WALCHAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SANGLI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

YEAR 2018-19

S. Y. CIVIL

A MICROPROJECTREPORT ON

“Different Types of Fluid Flow”

 WALCHAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

YEAR 2018-19

S. Y. CIVIL

Title of the Micro Project

A Project Report on

“Different Types of Fluid Flow”

NAME OF STUDENTS:

1. Vaibhav A. kumbhar. - 147

2. Omkar G. Tapdiya. -149

3. Mayur N. Sutar. - 150

4. Moneshwar S. Sutar. -153

H.O.D Civil (P.W.) Guide

 INDEX

SR NO. CONTENT
01 Rationale
02 Course Outcomes Addressed
03 Literature Review
04 Proposed Methodology :
05 Actual Resources Used
06 Outputs of the micro project
07 Skill Developed/ learning out of this Micro-Project
08 Applications of this micro project
09 Area of future improvement
1.0 Rationale

Fluid flow is a part of fluid mechanics and deals with fluid dynamics. A fluid such as
gases and liquids in motion is called as fluid flow. Motion of a fluid subjected to
unbalanced forces. This motion continues as long as unbalanced forces are applied fluid
dynamics is a sub discipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids—liquids
and gases. It has several sub disciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and
other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion).

Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and
moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines,
predicting weather patterns, understanding nebulae in interstellar space and modelling
fission weapon detonation,
 2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

a) Use relevant fluid flow parameters in different situations.

b) Find the fluid parameters in open channels.

3.0 Literature Review

• ENGINNERING FLUID MECHANICS BY K.L. KUMAR.

• Loss of head inside the duct is a common phenomenon in fluid mechanics. To
understand and visualize these basic ideas of fluid mechanics Bernoulli’s apparatus is
an useful scientific tool.

4.0 Proposed Methodology :

1) To study the different types of fluid.
2) To collect the information about various types of fluid.
3) To collect the information regarding to the applications of fluid flow.
4) To prepare report on it.

5.0 Actual Resources Used

Sr. No. Resource used specification

1. Internet -
2. Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics Modi P.N. & Seth S.M.

3. Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics Khurmi R.S.

6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Project

• Types of flows
• Steady & unsteady flows.
• Uniform & non uniform flows.
• Laminar & turbulent flows.
• Compressible & incompressible flows.
• One&two dimensional flows.

 Steady Flow:

A flow that is not a function of time is called steady flow. Steady-state flow
refers to the condition where the fluid properties at a point in the system do not
change over time. Time dependent flow is known as unsteady. (also called transient).
Whether a particular flow is steady or unsteady, can depend on the chosen frame of
reference. For instance, laminar flow over a sphere is steady in the frame of
reference that is stationary with respect to the sphere. In a frame of reference that is
stationary with respect to a background flow, the flow is unsteady.

Some application of steady flow:

1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Boiler
4. Turbine
5. Pump
  Unsteady flow:

The flow is one where the properties do depend on time.

It is needless to say that any start up process is unsteady. Many examples can be given from
everyday life- water flow out of a tap which has just been opened. This flow is unsteady to
start with, but with time does become steady.
Some flows, though unsteady, become steady under certain frames of reference. These are
called pseudosteadyflows. On the other hand a flow such as the wake behind a bluff body is
always unsteady.

Unsteady flows are undoubtedly difficult to calculate while with steady flows, we have one
degree less complexity.
  Uniform flow
Concept of a Uniform flow is very handy in analysing fluid flows. A uniform flow is one
where the velocity and other properties are constant independent of directions. we usually
assume a uniform flow at the entrance to a pipe, far away from a aerofoil or a motor car.

The flow is defined as uniform flow when in the flow field the velocity and other
hydrodynamic parameters do not change from point to point at any instant of time.
For a uniform flow, the velocity is a function of time only, which can be expressed in
Eulerian description as

For a uniform flow, there will be no spatial distribution of hydrodynamic and other
parameters.
Any hydrodynamic parameter will have a unique value in the entire field, irrespective of
whether it
changes with time − unsteady uniform flow OR
does not change with time − steady uniform flow.
Thus ,steadiness of flow and uniformity of flow does not necessarily go together.
  Non-Uniform Flow
When the velocity and other hydrodynamic parameters changes from one point to
another the flow is defined as non-uniform.
Important points:
1. For a non-uniform flow, the changes with position may be found either in the direction of
flow or in directions perpendicular to it.
2.Non-uniformity in a direction perpendicular to the flow is always encountered near solid
boundaries past which the fluid flows.
Reason: All fluids possess viscosity which reduces the relative velocity (of the fluid w.r.t. to
the wall) to zero at a solid boundary. This is known as no-slip condition.
Four possible combinations

Flow is said to be non-uniform, when there is a change in velocity of the flow at different
points in a flowing fluid, for a given time. For example, the flow of liquids under pressure
through long pipelines of varying diameter is referred to as non-uniform flow. All these type

of flows can exist independently of each other. So there can be any of the four combinations
of flows possible:
1. Steady uniform flow
2. Steady non-uniform flow
3. Unsteady uniform flow
4. Unsteady non-uniform flow.
Non-uniform means it's not uniform. That means the average flow is different at
different places. It could be a different speed or it could be going in a different direction (or
both). That flow could be laminar or turbulent.

 Laminar flow
A flow is said to be laminar if the fluid particles move in layers such that one layer of the
fluid slides smoothly over an adjacent layer. The viscosity property of the fluid plays a
significant role in the development of a laminar flow. The flow pattern exhibited by a highly
viscous fluid may in general be treated as laminar flow.
laminar flow (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no
disruption between the layers.[1] At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral
mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards. There are no cross-

currents perpendicular to the direction of flow, nor eddies or swirls of fluids.[2] In laminar
flow, the motion of the particles of the fluid is very orderly with particles close to a solid
surface moving in straight lines parallel to that surface.[3] Laminar flow is a flow regime
characterized by high momentum diffusion and low momentum convection.
When a fluid is flowing through a closed channel such as a pipe or between two
flat plates, either of two types of flow may occur depending on the velocity and viscosity of
the fluid: laminar flow or turbulent flow. Laminar flow tends to occur at lower velocities,
below a threshold at which it becomes turbulent. Turbulent flow is a less orderly flow
regime that is characterised by eddies or small packets of fluid particles, which result in
lateral mixing.[2] In non-scientific terms, laminar flow is smooth, while turbulent flow is
rough.
  Turbulent flow
If the velocity of flow increases beyond a certain value, the flow becomes turbulent. The
movement of fluid particles in a turbulent flow will be random. This mixing action of the
colliding fluid particles generates turbulence, thereby resulting in more resistance to fluid
flow and hence greater energy losses as compared to laminar flow.

turbulent flow is any pattern of fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure
and flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow regime, which occurs when a fluid flows
in parallel layers, with no disruption between those layers.[1]

Turbulence is commonly observed in everyday phenomena such as surf, fast flowing rivers,
billowing storm clouds, or smoke from a chimney, and most fluid flows occurring in nature
and created in engineering applications are turbulent.[2][3]:2 Turbulence is caused by
excessive kinetic energy in parts of a fluid flow, which overcomes the damping effect of the
fluid's viscosity. For this reason turbulence is easier to create in low viscosity fluids, but
more difficult in highly viscous fluids. In general terms, in turbulent flow, unsteady vortices

appear of many sizes which interact with each other, consequently drag due to friction
effects increases. This would increase the energy needed to pump fluid through a pipe, for
instance. However this effect can also be exploited by devices such as aerodynamic spoilers
on aircraft, which deliberately "spoil" the laminar flow to increase drag and reduce lift.

 Compressible flow

Compressible flow is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having significant
changes in fluid density. Gases, mostly, display such behaviour.[1] While all flows are
compressible, flows are usually treated as being incompressible when the Mach number
(the ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) is less than 0.3 (since the density
change due to velocity is about 5% in that case). [2] The study of compressible flow is
relevant to high-speed aircraft, jet engines, rocket motors, high-speed entry into a planetary
atmosphere, gas pipelines, commercial applications such as abrasive blasting, and many
other fields.

There are several important assumptions involved in the underlying theory of

compressible flow. All fluids are composed of molecules, but tracking a huge number of
individual molecules in a flow (for example at atmospheric pressure) is unnecessary.
Instead, the continuum assumption allows us to consider a flowing gas as a continuous
substance except at low densities. This assumption provides a huge simplification which is
accurate for most gas-dynamic problems. Only in the low-density realm of rarefied gas
dynamics does the motion of individual molecules become important.

 Incompressible flow

Incompressible flow refers to a flow in which the material density is constant within a fluid
parcel—an infinitesimal volume that moves with the flow velocity. An equivalent statement
that implies incompressibility is that the divergence of the flow velocity is zero (see the
derivation below, which illustrates why these conditions are equivalent).

Incompressible flow does not imply that the fluid itself is incompressible. It is shown in the
derivation below that (under the right conditions) even compressible fluids can – to a good
approximation – be modelled as an incompressible flow. Incompressible flow implies that
the density remains constant within a parcel of fluid that moves with the flow velocity.

It can never actually occur in nature .However, for those flows in which the actual variation
of density is negligibly small, it is convenient to make the Assumption that density is
constant .

incompressible depending on the level of variation of density during flow. Incompressibility

is an approximation and a flow is said to be incompressible if the density remains nearly
constant throughout. The densities of liquids are essentially constant at a particular
temperature and thus the flow of liquids is typically incompressible. So liquids are often
referred to as incompressible fluids.
Fluid and flow are two different things and hence the question may be framed in a better
way than its present form.

Incompressible flow
  One dimensional flow

Term one, two or three dimensional flow refers to the number of space coordinated
required to describe a flow. It appears that any physical flow is generally three-dimensional.
But these are difficult to calculate and call for as much simplification as possible. This is
achieved by ignoring changes to flow in any of the directions, thus reducing the complexity.
It may be possible to reduce a three-dimensional problem to a two-dimensional one, even
an one-dimensional one at times,

Example of one-dimensional flow

 Consider flow through a circular pipe. This flow is complex at the position where the
flow enters the pipe. But as we proceed downstream the flow simplifies considerably
and attains the state of a fully developed flow. A characteristic of this flow is that the
velocity becomes
 It is readily seen that velocity at any location depends just on the radial distance
from the centreline and is independent of distance, x or of the angular position .
This represents a typical one-dimensional flow.
  Two dimensional flow

Now consider a flow through a diverging duct as shown in Fig. 3.3. Velocity at any location
depends not only upon the radial distance but also on the x-distance. This is therefore
a two-dimensional flow.

Example of a two-dimensional flow

Fluid motion can be said to be a two-dimensional flow when the flow velocity at every point
is parallel to a fixed plane. The velocity at any point on a given normal to that fixed plane
should be constant.

Fluid flow in which all flow occurs in a set of parallel planes with no flow normal to them,
and the flow is identical in each of these parallel planes.

7.0 Skill Developed/ learning out of this Micro-Project:

• Leadership skills.
• Teamwork.
• Communication skills.
• Responsibility.

8.0 Applications of this micro project:

 Determine the discharge flowing through pipes.
 Fluid mechanics is used throughout water and wastewater treatment and systems
design.
9.0 Area of Future Improvement: