GD&T (Tata)

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Your instructor Jayapal G welcomes you

to this course.
1 Compiled by : Jayapal G
Course Agenda
• 10.30 AM • Introduction
• GDT Standards
• Symbols, Modifiers and Definitions
• 12.30 PM • Lunch Break
• 01.30 PM • Datum System
• General Rules
• Form Tolerances
• Orientation Tolerances
• Location Tolerances
• Profile Tolerances
• Runout Tolerances
• Feedback Session
• 04.30 PM
Introduction
• Purpose of Drawing is to convey product design intent of function.
• To do so, it must be interpreted by Design and Manufacturing uniformly.
Introduction
• Coordinate Tolerancing system:
– A dimensioning system where a part feature is located or defined by means of
rectangular dimensions with given tolerances.
• Shortcoming of Coordinate Tolerancing:

- Square or Rectangular Tolerance Zone
- Fixed size Tolerance Zone
- Ambiguous Instruction for inspection
• Applications of Coordinate Tolerancing

– Appropriate use : Size, Chamfer, Radius etc.
– Poor Use : Locating Part Features, Controlling Angular Relationships, Defining the
form of part features.
Introduction
• GDT is the Engineering Product Definition Standard.
• GDT describes the geometric features of a product and their operational relationships (as
expressed in tolerances ) to each other.
• GDT describes the products functional interfaces with mating parts and assemblies etc.
• GDT provides documentation base for design of production and quality systems.
• A precise mathematical language that can be used to describe the Size, Form, Orientation &
Location of the part features.
• GD&T language consists of a well defined set of Symbols, Rules, Definitions & conventions.
• GD&T is also a design philosophy on how to design and dimension the parts.
• It encourages a dimension philosophy called Functional Dimensioning which means –
Define a part based on how it functions in the final product.
Introduction
• GD&T Benefits
- Improve Communication : It provide uniformity in drawing specifications and
interpretation.
- Increases Production Tolerance: It provides Bonus or Extra Tolerance for
manufacturing. This extra tolerance can make a significant saving in production
costs.
- Better Product Design: Functional dimensioning system i.e. how part will function
at the final stage
GDT standards
• ANSI Y14.5 M – 1982
• ASME Y14.5 M – 1994
GDT standards
• ANSI Y14.5 M – 1982 (American National Standards Institute)
• ASME Y14.5 M – 1994 (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
GDT standards
GDT standards
GDT standards
GDT standards
GDT standards
GDT standards
GDT standards
GDT standards
Symbols, Modifiers and Definitions

• Radius • Actual Local Size
• Controlled Radius • Actual Mating Envelope
• Diameter • Virtual Condition
• Spherical Diameter • Boundary Inner
• Spherical Radius • Boundary Outer
• Countersink • Resultant Condition
• Counterbore • Bonus Tolerance
• Depth • Feature Control Frame
• Square • Datum Shift
• Times
• Max Material Condition
• Arc Length
• Least Material Condition
• Basic Dimension
• Regardless of Feature Size
• Dimension Origin
• All around • Projected Tolerance Zone
• Statistical Tolerance • Free State
• Between • Tangent Plane
• Reference Dimension
• Feature Of Size
Symbols, Definitions
Modifiers and Definitions
–Feature: Any surface on a part or Physical Portion of a part
–Feature of size
ØCan be used to establish an axis, Median Plane or Center point
–Feature of size
ØCan be used to establish an axis, Median Plane or Center point
ØMMC is used when Function of FOS is assembly

ØLMC is used to insure minimum distance of a part
ØRFS is used for symmetrical relationship
•Basic Dimension
A numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size, profile,
orientation or location of a feature or datum target.
•Bonus Tolerance
ØAdditional tolerance for a geometric control
ØOnly permissible with MMC or LMC modifier
ØBonus tolerance comes from FOS tolerance
•Bonus Tolerance
ØAdditional tolerance for a geometric control
ØOnly permissible with MMC or LMC modifier
ØBonus tolerance comes from FOS tolerance
•Reference Dimension
A dimension without tolerance used only for reference purposes only.
•True Position
The Theoretically exact location of a feature established by basic
dimension.
•Feature Control Frame
Ø Define Geometric Characteristics Symbol
Ø Tolerance Value with Modifiers
Ø Datum Information
Datums
• Datum Identification Symbol
• Importance of Datum Sequence
• Datum Target Symbol
• Datum Target Point
• Datum Target Line
• Datum Target Area
• Examples
– Surface
– Coplanar Surfaces
– Offset Surfaces
– Diameter
– Coaxial Diameters
– Pattern Of Holes
– Planar Feature Of Size
– Partial Surface
– Partial Diameters
– Irregular Part Features
Datums Definitions
•Datum
Theoretically Exact Plane, Point or Axis from which dimensional
measurement is done
•Datum Feature
An actual feature of a part that is used to establish a datum.
Datums Definitions
• Datum Systems
– Define the Sequence in which part is to contact the inspection equipment for
dimension measurement
– Define the part surfaces which are to contact the inspection equipment for
dimension measurement
• Benefits of Datum Systems

– Aids in making repeatable dimensioning measurements
– Communicates Part Relationship
– Dimension measurement as intended by Designer
Datums
Datums
Datums Definitions
•Datum Target
Symbols that describe the shape, Size and location of gage elements that are
used to establish a datum.
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Datums
Rules
• Rule #1
• Rule #2
• Rule #2a
• Rule #3
• Fundamental Rule L
• Fundamental Rule M
• Fundamental Rule N
Rules
Rules
Rules
Rules
Rules
Rules
Form
• Straightness
• Flatness
• Circularity
• Cylindricity
Form
ØFlatness – The condition of a surface having all the elements in one plane
Form
ØStraightness – The condition where each line element (or axis or Center plane) of
a surface is a straight line
Form
ØCircularity – It is a condition where all points of a surface of revolution, at any
section perpendicular to a common axis are equidistant from that axis
Form
ØCylindricity – The condition of a surface of revolution in which all points of the
surface are equidistant from a common axis.
Orientation
• Angularity
• Perpendicularity
• Parallelism
Orientation
ØPerpendicularity – The condition that results when a surface, axis or center plane is
exactly 90 degree to a datum.
Orientation
ØAngularity – The condition of a surface, axis or center plane is exactly at the specified
angle to a datum.
Orientation
ØParallelity - The condition that results when a surface, axis or center plane is exactly
parallel to a datum.


Location
• Position
• Composite Position Tolerance
• Concentricity
• Symmetry

Location
ØPosition – Defines the location tolerance of a Feature of Size (FOS) from its true
position.



Location
ØConcentricity – The condition where the median points of all diametrically opposed
elements of a cylinder are congruent with axis of Datum feature.



Location
ØSymmetry - The condition where the median points of all opposed elements of a
Feature of size are congruent with the center plane of Datum feature



Profile
• Profile - Surface
• Profile - Line

Profile
ØLine Profile – Line profile of any surface is two dimensional. It applies to full length
of the surface.

Profile
ØSurface Profile – Surface Profile of any surface is 3-D. it applies to Length, Width &
Depth of the surface





Runout
• Runout - Circular
• Runout - Total

Runout
ØCircular Runout – A composite control that affects Form, Orientation & Location of
Circular elements of a part feature relative to a datum axis.



Runout
ØTotalRunout - A composite control that affects Form, Orientation & Location of all surface
elements of a diameter or surface relative to a datum axis.



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Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Your instructor Jayapal G welcomes you

• Shortcoming of Coordinate Tolerancing:

• Applications of Coordinate Tolerancing

Symbols, Modifiers and Definitions

Symbols, Modifiers and Definitions

Symbols, Modifiers and Definitions

Symbols, Modifiers and Definitions

ØMMC is used when Function of FOS is assembly

ØRFS is used for symmetrical relationship

Symbols, Modifiers and Definitions

Symbols, Modifiers and Definitions

Symbols, Modifiers and Definitions

• Benefits of Datum Systems

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