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DPR 50 MWP Rajasthan Thin Film 12-6-10-1
DPR 50 MWP Rajasthan Thin Film 12-6-10-1
DPR 50 MWP Rajasthan Thin Film 12-6-10-1
Prepared for
XXX Limited, Gurgaon
By
Direct solar radiation: It is the solar radiation propagating along the line joining the receiving surface
and the sun. It is also referred as beam radiation. It is measured through pyrehiliometer.
Diffuse solar radiation: It is the solar radiation scattered by aerosols, dust and molecules. It does not
have a unique direction and also dose not follows the fundamental principals of optics. It is measured by
shading pyrenometer.
Global solar radiation: The global solar radiation is the sum of the direct and diffuse solar radiation
and is sometimes referred to as the global radiation. The most common measurements of solar
radiation are total radiation on a horizontal surface often referred to as ‘global radiation’ on the surface.
It is measured by pyrenometer.
Irradiance: Irradiance is the rate at which radiant energy is incident on a surface, per unit area of
surface.
Albedo: It is essentially the ratio of reflected to incident light. The albedo of an object is a measure of
how strongly it reflects light from light sources such as the Sun.
Abbreviations
AC – Alternate Current
a-Si - Amorphous Silicon
c-Si – Crystalline Silicon
°C - Degree Celsius
CERC – Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
CdTe - Cadmium Telluride
DC – Direct Current
DPR - Detailed Project Report,
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
EPA - Energy Purchase Agreement
IEC - International Electro-technical Commission
IEC 61646 - IEC standard code for PV module performance
IEC 61730 – IEC standard code for product safety
IFC - International Finance Corporation
IP65 - International Protection Rating / Index Protection: classifies the degrees of protection
provided against the intrusion of solid objects (including body parts like hands and fingers),
dust, accidental contact, and water in electrical enclosures.
IREDA – Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
ITPI – IT Power India Pvt. Ltd.
ITPG - IT Power Group
Km – Kilometre
KV - Kilovolt
KVA – Kilovolt Ampere
KWh – Kilowatt Hour
KWp – Kilo Watt peak
LCC - Life cycle costs
MNRE – Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MVA – Mega Volt Ampere
MW – Megawatt
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MWh – Megawatt Hour
NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration – US space agency
NASA-SSE – NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy
NOC - No Objection Certificate
O&M - Operation and Maintenance
PCB – Pollution Control Board
Poly-Si - Polycrystalline silicon
PV - Solar Photovoltaic
RETScreen – A computer software developed by Natural Resource Centre Canada for
renewable energy project evaluation
RERC – Rajasthan Electricity Regulatory Commission
RRECL – Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Ltd.
RSEB – Rajasthan State Electricity Board
RVPN – Rajasthan Vidyut Prasara Nigam
SMA - SMA Solar Technology AG, manufacturer of solar inverters
SLEC – State Level Empowered Committee
RPO – Renewable Purchase Obligation
STC – Standard Test Conditions of 1000 W/m2 irradiance, Air mass 1.5, 25 °C cell
temperature.
T-Line – Transmission line
UV – Ultra Violet
V - Voltage
Wp – Watt peak
WBA – Wheeling & Banking Agreement
Project at a Glance
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Detailed project report (DPR) of 50 MW Solar Thin Film
Technology based grid-connected Power Plant in
Rajasthan
PROMOTER COMPANY
XXX Ltd.
OFFICE ADDRESS
XXX, Gurgaon, HARYANA – 122016
INDIA
OFFICE ADDRESS
XXX, New Delhi -110 003
INDIA
Mr. XXXXXX
NAME OF AFFILIATE
CoDESIGN Engineering Private Limited
Mr. XXXXX
CONTACT DETAILS : XXXXX@codesignengg.com
Tra International encompasses the areas of training programs, magazines, solar certifications,
solar engineering services, and sales. TRA International Ltd. encompasses the areas of:
CON-SOL > Consultancy Services for Large Projects such as Solar Power Plants, Solar Cities
TRA-IN > Training programs & Solar certifications,
PRO-TRA> Solar engineering and project services,
Sales through Franchisee network.
TRA International has one of India’s leading solar consulting teams. We have access to
international know-how, local knowledge and a very sound technical cadre.
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Installation & Commissioning of Solar Water Heating System at Indian Ordinance Factory,
Chandrapur, Maharashtra.
Installation & Commissioning of Solar Water Heating System at Khajurao for North Central
Railways
Supply, Erection, Testing & Commissioning of Solar Street Lights at Orcha Railway Station for
North Central Railways
Pre-Feasibility Study, and EPC Installation of Solar Water Pump at several locations in Gir
Forest Range, Gujarat
Solution of Solar PV & Thermal at Shanti Devi Dharamshala, Khatu Shyam, Rajsthan
Main Features of the Project
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Section – 1
Site Assessment
Thakarba Village (27o05’44” North and 72o13’37”East) is located in Pokaran tahsil of
Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. Pokaran “the place of five mirages” town is located in
Jaisalmer district in Rajasthan. Pokhran located at 26°55′N and 71°55′E with an average
elevation of 233 meters. It is surrounded by rocky, sandy and five salt ranges. It has well road
and rail connectivity from Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Bikaner. DSC Limited India is planning to
install a solar energy based grid connected power project in Pokharan Tahsil of Jaisalmer,
Rajasthan under the first phase of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM). The
identified technology is solar thin films; while the capacity of proposed power plant is 50
MW. TRA International Limited has been selected by the company as project consultants and
for preparation of detailed project report (DPR) of the proposed plant. Figure 1.1 presents the
district map of Jaisalmer indicating the proposed site.
Proposed Location
Project Location
Village-Thakarba
Tehsil- Pokharan
District-Jaisalmer
Thakarba village is located on the Link road of Phokharak-Phalodi road which further
connects Bap oh Jodhpur district to jaisalmer. The location is located 25-30 km far from
Bap, Phalodi.
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Phalodi is a small town located in the Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. It is situated between
latitude 27.06oN to 27.09oN and 72.3oE to 72.23°E. It has an average elevation of 303 meters.
Phalodi is also called the "salt city" due to the concentration of a large number of salt
industries located in the area. Bap is the nearest town located nearby national Highway-15
from the Site-1 of Jodhpur which also contains railway connectivity. The geographical
coordinates of the proposed land of Jaisalmer district are 27o05’44”N and 72o13’37E.
Following observations have been made from the site assessment;
• Thakarba is located around 25-30 from Pokharan Tahsil of Jaisalmer district
• Bap, Phalodi towns of Jodhpur district are nearby towns and are connected with
national Highway (NH-15) and also with rail
• The total land availability is around 1138 Beghas
• The available land is spread over multiple Khasaras namely 943, 842, 854, 855 and
857.
• The nearest sub-station for power evacuation is about 22 km from the Site.
• PS-1 is the nearest grid substation from the site
• The specification of PS-1 substation is 132/33 kV.
• The Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP) Canal is located from the proposed land
around 12-15 km.
• Ground water is the secondary source and the ground water level is approximate 40-45
meters; which is highly saline.
Land
The total land available at the site is around 1138 beghas; which is sufficient to set up
approximately 50 MW solar PV project if thin film technology is used. The land is essentially
desert, upper layer is stable and with scattered scabs, and too flat and seems very favourable
for the solar projects. It has been analyzed that negligible civil work is required towards
making land flat for implementing the project. The photographs of Site taken from different
direction are given below in Table 1.1.
A number of project developers who are applying for implementation of large scale Solar
Power Projects have been identified and finalized the land in this and bank. The land bank is
also a part of Solar Park concept of Clinton Climate Initiate (CCI) of Clinton Foundation,
USA. The Khasara maps of the land are presented in Figures 1.3.
Table 1.1 Photographs of Proposed Site Village- Thakarba (Pokharan), Jaisalmer
Photo – 1- South
view of the Site
Thakarba
(Pokharan),
Jaisalmer
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Photo – 2- Site is
spread over both
sides of the
connecting Road
Photo – 3- Other
direction of Site
Photo – 4- Site is
adjacent to the link
road
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Photo – 5- IGNP
canal is 8-10 from
the Site
Photo – 6- PS-1 is
the nearest 132 kV
Substation
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Figure 1.3. Land documents and Khasara map of map of Thakarba (Pokharan), Jaisalmer
Connectivity
Airport
Jaisalmer has an airport located 9 km far from the city; which is a small airport operated by
the Indian Air Force but indeed allows the arrival and departure of civil commercial airlines
in and out of the airport especially during the tourist season between the time span around the
arrival of winter and before setting of the summer. Located at a distance of about 9 km away
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from the city center of Jaisalmer, it is situated on an elevation of 887 feet. Jodhpur is the
nearest airport from the city which operates over the year.
Road Connectivity
To reach Jaisalmer by road is an excellent option as the city is well connected with major
north Indian cities by road. The road network in Jaisalmer is extremely well linked with cities
of the state like Jodhpur, Jaipur, Bikaner, Udaipur etc. There is very good network of city
roads also where all modes of vehicular transport communications operate. Jaisalmer city is
connected with National Highway-15 and have a wide establish road network in the district.
NH-15 connects the district with Bikaner and Barmer. Figure 1.4 presents the road map of
Bikaner district indicating the proposed sites.
Proposed Location
Figure 1.4 Road Map of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan indicating the proposed Site
(Source: www.mapsofindia.com)
Driving Directions:
Road connectivity from Jodhpur is as follows - 160 km east from Jpdhpur to Phaodi, 40
km east to Bap, 25 km north to Nokh, and 15 km to the site
Rail Connectivity
Jaisalmer is the terminus of a Broad gauge branch railway of Indian Railways, which joins
with the main system at Jodhpur. Jaisalmer is a popular tourist destination and therefore
although the Jaisalmer railway station has only meter gauge trains, the tourist inflow in the
station is quite steady. The Jaisalmer Railway Station has regular trains that connect Jaisalmer
with Jaipur and with other cities of North India. The luxury train 'Palace on wheels' passes
through this station. Figure 1.5 presents the rail network of Jaisalmer district. The nearest
railway station to the site is Bap, with daily trains.
Proposed Location
Figure 1.5 Rail Map of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan indicating the proposed Site
(Source: www.mapsofindia.com)
Water Availability
In PV power plants water is required only for cleaning of the PV modules. The location has
water access through IGNP canal which is located around 10-12 km far from the proposed
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location. However the groundwater is also available on the land but the quality of water is
reported as highly saline by the water resource department of the state.
Also, at any particular station, data recording can be sporadic leading to incomplete
climatological profiles; and, data inconsistencies can occur within a station and from one
station to another. In contrast to ground measurements, the Surface meteorology and Solar
Energy (SSE) data set is a continuous and consistent 22-year global climatology of insolation
and meteorology data on a 1° by 1° grid system. Although the SSE data within a particular
grid cell are not necessarily representative of a particular microclimate, or point, within the
cell, the data are considered to be the average over the entire area of the cell. In utilizing the
SSE data set, an estimate of the renewable energy resource potential can be determined for
any location on the globe. That estimate is considered to be accurate enough for feasibility
studies of new renewable energy projects.
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Figure 2.1 Solar radiation map of India
The daily average global radiation is around 5 .0 kWh/m2 in north-eastern and hilly areas to
about 7.0 kWh/m2 in western regions and cold dessert areas with the sunshine hours ranging
between 2300 and 3200 per year. In most parts of India, clear sunny weather is experienced
for 250 to 300 days a year. The annual global radiation varies from 1600 to 2200 kWh/m2.
Figure 2.1 presents the global solar radiation map of India based on the measured data of
Indian Meteorological Department. This section covers the detailed-feasibility assessment of
solar radiation resource Thakarba (Pokharan), Jaisalmer.
1 There are six major climatic zones in India namely Composite (i.e. New Delhi, Indore), Hot and Dry (i.e.
Jodhpur, Jaisalmer), Warm and Humid (i.e. Hyderabad, Mumbai), Cold and Sunny (i.e. Leh), Cold and Cloudy
(i.e. Shimla, Srinagar) and Moderate (i.e. Banglore, Pune).
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Jaisalmer
Jaisalmer district is located within a rectangle lying between 26°.4’ to 28°.23' North parallel
and 69°.20' to 72°.42' East meridians. It is the largest district of Rajasthan and third largest in
the country in area. Jaisalmer District lies in the Thar Desert, which straddles the border of
India and Pakistan. It is bounded on the northeast by Bikaner District, on the east by Jodhpur
District, on the south by Barmer District, and on the west and north by Pakistan. The length of
international border attached to the district is 471 km. The area is barren, undulating with its
famous sand dunes and slopes towards the Indus valley and the Runn of Kutch. Jaisalmer is
almost entirely a sandy waste, forming a part of the Great Indian Desert. The general aspect of
the area is that of an interminable sea of sand hills, of all shapes and sizes, some rising to a
height of 150 ft. Those in the west are covered with log bushes, those in the east with tufts of
long grass. Water is scarce, and generally brackish; the average depth of the wells is said to be
about 250 ft.
Jaisalmer lies in the ‘Hot and Dry’ Climatic Zone of India. The climate of Jaisalmer is
influenced by its position amidst the Great Indian Desert. The region experiences an arid
climate through the year. The temperature remains low during the winter season while
summers are characterized by cold and dry Jaisalmer weather. The region is drained by very
scanty rainfall during the monsoon season. The climate of Jaisalmer during the winter season
remains cold and dry. The day temperature rises to a maximum of 24 oC while the night time
temperatures fall to 7 or 8 oC. The winter season lasts between the months of November and
February. The summer season in Jaisalmer is defined by the hot and sultry weather. The
temperature during the day reaches a maximum of 42 oC. At night the temperatures fall to 25
o
C. The season lasts between the months of April to August. The region does not experience
a well defined monsoon season. The average rainfall is only 16.4 cms as against the state
(Rajasthan) average of 57.51 cms.
Jaisalmer City
The geographical location of the city falls between North Latitude 26º 01' and East Longitude
69º 03'. It has an average elevation of 243 meters. Jaisalmer has an average elevation of
229 meters. It is situated near the border of India and Pakistan in West Rajasthan, and covers
an area of 5.1 km². The maximum summer temperature is more than 45°C while the minimum
is 25°C. The maximum winter temperature is usually around 23.6°C and the minimum is
7.9°C. The average rainfall is 150 mm. The region experiences an arid climate through the
year. The temperature remains low during the winter season while summers are characterized
by cold and dry Jaisalmer weather. The region is drained by very scanty rainfall during the
monsoon season. The maximum temperature rises above the 42º in summer Centigrade mark
and in winter, the temperature comes down to 7º to 6º Centigrade. All throughout the year, the
days are very warm but in the evenings the temperature drops quite a few degrees.
31 5 ° 45°
20°
30°
300° 60°
40°
1 st Ju l 6
1 st Ju n
50°
19
1 st Au g
285° 60° 7 1st
7 5M
° ay
18 70°
1 st S e p 8
17 80° 9
16 1 st Ap r
10
15 11
27 0 ° 14 13 12 9 0°
1 st O c t
1 st M a r
1 st
2 5N5o° v 105°
1 st F eb
1 st D e c
1 st Jan
240° 120°
22 5 ° 1 3 5°
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90
13
80 12
14
70
11
60 15
10
50
16
40 9
17
30
8
18
20
10
19
6
ALT
N o rth 30 60 90 120 150 S o u th 210 240 270 300 330 N o rth
It has been observed that Jaisalmer receives 4.61 kWh/m2 (January) to 8.24 kWh/m2 (June)
global solar radiation over the year on horizontal surface; while the diffuse solar radiation
varies from 0.80 kWh/m2 (November) to 2.12 (July) kWh/m2 annually. In order to check the
reliability of satellite data from NASA interface, a comparative graph is presented in Figure
2.6; which indicates that the satellite data underestimates the solar radiation for the respective
location.
9.0
8.0
Daily Global Solar Radiation (kWh/m )
7.0
2
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure 2.6 Comparison of Daily Global Solar Radiation values of IMD and NASA
(Source: Handbook of Solar Radiation by A. Mani, and
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/RETScreen, TRA Analysis)
In order to receive higher solar energy input, solar PV modules are inclined towards south (in
northern hemisphere). The angle of inclination for through out the year load is selected as
equivalent to the latitude of the location. Table 2.1 presents the daily availability of Global,
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Diffuse and Direct solar radiation solar radiation along with Global solar Radiation on
inclined surface (i.e. global solar radiation over the latitude of the location).
Table 2.1 Monthly average daily values (kWh/m2) of Global, Diffuse and Direct solar
radiation for Jaisalmer on horizontal, and Global Solar Radiation over inclined surface
Taking the number of days in each month as multiplication factor with the values reported in
Table 2.1 the annual value of global solar radiation on horizontal and inclined surfaces has
been achieved. The monthly average daily values of Global solar radiation on horizontal and
inclined (at latitude of the location) surfaces are summarized in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Monthly total values (kWh/m2) of solar radiation for Jaisalmer over horizontal and
inclined surfaces (latitude)
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The annual global solar radiation has been observed as 2350 kWh/m2 at the location of
Jaisalmer; while the diffuse and beam radiation have been observed as 460 kWh/m2 and
1884 kWh/m2 respectively on horizontal surface. It has been determined that the location
receives around annual global solar radiation 2565 kWh/m2 over the inclined surface at the
latitude of the location. Figure 2.7 presents the monthly total values of global solar radiation
over horizontal and inclined surfaces at the proposed site of Jaisalmer.
300
Monthly Global Solar Radiation (kWh/m )
250
2
200
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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Table 2.3 presents the monthly average, maximum and minimum values of above parameters
for the location of Jaisalmer. The data obtained from the statistical analysis is reported in
Annexure-I which contains daily values (average, maximum and minimum) of above
parameters.
Table 2.3 Monthly average daily values (average, maximum, minimum) of climatic parameters for
Jaisalmer
Figures 2.8 to 2.10 represent monthly average ambient temperature, relative humidity and
prevailing wind speed (with minimum and maximum) at the location of Pokhran, Jaisalmer.
35
30
25
Ambient Temperature ( C)
o
20
15
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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70
60
50
Rela tive Humidity (%)
40
30
20
10
0
Jan Fe b M ar Apr May Jun J ul Aug Se p Oct Nov Dec
4
Wind Speed (% )
0
Jan Fe b Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Se p Oct Nov Dec
Figure 2.10 Monthly pattern of wind speed over Pokharan, Jaisalmer
(Source: TRA analysis and RETScreen Database)
Table 2.6 presents the monthly maximum, average and minimum values of ambient
temperature, relative humidity and wind speed for the location of Pokhran, Jaisalmer.
Table 2.6 Monthly average daily values (average, maximum, minimum) of climatic
parameters for Pokhran, Jaisalmer
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Section – 3
Photovoltaic production has been doubling every two years, increasing by an average of 48
percent each year since 2002, making it the world’s fastest-growing energy technology. At the
end of 2007, according to preliminary data, cumulative global production was 12,400 MW.
Roughly 90% of this generating capacity consists of grid0tied electrical systems. At the end
of 2007, the cumulative global production of solar PV systems was 12,400 megawatts.
Roughly 90% of this generating capacity consists of grid-tied electrical systems. Such
installations may be ground-mounted or building integrated.
Solar PV system
A PV system essentially consists of modules (array of solar cells generating the electricity)
and a balance of system (BoS) including the cabling, battery, charge controller and DC/AC
inverter, as well as other components and support. Most of the systems are in flat-plate
(having a fixed orientation) variety but these might be use sun-tracking (single or double axis)
concentrators in order to achieve high radiation on a small area and hence higher efficiency.
The storage system (batteries) is not required in grid connected SPV systems.
Solar PV module is the smallest PV unit that can be used to generate substantial amounts of
PV power. Although individual PV cells produce only small amounts of electricity, PV
modules are manufactured with varying electrical outputs ranging from a few watts to more
than 100 watts of direct current (DC) electricity. The modules can be connected into PV
arrays for powering a wide variety of electrical equipment. The system components of SPV
Water Pumping System are:
PV Array
Battery Bank
Interface Electronics
Connecting Cables & Switches
Support Structure & Tracking System
Charge Controller Unit
Electrical loads, such as fans, lights, TV, etc.
AC Loads
Electric
Utility
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Figure 3.1. Schematic of grid-connected photovoltaic system
In every configuration all these components are not used. Components used depend upon the
type of configuration, which in other way depend upon the application. For example: Storage
battery is not used in case of direct coupled PV system and inverter is not used for DC load.
Solar cell
Solar cells represent the fundamental power conversion unit of a photovoltaic system, which
has much in common with other solid-state electronic devices, such as diodes, transistors and
integrated circuits. For practical operation, solar cells are usually assembled into modules. Its
operation is based on the ability of semiconductors to convert sunlight directly into electricity
by exploiting the photovoltaic effect. In the conversion process, the incident energy of light
creates mobile charged particles in the semiconductor, which are then separated by the device
structure and produce electricity.
Due to variety of reasons including the concerns of deteriorating earth atmosphere and global
warming, the PV technology has seen large increase in solar panel manufacturing and
deployment world over, particularly in Japan and Germany. About 30-40% growth in the
sector in last few years is a great incentive for investment. Based on the different technologies
and materials, the solar cell technology has been grouped in four different generations. The
first generation solar cells are of large area, single-crystal, single layer p-n junction diode,
capable to generate usable electricity from light sources with the wavelengths of sunlight.
These are typically made using diffusion process with silicon wafers. The silicon wafer-based
solar cells are the dominant technology towards commercial production of solar cells
accounting for more than 85% of the terrestrial solar cell market.
The second generation photovoltaic cells are based on the use of thin epitaxial deposits of
semiconductors on lattice-matched wafers. Epitaxial photovoltaics are of two types namely
space and terrestrial. The space cells typically have higher AM0 efficiencies (28-30%) in
production, but have a higher cost per watt. Their “thin-film” cousins have been developed
using lower-cost processes, but have lower AM0 efficiencies (7-9%) in production.
Thin-film PV still represents a small share of global solar PV production, about 6–8 percent in
2006. But thin film gained acceptance as a “mainstream” technology during2006/2007, due
partly to manufacturing maturity and lower production costs and partly to its advantage in
terms of silicon feedstock it requires just one-hundredth as much silicon as conventional cells.
The third-generation photovoltaic cells are proposed to be very different from the previous
semiconductor devices as they do not rely on a traditional p-n junction to separate photo-
generated charge carriers. For space applications quantum well devices (quantum dots,
quantum ropes, etc.) and devices incorporating carbon nanotubes are being studied - with a
potential up to 45% AM0 production efficiency.
The fourth generation of photovoltaic cells are the hypothetical generation of solar cells;
which may consist of composite photovoltaic technology, in which polymers with nano-
particles can be mixed together to make a single multi-spectrum layer. The multi-spectrum
layers can be stacked to make multi-spectrum solar cells more efficient and cheaper.
The last two generations of solar cells are still at research and development stage. It will take
some more years to understand the underlying science and technology to bring them to
commercial level. For terrestrial applications, these new devices include photo
electrochemical cells, polymer solar cells, nano-crystal solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells
and are still in the research phase. Dye-sensitized solar cells, which are cheaper than silicon
cells, consist of dye-coated titanium dioxide nano-particles immersed in an electrolyte
solution, which is sandwiched between glass plates. These solar cells consist of titanium
oxide nano-crystals that are coated with light-absorbing dye molecules and immersed in an
electrolyte solution, which is sandwiched between two glass plates or embedded in plastic.
The first two generations of solar cells are commercialised. The efficiency of crystalline
silicon modules varies from 17-22%, though theoretical limit is around 29%. Efficiency of a
solar cell depends on its ability to absorb solar radiation. Larger the fraction of solar radiation
it absorbs, larger will be its efficiency and larger power it will generate. Taking this into
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account, multi-junction solar cells have been fabricated. The efficiency of triple junction, state
of the art solar cell of 40.7% has been recorded by Spectrolab, USA. The R&D work to
improve efficiency further is going on by using 4, 5 or 6 junction solar cells. Using these high
efficiency solar cells and focusing solar light to 500X, high efficiency solar concentrator has
been devised to give electrical power of few KWp, enough to light up a household of small
family. The use of light reflector have reduced the actual device size of the device, thus
reducing the usage and price of much costlier semiconductor materials.
Mono – Crystalline
Wafer based (MS: 38.3%)
Silicon
(MS: 90.6 %) Multi – Crystalline
(MS: 52.3 %)
a – Si (M S: 4.7 %)
Sheet/ribbon Si
(M S: 4.7 %)
Thin film
Solar Cell (MS: 9.4 %)
Compound semiconductor
(CDTe, CIGS)
(MS: 1.8%)
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Figure 3.4 Polycrystalline silicon solar cell and module
In this approach thin layers of semiconductor material are deposited onto a supporting
substrate, such as a large sheet of glass.
Thin-film photovoltaic modules are fundamentally different in their composition and their
production from crystalline photovoltaic modules. Though nearly all thin-film technologies
target a lower cost structure than traditional c-Si PV systems, the ability to scale beyond the
pilot stage to full commercial module production based on these thinfilm technologies has
proven difficult. In general, thin-film modules are made by coating and patterning entire
sheets of substrate, generally glass or stainless steel, with micron-thin layers of conducting
and semiconductor materials, followed by encapsulation. This leads to a process that can be
highly efficient in materials utilization, has relatively low labour requirements, and uses
comparatively little energy in the total manufacturing process.
Typically, less than a micron thickness of semiconductor material is required, 100-1000 times
less than the thickness of Silicon wafer. Some of the thin film solar cells in use are as follows;
a – Si
CdTe
CIS, CIGS (copper indium gallium di-selenide)
Thin film crystalline silicon
Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) solar can be fabricated at a lower deposition temperature hence
permits the use of various low cost flexible substrates by easier processing technique. The
major concern of a-Si solar cells is their low stabilized efficiency. The overall efficiency
drops inevitably at module level and at present the efficiencies of commercial modules are in
the range of 4-8%.
Multitudes of manufacturing techniques are main advantage of these solar cells which are
suitable for large scale production. Limited availability of cadmium and pollution problem
associated with Cadmium is main concerns with this technology.
Each of above is amenable to large area deposition (on to substrates of about 1 meter
dimensions) and hence, high volume manufacturing. The thin-film semiconductor layers are
deposited onto either coated glass or stainless steel sheets. The semiconductor junctions are
formed in different ways, either as a p-i-n device in amorphous silicon, or as a hetero-junction
(e.g. with a thin cadmium sulphide layer) for CdTe and CIS.
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In order to build up a practically useful voltage from thin-film cells, their manufacture usually
includes a laser scribing sequence that enables the front and back of adjacent cells to be
directly interconnected in series, with no need to further solder connections between cells.
This way, the single photovoltaic cell created directly during production is already
interconnected in series to the next one and together result in the finished photovoltaic
module. This method represents a great advantage compared with the diverse necessary
process steps from wafer to module in the crystalline technologies as they have been
described above.
The share of thin-film technologies in the PV market is increasing. Thin-film production more
than doubled from 1850 MW in 2006 to 400 MW in 2007, accounting for 12% of total PV
production. Amorphous silicon technology has the highest share among other thin-film
technologies. It is predicted that thin-film technology will take 19% of the total market share
by 2013 with a growth rate of 45%.
Other PV technologies
The photovoltaic market is still dominated by silicon wafer-based solar cells, which
accounted for about 88% of the market in 2008 and will continue to dominate for many years.
Market research predicts that multi-crystalline silicon will grow at a 285% rate through 2013.
Recent improvements in this traditional technology and its reliability will keep it in the
forefront, which will represent 79% of the market. The Table 3.1 presents a comparison of
different technologies with respect to efficiency, stability, current status technologies etc.
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Parameter Crystalline Silicon Thin film
materials
Inverters High inverter flexibility Limited inverter flexibility
Cost High cost per watt Low cost per watt
Output Output depends on No. of cells Directly proportion on the dimension
in a 1 X 1 of the
dimension module module
Stabilization Guaranteed power It takes 5-6 months to reach a
stabilized output
Table 3.2 Performance results of a SPV power plant with different technologies
Solar cell Efficiency Annual electricity Solar cell Area Total area
technology (%) generated (kWh) required (m2) required (m2)
Traditionally, crystalline silicon technology had been the preferred choice of the PV market
place due to its higher energy conversion efficiencies and easy availability. Efficiencies for
both single crystalline (sc-Si) and multi-crystalline (mc-Si) modules range between 11-17%.
In comparison, the efficiency of CdTe modules ranges from 9-10%. However, in spite of the
lower conversion efficiency, amorphous silicon technologies have better real world efficiency
in terms of electricity production per installed watt. Generally this is not recognized because
modules are rated at Standard Test Conditions (STC) of 1000 W/m2, 25ºC, and AM1.5.
However, a module deployed in the real world generally will be exposed to these conditions
for only a brief amount of time during its life, and therefore STC ratings are of limited use in
evaluating the actual performance of modules and systems. Independent studies evaluating
side-by-side energy yield (generated energy per rated peak watt of power) of various PV
technologies show notable performance advantages of CdTe thin film PV technology.
Traditionally, the market place had been focused on efficiency as the market was almost
entirely crystalline silicon based and consequently the modules had similar operational
performance. Recently, the market place has shifted with the realization that efficiency is not
a good metric when comparing different technologies. Today, the decisive criterion for
evaluation of the photovoltaic modules is not the technical module efficiency, but the costs to
be paid per Watt of module output (generated kWh of electricity). Bottom lines of power
generation companies are driven by cost of actual energy production rather than by the
parametric value efficiency. With the greater energy production at high ambient temperatures
as well as low and diffuse light conditions (such as cloudy weather as well as dawn and dusk
conditions), Si based thinfilm solar modules generate a greater energy per rated watt than due
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crystalline silicon modules. Si based thin film solar modules are also less expensive to
produce on a per watt basis.
Inverters
After modules inverters are the most important components in a solar power system. In recent
years inverter technologies have been developed significantly and numbers of reputed
companies are now offering high efficiency inverters. Because of technical improvements in
circuit design and integration of required control and protection circuits into control circuits
cost, size and weight of inverters has reduced significantly. The control circuits provide
sufficient control and protection features like maximum power generation, frequency and
power factor controller. Inverter technology is very important to have reliable and safety grid
interconnection. Inverters connecting a PV system to public grid are to be purposefully
designed that allows power transfer to and from the grid. Many a times inverters can be
connected in “master- slave” criteria, when the succeeding inverter switching on when enough
solar radiations are available or in case main inverter malfunction. The standard voltage and
frequency for single circuit is 220 V and 50 Hz.
Grid connected solar systems offer a unique opportunity to silently and cleanly generate
significant amounts of energy, which are designed to operate in parallel with, and
interconnected, with the electric utility grid. A grid-connected solar electricity system links
several solar panels together through an inverter to the power grid. No electrical storage
batteries are required, as excess electricity generated by the solar panels.
These systems can be likened to having the own solar power station of consumer located on
house roof, that silently generates green electricity, or any excess of electricity, via the grid.
Every Grid Power solar system comes with a solar panel array, a grid connected inverter, a
roof mounting assembly, a pre-wired circuit breaker distribution board and all warning and
emergency procedure signage. The output from a photovoltaic module is proportional to
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available solar irradiance and therefore it is dependent upon the location, time of day and
climatic conditions. A single unit cannot be relied upon without a back-up source of power or
energy storage. In grid connected mode the grid provides the back-up source.
Grid connected photovoltaic systems may be separated into two main categories; domestic
photovoltaic arrays which are typically rated at between 0.5 and 5kWp; and commercial or
industrial PV systems which are typically in range of 10 kW up to 100 kW. Several grid
connected solar PV projects of MW capacity have been installed worldwide. The domestic
systems are usually single phase connected to the domestic supply 220V. The PV arrays are
usually fixed over an existing roof, wall or free-standing structure. The modules are wired to
produce an appropriate voltage and connected to a DC/AC inverter synchronized with the
grid. Photovoltaic systems mounted on commercial, industrial or other large buildings are
generally connected to the three-phase supply in buildings.
These systems are popular for residential and domestic sectors, homeowners and small
businesses where a critical backup power supply is required for critical loads such as
refrigeration, water pumps, lighting etc. Normally the system operates in grid-connected
mode, serving the on-site loads or sending excess power back onto the grid while keeping the
battery fully charged. In the event the grid becomes de-energized, control circuitry in the
inverter opens the connection with the utility through a bus transfer mechanism, and operates
the inverter from the battery.
Electricity produced from solar energy is not matched to consumption by electrical loads and
needs to be conditioned for general use. One of the main arguments against the integration of
dispersed energy generation is their influence on the power quality of the grid. This
contribution contains results of extensive power quality investigations of grid connected
photo voltaic systems. When further expanding the use of renewable sources it is necessary to
develop large energy storage facilities for decoupling generation from consumption; chemical
storage could be promising for a flexible demand-driven reconversion to electricity with
stationary or mobile fuel cells. The connection to the grid requires a special meter which can
run forwards and backwards (net metering) and if a feed in tariff is paid an additional meter to
measure PV production is needed. Figure 3.7 presents a detailed layout of a typical grid
connected SPV power plant.
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Figure 3.7 Typical schematic of a grid connected SPV power plant
Section – 4
Component of PV Plant
PV modules
The design of 50 MW PV plant using crystalline PV technology is explained in this section.
P-Series 6 x 10 model of PLG Power has been selected for, is chosen and the design is given
in this section as an example only for the present analysis. The specifications of PLG Power
P-Series 6x10 PV module are given in Table 4.1.
The total Solar PV Array capacity shall be 5MWp at STC (25ºC, A.M. 1.5 and 1000W/m2).
Thin film amorphous single junction PV modules guaranteed with more than 80% of
minimum rated power for 25 years of suitable nominal voltage and peak power rating and
certified by IEC 61646 or UL standards will be used. Modules must be supplied with a
manufacturer warrantee that Fabrication is in compliance with at least one of the above-
referred standards and guaranteed with more than 80% of minimum rated power for 25 years.
The back of the junction box should be equipped with bypass diodes to eliminate the risk of
the individual solar cells overheating due to hot spot effect. Many series-connected
photovoltaic modules should easily be wired using preassembled solar cables and multi-
contact plugs. CdTe based Thin film solar PV moduls of First Solar2 have been identified the
technology for the proposed project. The important features of the technology are;
Clean Technology
All photovoltaic (PV) technologies have significant environmental benefits compared to
traditional fossil-fuel electricity generating technologies. First Solar's cadmium telluride
(CdTe) offers the following benefits.
o First Solar offers the solar industry's first comprehensive prefunded module collection
and recycling program, ensuring that the solutions to climate change and energy
independence today don't become a waste management challenge for future
generations.
o CdTe PV technology has the smallest carbon footprint and fastest energy payback
time of current PV technologies when measured on a life cycle basis.
o When in operation, First Solar modules generate electricity with no air emissions, no
waste production, and no water use.
2 http://www.firstsolar.com/en/CdTe.php
o On a life cycle basis, at least 89% of the air emissions associated with electricity
generation could be prevented if electricity from First Solar's CdTe modules displaced
electricity from the grid.
o Using CdTe in PV modules converts cadmium, a waste byproduct of zinc refining,
into the stable compound of CdTe where it is safely sequestered for the 25+ year
lifetime of the module
Affordable
First Solar's CdTe technology is uniquely capable of producing high-volume, low-cost solar
modules, driving solar to be an economically viable solution to climate change and energy
independence.
o Superior light absorption properties that result in higher output compared to traditional
silicon modules, under cloudy and diffuse light conditions such as dawn and dusk.
o A low-temperature coefficient that results in better performance compared to
traditional silicon modules at higher temperatures.
o Enhanced suitability for high-volume, low-cost module production.
In this project, Sunny Central 250 solar inverter manufactured by SMA the worlds leading PV
inverter manufacturer is proposed. The new Sunny Central 250U is compatible with industry
standard building management and energy service software protocols and integrates easily
into energy aware infrastructures. RS485 and thernet communication are available via the
optional Sunny WebBox. The Sunny WebBox automatically uploads performance data to the
free Sunny Portal website allowing system owners to view and track their energy production.
This inverter could be installed indoor or outdoor and compliant to UL 1741 / IEEE 1547
standard. The controller will have following control and automated functions.
⇒ Inverter start up, shut off and disconnection sequence
⇒ Over / under voltage & frequency protection
⇒ Anti islanding protection
⇒ Power tracking to match inverter to the arrays
⇒ Adjustment of delay periods to customize system shutdown sequence
⇒ Graphical user interface for real time communications, monitoring and control
⇒ Optional remote monitoring via internet modem
⇒ Faults notification via modem
⇒ Data acquisition and logging
⇒ DC monitoring
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Array Support Structure
Modules shall be mounted on a non-corrosive support structure suitable for site condition
(extreme site conditions to be taken account) with facility to adjust tilt to maximize annual
energy output. The structure will be designed for simple mechanical and electrical
installation. It shall support SPV modules at a given orientation, absorb and transfer the
mechanical loads to the ground properly. The frames and legs of the array structures shall be
made MS hot dip galvanized/ anodized aluminum of suitable sections of angle, channel, tubes
or any other sections as may deemed fit conforming to national/ international standards for
steel structure to met the design criteria. Minimum thickness of galvanization should be at
least 120 microns. All nuts & bolts will be made of very good quality stainless steel. The
minimum clearance between the lower edge of the modules and the developed ground level
shall be 800 mm. The array structure shall be so designed to withstand storm condition with
wind speed up to maximum 150Kmph. Few specifications of the selected CdTe baased solar
thin film module technology are given in Table 4.1.
Junction Boxes
A) Terminal Box
Terminal box is a part of a PV module, from which output is taken. Each PV module is
provided with one bypass diode in the terminal box.
Blocking Diodes
These diodes are connected in series with string of PV modules and its functions are as
follows:
⇒ Prevent circulating current between PV module strings.
⇒ Prevent reverse flow of current from battery through PV array during night and/ or
periods of low insolation.
Bypass Diodes
⇒ These diodes are connected in reverse direction (anode to negative of PV module and
cathode to positive of PV module) across each PV module of the string. They have the
same current rating as that of blocking diodes and their operation is as follows:
Under normal operating conditions, the bypass diodes are reverse biased and play no part.
When any module in a series string is shadowed, the current through the module is reduced.
Under these circumstances, the PV module gets reverse biased leading to power dissipation
across the module and reduction in output power of which is undesirable. Presence of bypass
diode provides an alternate path to flow of current in the string (as the diode becomes forward
biased when PV module gets reverse biased) and also limits dissipation by limiting the
voltage across PV module to typically 0.7V.
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C) Array Junction Box (AJB)
These are for paralleling various series junction box (SJB) outputs. Terminal blocks are
provided in the array junction box for paralleling +ve & -ve electrical output from five
different series junction boxes ( 5 in 1 out). Hence the total number of AJB’s required are
239, among them 235 AJB’s are 5 in 1 out and 4 AJBs are 4 in 1 out.
D) Main Junction Box (MJB)
Main junction boxes used to connect the output of array junction boxes to the grid tide
inverter. The output of 5/6 AJB’s is fed in to one main junction box. The output of main
junction boxes works as an input for inverter. The total number of MJBs required are 40
among them 39 are 6 in 1 out and 1 is 5 in 1 out.
Inverter
In grid-connected PV systems, the inverter is linked to the mains electricity grid directly or
via the building's grid. With a direct connection, the generated electricity is fed only into the
mains grid as it is the case with 50 MW plant. With a coupling to the building's grid, the
generated solar power is first consumed in the building, then any surplus is fed to the mains
electricity grid. PV systems up to a power of 5kWp (or up to a size of approximately 50m2)
are generally built as single-phase systems. With larger systems, the feed is three phase: in
other words, the feed is connected to the three-phase supply system. Figure 4.1 shows the
principle of coupling PV systems with single- and three phase inverters to the electricity grid.
Figure 4.1 Connection of PV systems to the grid with a single phase and three phase inv
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SMA Sunny Central SC250/250 HE Inverter:
SMA is one of the leading manufactures of grid tried inverters. With its optional
features such as string monitoring, team capability, medium voltage feed and
suitability for outdoor installation, the Sunny Central is an excellent choice for PV
systems with a homogeneous structure (modules of the same type with identical
orientation and tilt). SMA provides Sunny Central inverters from 100 kW to 50 MW
capacities. Sunny Central inverter SC 250/250HE is considered for this project whose
AC nominal output is 250kW.
Data logger
The data logger takes care of data monitoring and regular data logging of the SPV system.
The data logger also allows user to perform monitoring and logging of multiple connected
PCU’s. Once the system is configured real time data can be obtained and displayed.
Following data from the system are logged and displayed.
- Solar radiation
- Ambient temperature
- Module temperature
- DC voltage
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- DC current
- DC power
- Grid voltage, frequency, current
- Inverter voltage, frequency, current
- Line pf, line KW, Total KW
- Energy exported
The logger will store the above data on to the load side regularly where this data can be
printed and used for scrutiny of system performance and evaluation.
Safety Requirements
Islanding
The condition of a Distributed Generation (DG) generator continuing to power a location
even though power from the Electric utility is no longer present is termed a “islanding”.
Islanding of inverter-connected PV-generator systems means any situation where the source
of power from the network operator’s distribution system is disconnected from the network
section in which the generator is connected, and one or more inverters maintain a supply to
that section of the distribution system or consumer’s installation. The situation may cause an
electrical shock hazard to service personnel operating on the islanding network section while
it has been supposedly shut down, by separating it from the main power station. Islanding can
be dangerous to Utility workers, who may not realize that the utility is still powered even
though there's no power from the Grid. For that reason, Distributed Generators must detect
Islanding and immediately stop producing power.
To prevent islanding, the Power Conditioning Unit has to disconnect quickly (within a few
second) in response to failures on the immediate distribution line. To provide this safety
function, voltage, frequency and current have to be monitored and in case of exceeding the
limit, the system has to trip. A disconnect switch which is accessible to only utility people is
recommended. When the power plant is disconnected from the Grid it will supply power for
captive use.
Earthing System
Each Array structure of the SPV Yard shall be grounded properly. The array structures are to
be connected to earth pits as per Indian/International standards. Necessary provision shall be
made for bolted isolating joints of each earthing pit for periodic checking of earth resistance.
The earth conduction shall run through appropriate pipes partly buried and partly on the
surface of the control room building. The complete earthing system shall be mechanically &
electrically connected to provide independent return to earth.
Plant Layout
To estimate the land required for 50 MW PV plant, it is essential to consider the arrangement
of P V panels. The arrangement of these strings depends on the available land size and shape.
The distances between two PV strings is critical as it influences the output of the system and
land area requirement; while too close PV rows can reduce land requirement and also
electrical cabling losses and land cost, but the PV string row can cast shadow on each other
and solar system performance is reduced. Hence shading analysis is critical to estimate the
optimal distance between two rows. The length of the shadow depend depends on the height
of the PV supporting structure. The height in turn depends on the probability of dust
accumulation on the modules, PV array cleaning methods etc. If the height of the supporting
structure from the ground is too low, then probability of dust accumulation is more and hence
frequent cleaning is necessary to reduce the losses. But if the length is too high then
operating personal may face difficulty for cleaning and maintenance of PV modules. Hence a
compromise should be made between these two. In this case, it is assumed that the minimum
height of the PV panel from the ground is 0.7 m and the panels are placed at an angle
equivalent to site latitude. In addition a comprehensive shade analysis of PV power plant has
been done using ECOTECH. The shading analysis for PV string has been carried out for
different days in a year and for different times in a day. From the software, the optimal
distance between two rows can be found as 2 m irrespective of the day in a year.
Figure 4.2 Shadow pattern for solar field at 8.30am on 23rd Dec (Maximum shading)
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Figure 4.3 Shadow pattern for solar field at 8.30am on 23rd March
Figure 4.4 Shadow pattern for solar field at 8.30am on 23rd June
Figure 4.5 Shadow pattern for solar field at 8.30am on 23rd Sep
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Figure 4.6 Layout of 50 MW PV systems (2-D View)
Figure 4.7 Layout of 50 MW PV system (Auto Cad)
Conceptual Plant Layout in ECOTECH
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QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
System Earthing
The 132kV system will be solidly grounded on the HV neutral terminal of the transformer.
The 11kV system will be resistance grounded using the neutral point of the star connected LV
winding of the 132/11kV power transformer. This will be designed to limit the earth fault
current in the 11kV system to 200A, to limit the damage to equipment and cable in the 11 kV
systems in the event of an earth fault. The 415V system will be solidly grounded at the LV
winding neutral terminals of the load centre transformer.
In house Power
The internal electric power demand of the photo voltaic power plant mainly consist of lighting
and small power loads in the 132kV switch yard, Including the control and administrative
building and road lighting. It is proposed to meet this power demand by availing a 415V, 3-
phase service connection from RSEB. During nighttimes, when there is no generation in the
photovoltaic modules, it is possible to switch off the main power and load centre
transformers, thereby eliminating the power loss in the plant distribution network at night.
The 132kV sub station, control and administrative building, roads etc. will be provided with
artificial lighting with appropriate level of illumination in different areas. Stale of the art
energy efficient tamps and luminaries will be used to provide uniform, glare-free lighting.
Water System
The plant water requirements will be predominantly for cleaning of solar arrays and personnel
use. The maximum array area if CdTe thin film modules are used will be 76760 sqm (19
acres). Considering 1 litre of water to clean 1sqm of module area and three cleanings per
month an average requirement of water is estimated to be 7.5 Cu M per day. The proposed
tube wells with an estimated yield of 10000LPH will be sufficient to supply the required
water. Since the water is stated to be hard, necessary arrangement for softening water will be
required for cleaning of modules to avoid formation of scaling on the module surface.
As per the available report of Public Health Engineering Department, the ground water in the
area is hard with TDS of more than 5000ppm. This water cannot be used to clean the solar
modules. TDS can be removed by distillation, reverse-osmosis or electro dialysis. A reverse
osmosis water filter of capacity10000 LPD may be used to remove TDS from water.
Energy Metering
PCU and lines will be provided with microprocessor based ABT compliant trivector meters to
record energy. The accuracy class of energy meters will be of suitable class. The lines will be
provided with main and check meters. The meter will be capable of metering active &
reactive energies both import and export. The meter will indicate maximum demand by
integrating the energy for the preset period. The meter will register maximum demand in
separate preset periods of the day with provision for recording of tamper/ abnormal events
with date and time stampings in its non-volatile memory.
Section – 5
Estimation of Annual Electrical Output
Poly-crystalline solar cells have been identified suitable PV technology for proposed location
which could perform effectively under the climatic and operating conditions of village
Thakarba (Pokharan), Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan. In order to estimate the annual
electricity generation at the location computer software named RETScreen international3 has
been identified which given monthly as well as annual electricity generation of a grid
connected SPV project.
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Figure 5.2 RETScreen Simulation -2
Figure 5.3 RETScreen Simulation -3
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0.45% /degree C, where as in case of CdTe, the power output decreases by 0.11%/degree C.
Here the reference temperatures are nominal operating cell temperature.
System Description
The Solar electricity is produced when the Photos from the sun rays hit the electrons in the
Solar PV panels, this will generate Direct Current (DC). The DC electricity from the panels
passes through DC distribution network to a grid-interactive inverter, which converts the DC
electricity into Alternating Current (AC) by using state of the art technology by IGBT
methodology and fed through A/C distribution system linked to the electricity supplied by the
grid AC. The Inverters will synchronize with the utility power with respect to the Voltage and
frequency of Grid, the Voltage is further stepped up to the grid voltage of the Utility generally
33kV/66kV/132kV/220kV in India.
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⇒ Interconnection of PCUs, transformer LT side, LT switchgear, with appropriate cables
and associated materials including supply materials.
⇒ Design, manufacture, supply, installation, interconnection and interfacing of Computer
Aided Data Acquisition Unit as per specification.
⇒ Supply, installation complete earthing as required for AC & DC power system, PCU,
LT switchgear, transformer, all metallic cubicles, HT switchgear with materials as
required as per relevant standards.
⇒ Providing Earth Mat and Interconnection of array structures with earth pits in the PV
Array Yard.
⇒ Design, fabrication, supply, installation of LT power interfacing panel to evacuate
power to the Grid through PCUs with appropriate capacity circuit breakers, isolators,
indicators, metering arrangement with selector switch, CTs, PTs and copper busbars as
per requirement, in complete. This is assuming upto 1km distance to the nearest sub-
station.
⇒ Design, fabrication, supply and installation of plant monitoring desk to monitor the
status of all major equipments through SCADA system including connection to all
major equipments and status to be monitored.
All buildings shall be equipped with a lightening protection system (LPS). LPS Protection
Level I according IEC 61024-1 shall be considered. The building lightening protection system
is to be executed, among other standards, according to IEC 61024 and alongside protection of
human life, shall prevent damage not only to buildings, but also to electrical and electronic
installation. The lightening protection system shall be executed in accordance with:
DPR for 50 MWp Thin Film based SPV Lead Consultants : TRA Page 90 of 98
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1. IEC61024-1: Protection of Structures against Lightening – General Principles
2. IEC61024-1-1: Protection of Structures against Lightening – Part 1: General
Principles – Section 1: Guide A – Selection of Protection Levels for
Lightening Protection systems
3. IEC61024-1-2: Protection of Structures Against Lightening – General
Principles – Guide B
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manpower, it has been considered that the maintenance personnel will have multidisciplinary
skills so that occasional minor repairs and adjustments in all systems could be carried out
without waiting for specialists.
Project implementation schedule
Activity Mo 1 Mo 2 Mo 3 Mo 4 Mo 5 Mo 6 Mo 7 Mo 8 Mo 9 Mo 10 Mo 11 Mo 12 Mo 13 Mo 14
Finalization of DPR
Registration with
RRECL
MOU with RRECL
Registration and
MOU with NVVN
PPA
Financial Closure
Project Construction
- Procurement
Project Construction
-Civil Works
Project Construction
-Installation
Testing
Commissioning
Section – 6
Financial analysis
Financial analysis has been carried out for selected CdTe thin film based solar PV module
technology. The proposed solar thin Film power project is of 50 MW capacity. Cost of the
project is Rs. 17 crores per MW as per the guidelines of CERC. Electricity generation has
been arrived at 1069.674 lakhs kWh per annum at the project proposed site in Rajasthan. The
plant load factor (PLF)4 is 24.42 % at this generation. This generation is at grid
interconnection point after considering associated losses.
Financial indicators
Detailed financial analysis has been carried out and summarized in Annexure- II. The main
financial indicators are presented in Table 6.2.
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Exchange Rate INR 65.00
CER Sale Value Rs. Lacs 295.50
6 Depreciation