amount of storage needed.
Formatting
 Disk formatting is the configuring process of a data storage media such as hard disk drive,
floppy disk or flash drive for its initial usage.
 Any existing files on the drive would be erased during a formatting.
 It is usually done before initial installation or before installing a new OS.
 This can also be done if it requires an additional storage in the computer.
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OS
HDD - NTFS
IGCSE C:/ Windows 100 GB ICT
D:/
 Disk formatting utilities provide the user with the option to choose the file system, file unit
sizes and the name of the disk while formatting a disk.
Note: If a disk has already been used, then formatting will not actually erase data and make all
data on the disk unreadable by normal applications. But it can still be recovered using specialist
tools such as data recovery software.
shredder software
Question: How can data in the storage can be completely erased? -voltage apply
___________________________________________________________________________
Other Types of application software
Control Applications
 Control applications are used to make something happen in the physical environment.
 Used to automate the movement of control devices or actuators, such as motors.
 How it works:
o It takes input from one or more sensor(s),
o Makes a decision based on the input value and then
o Outputs something, such as a command, as a result.
 Often used in engineering, vehicles and building control systems and home automation
systems.
 Some devices can be controlled via a smartphone app.
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IGCSE ICT
if u fail to plan, u plan to fail.

Project Management Software
 Used to help plan and track the individual tasks in a project, so that project managers
can make the most efficient use of the available resources.
 Some tasks cannot be started until a previous task is completed or has been partly
completed, so it is important for a project manager to see which tasks are dependent on
others.
 When all of these dependent tasks are combined together into a timeline, it is easy for
the project manager to see the critical path. timeline: a linear graphical
representation of events and the
 These applications can also be used time and order in which they occur
o to set milestones.
critical path: the shortest time a
o to allocate tasks to individual people or groups of people. project will take to complete (if no
problems or failures are
o to track the costs and experienced)
o to arrange for resources to be delivered on time.
milestone: a time or date by which a
task must be completed
Communication Software
 Communication software provides remote access to systems and allows users to contact
people using the internet.
 It can be used to send files and messages as text, images, audio and video.
Web Browsers
 Web browsers allow users to view web pages and websites created in web authoring
software and hosted on servers that are connected to the internet.
SMS
 Simple Messaging Service
 Usually found on mobile phones.
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IGCSE ICT
 Allow users to send up to 160 text characters per message using the mobile phone
network.
 They do not require an internet connection.
MMS
 Multimedia messaging service (MMS)
 Can deliver more than 160 characters per message and can include video, animations,
images and audio.
 Like SMS, they are sent using the mobile phone network and do not require an internet
connection.
Instant Messaging (WhatsApp’s, Viber, etc)

 Require a connection to the internet.
 They can allow users to see when other users are typing, and users can also prevent
others from seeing when they are typing.
 Messages sent via instant messaging applications can include location data.
___________________________________________________________________________
Software Licensing
Users require a software licence to be able to install and use software on a computer.
There are many types of software licence and the details of software licensing are complicated.
Two types of software that are available:
 free or open-source
 proprietary.
Using software without a required licence is called software piracy.

Software distributed without the right to do so is called pirate software.
 Free Software – Licenses give users the right to study, modify, copy or distribute a
program. The software can be distributed free of charge or for a fee. The word ‘free’ refers
to the user’s freedom to change whatever they want because there are no restrictions on
the use of the software.
Linux:  Open-source software – This license makes the source code available to users so that they
can modify how the software works or distribute the modified or unmodified software.
Windows  Proprietary software – is software that is marketed and distributed by its owner under a
MS Office
brand name. The software owner can decide the fee for the software and whether or not the
software should be distributed.
Activity:
Why a software license is needed?
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IGCSE ICT
Find out about software license types?

Classify the software you have ever used or known as free/open-source/proprietary software.
Software Updates
patch
Updates to software are released by software developers for the following reasons:
1. fixing security vulnerabilities or bugs
2. increasing compatibility with newer operating systems
3. improving performance and efficiency
4. introducing new features
5. improving usability.
Software updates are usually made available for download from a server on the internet.
Some updates can be scheduled to happen automatically when they are released.
Note:
Back up a system and files before updating software because updates can sometimes cause
problems such as removing software components that other software needs in order to function.
General Purpose Software and Specific Purpose Software

 General purpose software also referred to as Off-the-Shelf, is software which is
developed keeping in mind the requirements of the general public.
 General Purpose software can be downloaded off the internet or purchased from a store.
 Examples: Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, VLC Media Player
 Specific Purpose Software also referred to as Bespoke Software, is software which is
developed to the needs of an organization or an individual.
 This type of software is not available for any user to purchase.
 Example: Banking Systems, Supermarket billing system
Types of Operating systems:

1. Single-user operating system – only allow for a general user and do not provide the
option to customize the user interface for different users. They are often found in
household appliances.
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2. Network operating system –

Network operating systems have additional functionality, including:
◾ sending requests to a server when users log in with their username and
password
◾ separating user accounts and ensuring that users cannot access each other’s
files
◾ providing access to network storage and shared resources such as networked
printers.
Types of User Interface
1. Command-line interface
2. Graphical user interface
3. Menu driven interface
4. Voice interface
5. Gesture based interface
Menu driven interface

 This type of interface displays a list of options as a menu.
 User select from the options to perform specific task.
 Easier to use than command line interfaces, but it can take more time searching through the
menu to find the option user want.
 Used in many devices including ATMs (cash machines in banking), televisions and older
mobile phones.
Voice Interface
 A voice interface allows the user to give spoken commands to a device.
 The device has voice recognition software which matches the spoken words against a
library of words to find a match.
 To save storage on the device, the library of words is often stored online, so these devices
usually require internet access.
 Example uses
o modern luxury cars,
o personal assistant devices (Amazon Alexa, Google Siri, etc),
o Smart devices.
Advantage
- hands-free operation is possible.
- They are often used in vehicles in order to improve road safety.
Disadvantage
- sometimes user voice may be incorrectly translated by the system. Some systems today
learn the voice of their user and try to improve future matches.
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IGCSE ICT
Gesture Interface
 A gesture interface allows the user to control the device by swiping their finger or fingers
across the screen, or by pinching their fingers together to zoom in or out.
 Commonly found on devices with touch screens.
 Example uses
o modern luxury vehicles (giving commands by gesture while driving),
o modern games, etc.
Advantage
- It is safer because user does not need to be in physical contact with the device like
touchscreen.
- It is very natural interface for a human.
Disadvantage
- User need to be fairly near to the operator camera or sensor (maximum of 1.5 metres)
- Only a limited number of movements may be accepted. (For example, it may take
several attempts to find out exactly what finger movements are recognised).
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Chapter 2: Input and Output
Devices
Cambridge IGCSE ICT

2021
• 2.1 Input devices and their uses
• 2.2 Direct data entry (DDE) devices
• 2.3 Output devices and their uses

2.1 Input devices and their uses
• Peripheral devices are devices that can be connected to a computer. Peripherals can be connected inside or
outside a computer and can be of three types:
• Input
• output
• Storage
• Input peripherals are devices that send data to the computer.
• Output peripherals are connected to a computer and output the results of the computer’s processing in various
forms, including:
• Electronic display
• Printed text
• Video
• Audio
• Tactile(touch) forms.
• Storage peripherals are used to store and record data, and include internal and external hard drives, CD-ROM and
DVD drives, and flash memory drives.

• Keyboard
• Numeric Key Pad
• Pointing device (Mouse, Touchpad, Tracker ball)
• Remote Control
• Joystick and Driving wheel
• Touch Screen
• Scanners
• Digital Cameras
• Microphones
• Sensors
• Light Pens
• Graphic Tablet
• Web Cams
4

• Keyboard
• It is connected to the computer through a USB or wireless connection.

• Most common keyboard is QWERTY.
• There are also virtual keyboard in case of touchscreen.
• Ergonomic keyboards reduce the risk of repetitive strain injury (RSI) in the hands and wrists.
• Special keyboard used for video editing software.
• Inputting text/data into applications

Use • Typing in commands into a CLI Interface or shortcuts to the computer (e.g., Prnt Scrn,
Ctrl+P)
• Easy and familiar to use

Advantages • Fast entry of text into a document
• Easier error checking (verification)
• Slower method compared to direct data entry

Disadvantages • Not suitable for people with limited arm/wrist use
• Use up the desk space

• Numeric Key Pad calculator, mobile phones, as peripheral device, separate keypad in some standard keyboard
It is used to enter numbers only.
• Inputting numeric data into:

ATM
Use POS Terminals
Chip and Pin
Mobile Phones etc.
Advantages • Straight forward to enter numeric data like pins or prices at a POS.
• Keys can be too small.

Disadvantages
• Difficult to type letters in older mobile phones.

• Pointing device
A pointer is used on a screen to select displayed objects. there are several types of device that allow you to control a
pointer. e.g., mouse, tracker ball, touchpad
• Mouse
• An optical mouse uses an optical sensor to recognise the movement of the device.
• A cordless or wireless mouse use a USB wireless receiver plugged into the computer to capture the movement.
To control the pointer on the screen to:

• Selecting Windows
Use • Clicking Icons
• Menu Options
• Positioning Pointer
• Easy to navigate through menu options
Advantages
• Quicker to select an option compared to using a keyboard.
• Easily Damaged
Disadvantages
• Flat surface required.

• Touchpad
Touchpads are used as a pointing device. It senses finger movements, touches and presses.
Use • Used as a pointing device on a laptop.
• Is part of the keyboard so no need for separate device.

Advantages
• Faster than the keyboard.
• More difficult to use compared to a normal mouse.

Disadvantages
• More difficult to control the pointer than a normal mouse.

• Tracker ball
A tracker ball/trackball is rolled to move the pointer. Tracker balls do not physically move and fixed in one place.
• Can be a good alternative to a mouse for people with conditions such as Repetitive Strain
Injury(RSI).
• Used in an industrial control room environment where it is faster than a mouse to navigate
Use
through process screens.
• Used in some luxury cars to select functions such as radio, telephone, music, satnav and so
on.
• Easier to use compared to mouse
• More accurate positing of the pointer
Advantages • More robust than a mouse
• Require no space to move as it is fixed in one location
• Suitable for people with restricted hand movement and disability
• Tend to be more expensive.

Disadvantages
• Not familiar to users.

• Remote Control
• A remote control is used for the operation of other devices using infrared signals.
• The buttons on the keypad are used to select options.
• Used to control:
- TV Channels and Menu options
Use
- Multimedia Systems
- Industrial applications
• Can be used from a distance.

Advantages
• Suitable for hazardous place.
• Signal could be blocked by obstacles or walls.

Disadvantages • Difficult to use if the user has limited hand/wrist movement.
10

• Joystick and Driving wheel
These devices are commonly used on games controllers to move sprites around the game.
Use • Used in video/ computer games and simulators(e.g., flight) to mimic actual controls.
Easier than a keyboard.

Advantages
Can gain better control in some applications than a mouse.
• More difficult to use compared to a normal mouse.

Disadvantages
• Can be expensive
11

• Touch Screen
Resistive - when a user presses on a resistive screen, the pressure causes two layers underneath the screen to touch
and make a connection.
More durable than capacitive ones. But they can only recognize one touch at a time.
not suitable for multi touch apps.
Capacitive - there is a layer of capacitive material. when a user touches the screen, a small amount of charge flows
away from their finger because humans are conductive. Often used in smartphones.
• Mobile/Tablets
• Point of Sale (POS)
Use
• Interactive White Boards
• Public information systems at airports, railway stations, etc.
• Very easy to use and select options.

Advantages
• Limited number of input options available.

Disadvantages • Options could be selected accidently.
• Screen can get dirty.
12

Scanners
Scanners use light sensors to record physical documents as images which are then saved as files to the computer.
Types of scanners
• Hand Held e.g., barcode reader
• Flat Bed
• Sheet Fed
• Scan in documents and photographs and convert into a format for use in various software
packages.
Use
• Scan in old/valuable documents/books
• Scan in barcodes at POS terminals.
• Quick to convert printed images into computer files.

• Copies can be created.
Advantages • Recover damage documents and photos by scanning
• Faster and accurate than typing
• Quality is dependent on resolution settings.

Disadvantages
• Slow at scanning and suitable for low volume scanning only.
13

• Digital Cameras
They are used to take photographs and small video clips. Data can be transferred to computers.
• Used to take photographs and small video clips.

Use
• Data can be transferred to computers.
• Higher Resolution images can be stored on memory cards.

Advantages • No need film and chemicals to develop a photo.
• Digital photos can be sent or shared with others easily.
• Photo quality may not be as high as using film.

Disadvantages
• Photographer needs to have computer skills to use digital photographs.
14

• Microphones
• Microphones are either built into the computer or are external devices connected through the USB port or using
Bluetooth connectivity.
• A microphone converts sound waves into an electric current.
• The current produced is converted to a digital format so that a computer can process it or store it (for example,
on a CD).
sound card -
• Used in voice/speech recognition systems, for creating voiceovers in videos/presentations,

and so on.
Use
• Used as a sensor to pickup sound
• Used in video-conferencing or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications.
• Can be used by disabled people to input data/instruct.

• Can improve safety for car phones.
Advantages
• Not expensive.
• Faster to speak instructions than to type.
• Background noises can cause problems in voice recognition system.

Disadvantages • Accuracy in voice recognition may be affected by poor voice quality.
• It takes a lot of storage space.
15

sound - sound/voice - speech recog:/recoder/dialer/sleeping habit
camera - image
2.1 Input devices and their uses motion - steps, movement
temperature -
accelerometer - motion
proximity -
analogue - real world data (temp:, voice, water level)
Sensors digital - data processed by computer
• These are devices that input physical analogue quantities into a computer. (for example, pH values, temperatures,
moisture levels, and so on).
• Data from sensor is analogue in nature. It is converted to digital data by using an analogue to digital
converter(ADC).
• There are many different types of sensor to allow for the monitoring of a range of environmental factors. Some of
these factors are:
Type of sensor Applications

Used in automatic washing machines, central heating systems, automatic
Temperature
glasshouses, ovens
Used in intruder alarm systems, washing machines, robotics, environmental
Pressure
monitoring
Used in automatic glasshouses, automatic doors, intruder alarm systems,
Light
street lighting control
Sound/acoustic Used in intruder alarm systems, monitoring liquid and powder flow in pipes
Used in automatic glasshouses, environmental monitoring, in factories
Humidity/moisture where moisture levels are crucial (for example, manufacture of microchips,
paint spraying)
Used in automatic glasshouses, chemical processes, environmental
pH
monitoring 16

• Sensors
Sensors are used to monitor and capture physical conditions/data from real world/environment as
analogue data.
• Sensors are found in lots of devices such as burglar alarms, central heating system,
Use washing machines, etc.
• They can be used to input data to control certain devices.
• They can be placed in remote or dangerous places.

• They can monitor continually.
Advantages
• They remove the possibility of human error
• They can sense things that people cannot (such as small changes in pressure or gas levels)
• Cost to buy
Disadvantages
• Dirt and grease may effect performance.
17

• Light Pens
Cathode ray tube monitor/TV computer aided desing

It works with CRT screens only.
It can do menu selection, moving items or drawing on the screen. (for example, with CAD packages).
• Selecting objects on CRT screens.

Use
• Drawing on screen (for example, with CAD packages).
• More accurate than touch screens

Advantages
• Small in size
• Only used with CRT Monitors

Disadvantages • Dated Technology
18

• Graphic Tablet
A graphic tablet is a flat pad that is used with a stylus. User can produce free hand drawing which can be input to
computer and stored.
• Users use the stylus to draw or write on the graphics tablet.

Use
• These devices are often used by digital artists and designers.
• It is more accurate to draw freehand than to use a mouse.

Advantages
• More screen space is gained when designing/drawing.
• Expensive
Disadvantages
• Require more desk space
19

• Web Cams
These connect directly to the computer and don’t save the images; data is transmitted directly to the computer
for use in video conferencing or in video calls; the quality varies a lot depending on the lens and electronics.
• Used by users who want to have a web conference (Skype Call)

Use
• Record video for later use.
• Allows for face to face video chat.

Advantages • Can contact people without the need to travel.
• Quality is dependant on Internet connection.

Disadvantages
20

Review Questions
1. List the 3 categories of computer peripheral devices.

2. Describe three different types of input devices you use.
3. What the numeric key pad is used for?
4. List 3 pointing devices and what is the difference between them.
5. What is a remote control and what it is used for?
6. What is a scanner? Describe 3 types of scanner.
7. What are joystick and driving wheel used for?
8. What is a sensor?
9. List types of sensors and describe their use.
10. Why can computers not read data from sensors?
11. What is required for a computer to read data from a sensor?
12. What is a graphic tablet?
21

Devices
Cambridge IGCSE ICT
2021

2.2 Direct data entry (DDE) devices
• Describe direct data entry and associated devices,

• Magnetic stripe readers,
• Contactless Cards Readers
• Chip and PIN readers,
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) readers,
• Optical Mark Reader (OMR),
• Optical Character Reader (OCR),
• Bar code reader
• Biometric scanner
• Identify the advantages and disadvantages of any of the above devices in comparison with others.
To do:
Try to compare DDE devices which have common uses.
Try to compare DDE devices and manual input devices which have common uses.

magnetic strip card
• Card readers
credit/debit card
security key/electronic room entry card
Magnetic Strip Readers magnetic stripe card gift card
identity card
Magnetic strip readers read data found on magnetic stripes found on the back of cards.
• Use On credit/debit cards for use at ATMs or EFTPOS (electronic

• funds transfer at point of sale) terminals.
Use • Arcade: Contains balance
• Security/Hotel Rooms: Allows entry to specific room.
• Gift Cards (Vouchers) – amount of vouchers
• Fast data entry compared to keyboard

• Secure/Error Free – No Typing
Advantages
• Not effected by water and robust if dropped
• Easily Updated
• Stripe could become unreadable – scratched

Disadvantages • Does not work at a distance
• Easily Lost/misplaced

• Contactless Cards Readers

bank cards, customer/member card, identity card, public transport payment card, traveller card, etc.
Contactless Cards Readers are used by customers to pay for products at the POS without the need to enter a PIN
Number using RFID technology.
All contactless cards have a small chip that emits radio waves embedded in them (RFID).
Transactions are normally restricted to a small amount (up to £20)
a type of Passive HF RFID - Near Field Communication(NFC)
How it works
The payment terminal picks up a signal from the chip to process and complete the transaction when the card is
within a few centimetres distance.
holding the card near the card reader

• Users can make payment at shops, restaurants by simply inserting their credit/debit card
Use into the chip and pin reader and typing in their pin. within a few centimeters.
• Use On credit/debit cards for use at ATMs or EFTPOS (electronic funds transfer at point of
sale) terminals.
• Quicker Transaction meaning less time spent at POS.

Advantages • Don’t have to use PIN
• Transaction data (account details) is encrypted. more secure than
swip card.
• Less secure than chip and pin method.

• Anyone could use card if lost.
Disadvantages
• It is easer for thieves to copy details of the card. 5
• Only small payments can be made
• Chip and Pin Readers
Chip and Pin Readers are used POS terminals to make a secure payment using a debit or credit card.
Chip and pin cards have an embedded microprocessor or memory chip.
Data on the card can be erased if the card is close to an electromagnetic source such as TV.
Users can make payment at shops, restaurants by simply inserting their credit/debit card into
Use
the chip and pin reader and typing in their pin.
• Secure method of payment compared to swipe and contactless method.

Advantages
• Chip is less likely to be damaged compared to a magnetic swipe.
• The pin could be read by some one watching or use of mirrors.

• Fraudulent machines can copy card details.
Disadvantages
• Data on the card and the use of card can be recorded and input into a computer.
• The cards can be duplicated by criminals.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ks0SOn8hjG8
6

• Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers
Radio frequency identification (RFID) readers use radio waves to read and capture information stored on a tag.
The RFID tag is made up of two components:
• A microchip that stores and processes information
• An antenna that is used to receive and transmit data.
• Livestock tracking
• Retail – several tags can be read at the same time, thus speeding up the checkout process.
Use • Admission passes
• Libraries – books can be tracked in and out automatically by readers at the library
entrance.
• The tags can be read from a distance.
• It is a very robust and reliable technology.
Advantages • Very fast read rate.
• Bidirectional data transfer.
• Bulk detection is possible.
Tag collision
2. Radio waves are easy to jam or interrupt.
Disadvantages 3. It is easy to hack into the data.
4. RFID is more expensive than barcode system.
7

• Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
1. paper is fed into OMR scanner.

2. paper is scanned and input data is sent to computer.
3. OMR software recognizes the position of marks from input data
and stored in computer memory.
OMR is able to read marks written in pen or pencil. The position of the mark is stored in the computers memory.
Use - Used to scan in marks from multiple choice exams, surveys, and lottery tickets.
- Very fast method of inputting data as user does not have to type.
Advantages - More accurate than OCR
- Less chance of errors
- Forms have to be completed correctly to avoid manual checks which would waste time.
Disadvantages - Limited amount of characters can be read.

• Optical character recognition/reader (OCR)
OCR scans text/characters from hardcopies and converts it into an editable form which can be used and edited in a
range of software including word processors.
- Used in Self-Immigration System at Airports.

Use - Identity Cards
- Students scanning text from books which can be edited.
- Faster method of data entry compared to manually typing the data.
Advantages
- Less chance of errors.
- Not as accurate as the OMR reader
Disadvantages
- Need more training to be able to read handwriting

• Barcode scanner/reader
• A barcode is a pattern of lines and gaps that can be read by barcode scanners, which detect the width of lines in a
barcode.
• Barcodes are often used on parcels, so that they can be tracked and on items for sale in shops.
• Mostly, barcode scanner are handheld device or wands.
• There are two types of barcode: linear and matrix.
Barcode readers are typically used at point-of-sale (POS) in shops when customers are
Use
purchased goods.
• Far quicker and more accurate than typing in codes using a keypad.
Advantages • Stock database can easily be updated with new prices
• Barcodes would not need to be replaced.
• Barcode could be unreadable or missing.
• Barcode could be swapped.
Disadvantages
• Can be an expensive system.
• Can be more easily damaged than RFID tags or magnetic stripes.
10

• Quick Response (QR) code scanners/readers
Matrix barcodes are also known as QR codes. It is made up of a matrix of filled-in dark squares on a light
background. They are newer than linear barcodes and can hold much more information than linear barcodes and
can be scanned from any angle. A QR code can hold up to 4296 characters/7089 digits.
- Advertising products
- Giving automatic access to a website or contact address or number
- storing boarding pass at airports and train stations
Use - Link to apps
- Wi-fi authentication
- Augmented reality
- Virtual online store
- Can hold more information than barcode.
- Fewer errors than with barcodes.
Advantages
- Easier to read (by QR scanner or even mobile phone)
- Easy to share
- Barcode could be unreadable or missing.
- Barcode could be swapped.
Disadvantages
- Can be an expensive system.
- Can be more easily damaged than RFID tags or magnetic stripes.
11

Biometric scanners match the unique pattern of human bodies against previously stored data files.
The most common are fingerprint, retina, iris, voice and face.
Fingerprint scanners read the patterns of arches, loops and whorls in a human fingerprint. Fingerprints are unique
to each individual person. But they can be obscured, damaged or changes, such as injury or disease.
Iris scanner - Like fingerprints, human iris has a unique pattern. It is more detailed and accurate than a fingerprint.
Facial scanner - identify the structure of human face in order to identify as individual.
Voice recognition - require to capture voice. then they compare the voice print against a saved original and check to
see whether the two prints match.
12

• easier for users than password because no need to remember password.

• more difficult to trick biometric scanners than some other methods
Advantages
• can speed up transactions
• are not restricted by language barriers
• cause privacy and security concerns because PI is stored electronically.
• possible to trick
Disadvantages
• expensive to buy
• Make people feel uncomfortable
13
Scanning passport with biometric data

Review Questions
1. List 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of using biometric scanners.
2. What is the difference between linear and matrix barcodes?
3. What is the meaning of RFID?
4. What is OMR?
5. What is OCR?
6. What is barcode reader?
7. Compare and contrast technologies used in debit/credit cards.
14

Devices
Cambridge IGCSE ICT
2021

2.3 Output devices and their uses
• Output peripherals are connected to a computer and output the results of the computer’s processing in various
forms, including:
• Electronic display
• Printed text
• Video
• Audio
• Tactile(touch) forms
• Output devices
• Monitors ( CRT, LCD, LED) screen size, resolution, power consumption, cost, quality of output(color), uses
• Touch Screen
• Data/Multimedia projectors
• Printers technology to draw image, uses, cost, speed, healthy?, colour?, high volume?
• Graph plotter
• 3D printer
impact /non-impact
• Speaker
• Actuator

Monitors (screens)
• Monitors allow users to see the output from the computer on an electronic display.
• Features of monitors include:
• screen size, which is measured diagonally
• resolution, which is measured in pixels
• energy efficiency measures, such as low-power stand by mode if there is no input.
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

It is cheapest and oldest type of monitor.
It worked by firing a beam of electrons at a fluorescent screen.
Use • Used with light pens to create CAD/CAM.
• Clear output image

• Can view the screen at any angle.
Advantages
• Easy drawing by using light pen in CAD/CAM
applications.
• Size is bigger – requires more desk space.
• Consume more power than LCD monitors.
Disadvantages • Can badly affect eyesight if used for a long time.
• Could be a safety hazard if not correctly supported.
• Use a lot of electricity.
4

CRT - outdated
LCD/LED - updated technology
• Monitors (screens) mobile phones, laptops, tablets
Liquid crystal display screen

LCD screens are made up of tiny liquid crystals.
Flat screens or LCD were initially only used in laptops, but have now almost totally taken over from CRT for home
and office use.
Use • Have taken over from CRT as primary output display for computers.
• Low power consumption

• Slim and lightweight
Advantages • Large screen sizes are also available.
• Do not suffer from a flickering image, unlike CRT monitors.
• Colour reproduction is better than other monitors.
• Inconsistent colour and contrast from various viewing angles.

Disadvantages

• Monitors (screens)
LED – LEDs are very popular today. An LED screen is made up of tiny light emitting diodes (LEDs).
It is used for large outdoor displays, due to the brilliance of the colours produced.
• LED monitors are generally used outdoors in store signs, destination signs and billboards
Use due to their level of brightness.
• LEDS produces better light which improves the colour definition and can be used outdoors
Advantages in different types of light.
slim and lightweight
• LED are also energy efficient and can last along time.
• More expensive compared to other monitors.

Disadvantages
https://m.radianonline.co.zm/blog/post/all-you-need-to-know-about-lg-s-new-nanocell-led-tv-technology.html
6

• Touch Screen
A touch screen is a computer display screen that is also an input device. Users can interact with the screen by using
their fingers or a special stylus/pen.
₋ Mobile Phones/Tablets
Use
₋ Terminals at POS/Banks/Stations
- No need for additional input devices.

- No need for additional buttons.
Advantages
- Menus and interface generally very easy to use.
- Zoom in and rotation is possible
- Screen could become damaged, dirty, less visible etc.

Disadvantages
- Difficult to input high volumes of information compared to using a keyboard.

• Data/Multimedia projectors
Data or multimedia projectors allows users to display the computer screen to an audience by projecting the monitor
image onto a large screen.
They are used when projecting signals from various (Computer, TV) devices onto a large screen.
• Classrooms
Use • Offices
• Training Presentations
• Home cinema systems
• Is able to project onto a big screen allowing more people to see the output.
Advantages
• Users can gather around one screen –main focal point in classrooms.
• Output resolution may not be the same quality as other devices.

Disadvantages • Obstacles could affect block the projection.
• Expensive to buy and difficult to set up.

impact - has ribbon head/arm

• Printers hitting/pressing the paper to draw on paper.
• Laser printer, inkjet printer, dot matrix printer
Powdered ink from toner is fused onto paper by heat and pressure.
Laser printer is a non-impact printer that works in a similar way to a photocopier, using powdered ink(toner).
Laser printers are used when High output volumes are required.
Use • Schools
• Offices
• High quality printing

• Printing is very fast especially when printing in high volumes.
Advantages
• Toner lasts longer than inkjet cartridge –cost effective.
• Prints quietly.
• Laser printer is more expensive to buy.
• Colour laser printers are more expensive to run compared to black and white laser
Disadvantages printers.
• They produce ozone and volatile organic compounds that have been linked to health
hazards in the office.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcPE-r3zw5o
9

• Ink Jet printers
A non-impact printer in which the image is formed by ink that is sprayed onto the paper through small holes to
form a letter or an image.
Small office and home use

Use
Print photos with colours.
• High quality printing

• Cheaper to buy good for colour printing
• Prints quietly.
Advantages
• but the ink cartridges are expensive, so the running cost are high.
• They do not produce ozone and volatile organic compounds, unlike laser printers.
• Ink cartridges are expensive, so running cost is high.

• The output is slow if several copies are needed, as there is a little buffer capacity to store
Disadvantages
the pages.
• Can’t do large print jobs because ink cartridges run out too quickly.
slow compared to laser printer
10

• Dot Matrix printer impact printer
Dot Matrix is a type of printing which uses a print head which presses against an inked ribbon whilst moving back
and forth.
• Shop receipts to print on continuous multi-part stationary.

Use • Airline ticket
• When duplicates (carbon copies) are required
• Not affected by hot/dusty environments.
Advantages • Can print carbon copies (useful when additional copies need to be signed).
• Cheap to run an maintain.
• Very slow printing
Disadvantages • Poor Quality printing
• Noisy compared to other printers.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_vXA058EDY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_oBzIxhKb4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3OAr7tJDZE
11

• Graph plotters wide format printer
Some plotters can also roll the paper backwards and forwards.
A plotter draws lines on paper using different coloured pens.
E.g, line detector test or earthquake plotters.
Used by product designers, architects, engineers and cartographers who need to print their
Use
design on large sheets of paper.
• Very high-quality output.

• Able to produce large colour drawings to a high accuracy.
Advantages
• Able to print on a variety of materials (for example, aluminium, cardboard, plastic, steel
and wood) as well as paper.
• Very slow at printing

Disadvantages
• Expensive equipment
12

• 3D Printers create real-life versions of digital models.

3D-printed models take a long time to create.
3D Printers can produce solid objects by building layer upon layer.

an artificial leg,
• Prosthetic limbs tooth, or other
• Manufacturing Parts part of the body
Use • Medical Applications
• Engineering/Construction which are no longer available.
• Fashion/Arts
• Products can be customised .

• Prototypes can be created quickly.
Advantages
• Parts can be created which are no longer manufactured.
• Artificial organs can be created.
• Counterfeits products could be created.

Disadvantages • Dangerous objects could be printed if used inappropriately.
• Very expensive printer.
need various materials to be used in printing (e.g., plastic, metal, etc)
rather than paper
13

mono sound - low quality -
stereo sound - speakers - high quality
2.3 Output devices and their uses surround sound -
digital data digital to analogue sound output
• Speakers
They output sounds that are produced by, or have been stored on, the computer.
Digital data from the computer is converted into analogue form using a digital to analogue converter (DAC).
• Required to output sound.

Use • Essential for video conferencing, movies, computer games etc.
• Used with text-to-speech software to output text as sound.
• Speakers can be used wirelessly using Bluetooth technology.

Advantages • Sounds can be amplified.
• Surround sounds systems to give a more realistic experience.
• Not as personal compared to headphones – can be heard by everyone.

Disadvantages
• An underpowered amplifier playing at high volumes can damage a speaker.
14

sensors -> data -> process -> output -> actuators
• Actuators are transducers and are used to take signals from a computer and convert them into some form of
motion, for example operating motors. It can be mechanical or electromechanical device such as a relay, solenoid
or motor.
• Conversion of the digital signals form the computer to analogue is required (using a DAC).
Type Use
Motors • Washing machines, cookers
(Spins things • Control Fans
around) • Control Robot Arms in manufacturing
• Used in burglar alarms
Buzzer
• Microwave ovens and other household appliances
(Creates a noise)
• Sporting events/Game shows
Heater • Control heat in a central heating system
(Increases • Control heat in a green house
temperature) • Control heat in an oven
• Security lights
Lights
• Car Dashboard – e.g. to alert driver of low fuel.
(Creates light)
• Lights in greenhouse
15

• Actuators
• They allow remote operation of many devices (for example, pumps in a nuclear
reactor where remote operation is a big safety factor).
Advantages • They are relatively inexpensive devices.
• Can sometimes be faulty.

Disadvantages
• Computer signals need to be converted to analogue to control actuators.
16

Review Questions 3
1. Compare the use of dot matrix, inkjet and laser printers identifying advantages and disadvantages.
2. What is a plotter?
3. What is an actuator? List 3 examples.
4. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of CRT and LCD monitor.
5. What is 3D printer used for?
6. Describe the input devices and output devices used in a video conferencing system.
17

Technology – Magnetic, Optical; Solid State
– Capacity - the amount of storage space for data
Chapter 3 – Speed or data rate - how much data can be transferred per second
– Portability - How easy it is to be transported
Storage Devices – Durability - How robust it is to being damaged
– Reliability - how long it will work without failing
Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices
data access time - time it takes to locate specific data stored on
storage medium.
data transfer rate/time -rate at which data can be sent from device to
Magnetic Media & Optical Media another
Magnetic Tape drive Hard disk drive Portable Hard disk drive Optical Disk Drive
Type of Serial Direct Direct Direct
access
Technolo Magnetic Magnetic Optical
gy
- Thin strip of plastic that - It is made up of many concentric platters. It makes up a Laser light is used to read data and to write
has been coated in a cylinder that spins on a central spindle. data on the surface of the disk.
magnetic layer. - The disk surface(platter) is coated in a magnetic film that • Both CDs and DVDs use a thin layer of
- They are read and written allows data to be stored by altering the magnetic properties metal alloy or light-sensitive organic dye to
to by a read/write head. (magnetic charge) to represent binary 1s or 0s (positive or store the data.
negative).
- Spin speeds are 5400 revolutions per minute(rpm) or 7200 • They use a single spiral track that runs from
rpm. the centre of the disk to the edge.
- It uses read/write heads to read/write data on disk’s surface. • The data is stored in ‘pits’ and ‘bumps’ on
The read/write head moves across the surface of the disk the spiral track.
retrieving and saving data. CD/DVD – use red laser to read/write data
Blu-Ray – use blue or violet laser and have
shorter wavelength then CD/DVD.
R (recordable) – write once only
ROM – can only be read
RW – can be written to or read from many
times
Data 50 to 60 seconds- slowest 5 to 10 milliseconds 5 to 10 milliseconds 30 to 50 ms
access Slower
time/spee Faster than optical drive Faster than optical drive
d Slower than solid state Slower than solid state
Maximu CD – 700 MB
m Several Terabytes Several Terabytes DVD – 4.7 GB(single-layer), 18 GB(double
capacity Several terabytes up to 185 TB layer)
currently BluRay – 25 GB(single layer) – 50
GB(double)
Cost per 0.02 $/GB - 500 GB – 35 USD Expensive than tape and optical Not expensive
GB Not expensive Expensive
(price)
Portabilit Not suitable Not suitable Portable portable
y
Durabilit 10 to 20 years 3 to 5 years 3 to 5 10
y&
Reliabilit - Durable, good for Long term - Not much robust - Not much robust - Not robust
y storage
Use Audio recording To store operating system. Used as backup system. To store music files and software, computer
Used in batch processing Files server for computer Used to transfer file/ data/ games, film, files, reference software.
applications such as clearing network. software.
bank cheques, utility billing, Storing application software. Use for data back in computer
pay slips , etc.; in which To backup data/files
processing order and speed is Used in applications where there is a real
not important. need to prevent the deletion or overwriting of
• Large organizations make important data.
daily backups of their networks
on to Magnetic Tapes.
• Long-term archiving of data.
Advanta Less expensive. High access speed. High access speed. Less expensive
ges Very robust technology. High data transfer rate. High data transfer rate. Can write data multiple times (CD/DVD
Huge storage capacity. High capacity of storage. Can be used to transfer files RW, Blu-ray RE)
Data transfer rate is fast between computer. Can be used to transfer data and files
Secure (virus cannot be infected to CD/DVD
ROM)
Disadvan - Very slow data access times - Can be easily damaged if - Can be easily damaged if the - Slower access time
tages - When updating, another the correct shut down correct shut down procedure - Disc becomes unusable if error occurred
tape is need to store the final procedure is not carried is not carried out. while writing.
updated version. out. - This can lead to a head crash - Can write data only once (CD/DVD/Blu-
- Can be affected by magnetic - This can lead to a head which would result in a loss ray R/ROM)
fields crash which would result of data.
in a loss of data. - Have many moving parts
- Have many moving parts when compared to, for - Data can be overwritten accidentally
when compared to, for example solid state drives (RW discs)
example solid state drives (SSDs).
(SSDs). - Their read/write operation
- Their read/write operation can be quite noisy compared
can be quite noisy to SSDs.
compared to SSDs.
Solid-state Media
Memory sticks/pen drives ( Flash

Solid State Drive Flash memory card
memory)
Type of access Direct
Technology - The 1s and 0s are stored in millions of tiny transistors within the microchip: if the transistor - a form of electrically erasable programmable
conducts a current, this is equivalent to a 1, otherwise it is 0. read-only memory
- Therefore, solid-state storage devices are based on electronic circuits. It stores data by (EEPROM).
controlling the movement of electrons within NAND* chips.
Another type of SSD is electronically erasable programmable read-only memories
(EEPROM) technology.
- It uses NOR chips rather than NAND. It is faster in operation and allows data to be read or
erased in single bytes at a time.
- Solid-state storage devices store data using a special type of memory called flash memory.
-
Data access
time/speed 25 ~ 100 microseconds
(one millionth of a second.)
Fastest
Maximum capacity
120GB to 30.72TB
Cost per GB (price) Highly expensive
Portability Portable
Durability & Very durable and reliable
Reliability Cannot be damaged by dropping or magnetic fields.
Use • Laptops/Mobile phones/Tablets/Servers • Transporting flies between computers or • Storing photos on digital cameras.
• Used to store operating system and working used as a backup store. • Used as mobile phone memory cards.
data • Used as a security device to prevent • Used in MP3 players to store music files.
• Used for storing application software software piracy (known as a dongle). • Used as a backup store in hand-held computer
• Used in file servers for computer networks devices.
Advantages • They are more reliable (no moving parts to go • Very compact and portable media. • Very compact and can be easily removed and used
wrong). • Very robust. in another device or for transferring photos directly to
• They are considerably lighter (which makes • Doesn’t need additional software to work a computer or printer.
them suitable for laptops). on most computers. • Since they are solid state memories, they are very
• They don’t have to get ‘up to speed’ before they • They are not affected by magnetic fields. robust.
work properly.
• They have a lower power consumption.
• They run much cooler than HDDs (both these
points again
make them very suitable for laptop computers).
• Because there are no moving parts, they are
very thin.
• Data access is considerably faster than HDD.
Disadvantages - Expensive per gigabyte of memory when - It is not possible to write protect the - Expensive per gigabyte of memory when
compared to hard drive disks. data and files. compared to hard drive disks.
- Their small physical size means that - Have a infinite life regarding the number of times
they are easy to lose. they can be read from or written to.
- Incorrect removal can cause the drive Have a lower storage capacity than hard disks.
to be corrupted or useless.
What is ROM? Describe different types of ROMs and their uses.
- ROM is Read-only memory.

- In computer, ROM is used to store BIOS program (the start-up program used when the computer started).
- Generally, data in ROM cannot be changed or erased once written.
- But there are other types of ROM in which data can be erased or changed used in a variety of devices.
- These types of ROM are called:
- EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory).
- Data from These types of memory can be erased and rewritten to. In EPROM, data is erased by exposing it to strong ultraviolet (UV) light.
- In EEPROM, data is erased by applying a voltage to one of the pins on the ROM chip. Today’s flash memory is based on the technology of EEPROM.
Questions
1. A hard disk can be seen spinning whilst the read / write head moves across the surface.
(true/false)
2. Which of these is an optical disk? (SSD/DVD/HDD/RAM)
3. What does the R stand for in CD-R or DVD-R?
4. What does the W stand for in CD-RW or DVD-RW?
5. Magnetic tape is predominantly used for backup storage. (true/false)
6. Which of these storage types is the fastest? (

Solid State Drive (SSD)/ Compact Disk (CD)/Hard Disk Drive (HDD)/Digital Versatile Disk
(DVD))
7. Removable memory cards are a type of flash memory. (true/false)
8. Memory stick or USB stick is a good description of that type of storage. (true/false)
9. Which of these are real types of optical disks? (CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/CD-R/DVD-

R/CD-RW/DVD-RW/All of them)
10. Floppy disks are very popular for high-capacity storage. (true/false)
11. Match the correct sizes.

a) One megabyte 1000 bytes
b) One kilobyte 1000 kilobytes
c) One gigabyte 1000 megabytes
d) One byte 8 bits
12. What is the smallest unit of storage called _____________?
13. How many bits in a byte?
14. Which is the correct capacity for each of the optical storage media? flopp disk 3.5 MB
CD 700 MB
a) DVD DVD 4.7 GB ( double layer ,
b) CD-ROM double sided - 16 GB
Blu-ray - 25 GB -
USB stick, flash memory
HDD -
SSD
Tape -
15. Bit is short for Binary Digit. (true/false)
16.
17. State two types of data that can be stored on an optical disc.
18. State two types of devices that could use solid state media as main storage technology.
19. Why solid-state storage is used in portable devices?
20. Give two advantages of using pen drive to store data.
17. sound(music) and software, video files, computer games, backup data files
18. laptops, mobile phones, tablets, game consoles, media player,
19. They are reliable, doesn't have any moving parts such as platters, r/w and they are lighter.
/ use less power.
20. they are very portable as they are small in size
they are not affected by magnetic fields as they store data electronically.

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Table of Contents

Dr. Zarli Htun

• 1.1 Hardware and software

© 2021 IGCSE ICT Notes by ZL

text, video /audio

Work of a computer secondary storge hdd, ssd

Input, process, storage, and output 3

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 Major components on a motherboard include:

• Expansion slots startup program

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Power Supply Unit(PSU)

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Examples of application software

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 Application software examples

Word processing Spreadsheet Database

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 Application software examples

Photo Editing Graphics Manipulation Video Editing

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• Games (Angry Birds) Measuring

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Operating Systems Manages computers functions including hardware devices

Linkers Combines object files produced by a complier into a single program.

Utilities Help to manage and maintain computer

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 Input devices: keyboard, mouse

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 Central processing unit (CPU) is the ‘brain’ of the computer.

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A CPU Socket on Motherboard

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Internal Hard disks

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 Backing storage is also known as secondary storage.

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GUI, CLI, Voice Interface,

Operating System Function etc.

 It acts as an interface between the user and the computer.

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

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List contents in a directory

 Exercise: Try to listen to music in https://cmd.to/fm by using text command.

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Compact PC Mini Desktop

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Advantages of desktop computers compared to laptop computers: