South Yemen

(Redirected from People's Democratic Republic of Yemen)

South Yemen,[c] officially the People's Democratic

Republic of Yemen,[d] officially abbreviated to Democratic People's Republic of South
Yemen,[e][f] was a state that existed from 1967 to 1990 as the Yemen
only communist state in the Middle East and the Arab world.[7] (1967–1970)
‫جمهورية اليمن الجنوبية الشعبية‬
It was made up of the southern and eastern governorates of the
present-day Republic of Yemen, including the island of
People's Democratic Republic of
Socotra. It was bordered by North Yemen to the North-West,
Yemen
Saudi Arabia to the North, and Oman to the East.
(1970–1990)
South Yemen's origins can be traced to 1874 with the creation ‫جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية‬
of the British Colony of Aden and the Aden Protectorate, which 1967–1990
consisted of two-thirds of present-day Yemen. Prior to 1937,
what was to become the Colony of Aden had been governed as a
part of British India, originally as the Aden Settlement
subordinate to the Bombay Presidency and then as a Chief
Commissioner's province. After the collapse of Aden
Protectorate, a state of emergency was declared in 1963, when Flag
the National Liberation Front (NLF) and the Front for the Coat of arms
Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY) rebelled against
Motto: ‫ إشتراكية‬، ‫ حرية‬، ‫وحدة‬
the British rule. Waḥdah, Ḥurrīyah, Ishtirākīyah
("Unity, Freedom, Socialism")
The Federation of South Arabia and the Protectorate of South
Arabia were overthrown to become the People's Republic of Anthem: ‫النشيد الوطني لجمهورية اليمن‬
‫الديمقراطية الشعبية‬
South Yemen on 30 November 1967, which later changed its An-Našid al-Waṭane al-Jomhuriyat al-Yaman
name to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen ad-Dimoqrâṭiya aš-Šaʿbiya
after the reforms that happened a year from the Corrective "National Anthem of People's Democratic
Move, with it becoming a Marxist–Leninist one-party state in Republic of Yemen"
1969 and was supported by Cuba, East Germany, North Korea 3:08
and the Soviet Union. Despite its efforts to bring stability into
the region, it was involved in a brief civil war in 1986. South
Yemen was unified with the Yemen Arab Republic, commonly
known as "North Yemen", on 22 May 1990 to form the present-
day Republic of Yemen.

History
Show map of Middle East
Show globe
British rule and decolonization Show all
In 1838, Muhsin Bin Fadl, Sultan of Lahej ceded 194 km2 Location of claimed territory of South
Yemen (red)
(75 sq mi) of Aden to the British. On 19 January 1839, the – in Asia (tan & white)
British East India Company landed Royal Marines at Aden to – in Arabia (tan)
occupy the territory and stop attacks by pirates against British Capital Aden
shipping to India making Aden a part of British colonial rule and largest city 12.7855° N, 45.0187° E
from 1839 until 1937. In the 1920s, the British began
Official languages Arabic
expanding and annexing the multiple sheikhdoms surrounding
Aden under the claim of protecting them.[8] This was more a
precautionary measure to prevent the Yemeni imams from Religion Islam[a]
storming Aden than a desire to annex the small sheikhdoms to
Demonym(s) Yemeni/Yemenite
the empire.[8] In the mid-1950s, the British realized that they
would not be able to manage the colonies and needed a stable Government Unitary Marxist–Leninist
political unit that would distance Aden from the wave of Arab one-party socialist
republic[4]
nationalism that had swept the region and preserve for them
influence and the ability to manage Aden from London,[9] so General Secretary
they established the Federation of the Emirates of South Arabia • 1978–1980 Abdul Fattah Ismail
• 1980–1986 Ali Nasir Muhammad
in 1959.[10] The federation did not succeed for several reasons,
• 1986–1990 Ali Salim al-Beidh
the first of which was the British insistence that Aden would be
President
part of the entity, which was rejected by the commercial elite of
• 1967–1969 (first) Qahtan al-Shaabi
Aden, most of whom were Indians, Persians, and Jews, because
• 1986–1990 (last) Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas
they feared for their future from the sheikhdoms.[10][11] On the
Prime Minister
other hand, the leaders of the sheikhdoms feared that they
• 1969 (first) Faysal al-Shaabi
would be overthrown later or that their influence would remain • 1986–1990 (last) Yasin Said Numan
limited due to the dominance of the educated Aden elite, which
Legislature Supreme People's
was made up of a large number of non-Arabs and non- Council
Muslims.[12] In addition to all that was the sheikhdoms'
differences over the who should be the president of the Independence from the United Kingdom
federation. Historical era Cold War
• Independence 30 November 1967
Following the establishment of the Federation of South Arabia
declared
on 1965, four sheikhdoms out of twenty-one had joined the • UN membership 14 December 1967
union.[13] The Qu'aiti and Kathiri sultanates of Hadhramaut • Corrective Move 22 June, 1969
refused to join either of the federations. Several resistance • Constitution 31 October 1978
movements emerged, such as the National Liberation Front adopted
(NLF), whom were responsible for the wounding of British • Unification 22 May 1990
High Commissioner Kennedy Trevaskis on December 10, 1963 Area
using a grenade, an event that sparked the "October 14 • Total 360,133 km2
Revolution" which was influenced by the "September 26 (139,048 sq mi)
Revolution" in the North.[14] The British had announced that Population
they would withdraw by 1968 as a result of the revolution. The • Estimate 2,200,000[5]
NLF and the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen
Currency South Yemeni dinar
(FLOSY) appeared in the 1960s, supporters of the NLF were (YDD)
from the countryside of Radfan, Yafa, and Ad-Dali, while the
supporters of the FLOSY were mainly from Aden; This is Driving side right
because tribal affiliations played a major role in attracting Calling code +969[6]
supporters.[15]
ISO 3166 code YD
The leaders of the NLF came from within the protected Internet TLD .yd[b]
sheikhdoms and were not supported by the Egyptians at first,
while the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen Preceded by Succeeded
ran its operations from Aden and received support from Gamal by
Abdel Nasser, which made it appear as a follower of the Federation of South Yemen
Egyptians promoting Nasser’s agendas inside the country, the Arabia
operations of these factions against the British were known to Protectorate of
South Arabia
them as the Aden Emergency. The British tried to reach a
compromise with these groups and found themselves waging a Today part of Yemen
war on two fronts, trying to thwart the Republic in the north
ISO 3166-1 = YD
and the anti-English factions in the south.[16]
ISO 3166-3 = YDYE
By 1965, most of the western protectorates had fallen to the National
Liberation Front. As for Hadhramaut, it seemed calm until 1966 because
the English presence there was less than its counterpart in the western
protectorates.[17] Ali Salem al-Baidh and Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas joined
the National Liberation Front in Hadhramaut and prevented the sultans
of the Kathiri Sultanate and the Qu'aiti Sultanate from entering the
country, but allowed the Sultan of the Mahra Sultanate due to his old Official map of the British Aden
age. [18] The commander of the Hadhrami Bedouin Legion was killed by Protectorate, 1948
one of his men in the same year, and Ali Salem Al-Beidh and Muhammad
Salem Akash played a major role in gathering supporters in favor of the
National Liberation Front, taking advantage of the near absence of the English presence in al-Mahra.[19]

Qahtan Al-Shaabi was the only person the British knew because he was an agricultural engineer in his city of
Lahij. When the British tried to negotiate with the National Liberation Front, Qahtan demanded immediate
withdrawal and recognition of the legitimacy of his government, and that the British government provide aid
double what it proposed to the union, and that all the islands associated with the Aden Protectorate be part of
the new state. While the British demands were an orderly handover to the authorities, and that the new state
not interfere in the affairs of any country in the Arabian Peninsula.[20] The British were surprised by the
presence of people they thought were loyal to them alongside the popular Qahtan. The NLF was invited to the
Geneva Talks to sign the independence agreement with the British. During its occupation of Aden, the British
had signed several treaties of protection with the local sheikhdoms and emirates of the Federation of South
Arabia; however, these parties were excluded from the talks, and thus the agreement stated [...the handover
of the territory of South Arabia to the (Yemeni) NLF...]. Southern Yemen became independent as the People's
Republic of South Yemen on 30 November 1967, and the National Liberation Front consolidated its control in
the country. On 14 December 1967, the PDRY was admitted into the United Nations as a member state. the
British announced that they would withdraw from 1968, which sparked the battles between the National
Liberation Front and the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen to monopolize the right to self-
determination after the British left.[21]

The National Liberation Front had the upper hand at the expense of the Front for the Liberation of Occupied
South Yemen, whose members were divided between joining the National Front or leaving for North
Yemen.[22] Abdullah Al-Asanj and Muhammad Basindwa left for North Yemen. The last British soldier left
Aden on November 30, 1967, and the sheikhdoms of the Eastern Protectorate in Hadhramaut were annexed
to the new country. The lands of South Yemen are rugged and barren, a fact that played a role in the social,
cultural and economic development of the south, unlike the northern regions of Yemen. Their population in
1967 did not exceed two million people, while northern Yemen exceeded six million.[23] Most of the
population of the south was concentrated in the western regions of Lahj and its environs, and these alone
constituted more than 60% of the population, 10% were nomads. Qahtan al-Shaabi assumed the presidency
of a state that had never existed before, with a collapsed economy.[24] Civilian workers and businessmen left,
British support stopped, and the closure of the Suez Canal in 1967 reduced the number of ships crossing Aden
by 75%.[25]

The National Liberation Front had approximately 4,000 members, a small number of university-educated
leaders, and all of them, without exception, had no experience in government.[26] The front was divided into
two right-wing and left-wing sections. The right-wingers and their popular leader, Qahtan, did not want to
make major changes in the prevailing social and economic structure and took a conservative stance toward
“liberating all Arab lands from colonialism, supporting the resistance of the Palestinian people, and
supporting socialist regimes around the world to resist imperialism and colonial forces in the Third
World.”[27] The leftist section of the Liberation Front was also promoting and opposed the establishment of
popular forces and proposals to nationalize lands, and they were not preoccupied with the struggle of social
classes. Qahtan wanted the continuation of existing institutions and their development.[28][29] The leftist
section “wanted a social and economic transformation that would serve the broad segment of the working
people instead of the wealthy minority,” as they put it.[30] on March 20 1968, Qahtan dismissed all leftist
leaders from the government and party membership and was able to put down a rebellion led by leftist
factions in the army in May of the same year.[31][32] On another level, in the months of July, August and
December of 1968, the popular Qahtan faced new rebellions from leftist parties because all Arab countries
welcomed the front. The National Liberation Front received a cold reception, as regimes like Egypt wanted to
merge the National Front with the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen.[33] The leftist section
was more numerous than the supporters of the popular Qahtan, and they wanted a regime that would lead
the masses and face the great challenges facing the new state, the most important of which was the
bankruptcy of the treasury.[33]

On December 11, 1967, the lands of “feudal symbols and British agents” were confiscated, and the state was
divided into six governorates.[34] The aim of the move was to end tribal aspects in the state and ignore the
tribal borders between the defunct sheikhdoms.[35] On June 16, 1969, Qahtan fired Interior Minister
Muhammad Ali Haitham, but the latter withdrew his ties to With the tribes and the army, he was able to ally
himself with Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, and they reassembled the leftist forces that had been dispersed by
President Qahtan Al-Shaabi.[36] They were able to arrest him and place him under house arrest.[37]

1969 establishment of a Marxist-Leninist state

On June 22 1969, a radical Marxist wing of the NLF formed a presidential
committee of five people, Salem Rabie Ali, who became president,
Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, Ali Antar, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and
Muhammad Ali Haitham, who became prime minister.[38] they gained
power in an event known as the Corrective Move. This radical wing
reorganised the country into the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
(PDRY) on 30 November 1970.[39] Subsequently, all political parties were
amalgamated into the National Liberation Front, renamed the Yemeni Ali Nasser, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and
Abdullah Abdel Razzaq Badib at the
Socialist Party, which became the only legal party. This group took an
Popular Vanguard Party Festival in
extreme leftist line and declared its support for the Palestinians and the
the 1970s, with portraits of Karl
Dhofar Revolution. West Germany severed its relationship with the state Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir
due to its recognition of East Germany. The United States also severed its Lenin behind them
relationship in October 1969. The new powers issued a new constitution,
nationalized foreign banks and insurance companies, and changed the
name of the state to The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in line
with the Marxist-Leninist approach they followed. A centrally planned
economy was established.[40]The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
established close ties with the Soviet Union, the German Democratic
Republic, Cuba, and the Palestinian Liberation Organization. East
Germany's constitution of 1968 even served as a kind of blueprint for the
PDRY's first constitution.[41]
Abandoned Soviet tank on coast of
The new government embarked on a programme of nationalisation, Socotra
introduced central planning, put limits on housing ownership and rent,
and implemented land reforms. By 1973, the GDP of South Yemen
increased by 25 percent.[42] And despite the conservative environment
and resistance, women became legally equal to men, polygamy, child
marriage and arranged marriage were all banned by law and equal rights
in divorce were sanctioned; all of supported and protected by the state
General Union of Yemeni Women.[43] The Republic also secularised
education and sharia law was replaced by a state legal code.[44] Slavery in
Yemen, which had been abolished in North Yemen by the 1962 revolution, South Yemeni Armed Forces military
was now abolished also in South Yemen.[45] parade
The major communist powers assisted in the building of the PDRY's armed forces. Strong support from
Moscow resulted in Soviet naval forces gaining access to naval facilities in South Yemen.[46][47][48] The most
significant among them, a Soviet naval and air base on the island of Socotra for operations in the Indian
Ocean.[49][50][46]

Disputes with North Yemen

Unlike the early decades of East Germany and West Germany, North Korea and South Korea, or North
Vietnam and South Vietnam, or China and Taiwan, the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and South
Yemen (PDRY) remained relatively friendly, though relations were often strained. Fighting broke out in 1972,
and the short-lived conflict was resolved with negotiations, where it was declared unification would
eventually occur.[51][52]

However, these plans were put on hold in 1979, as the PDRY funded Red rebels in the YAR, and war was only
prevented by an Arab League intervention. The goal of unity was reaffirmed by the northern and southern
heads of state during a summit meeting in Kuwait in March 1979.

In 1980, PDRY president Abdul Fattah Ismail resigned and went into exile in Moscow, having lost the
confidence of his sponsors in the USSR.[53] His successor, Ali Nasir Muhammad, took a less interventionist
stance toward both North Yemen and neighbouring Oman.

1986 Civil War

On 13 January 1986, a violent struggle began in Aden between Ali Nasir's
supporters and supporters of the returned Ismail, who wanted power
back. This conflict, known as the South Yemen Civil War, lasted for more
than a month and resulted in thousands of casualties, Ali Nasir's ouster,
and Ismail's disappearance and presumed death. Some 60,000 people,
The Freedom Statue in Khor
including the deposed Ali Nasir, fled to the YAR. Ali Salim al-Beidh, an Maksar, Aden
ally of Ismail who had succeeded in escaping the attack on pro-Ismail
members of the Politburo, then became General Secretary of the Yemeni
Socialist Party.[54]

Reforms and attempts for unification

Against the background of the perestroika in the USSR, the main backer
of the PDRY, political reforms were started in the late 1980s. Political
prisoners were released, political parties were formed, and the system of
justice was reckoned to be more equitable than in the North. In May 1988, People celebrating the 14th October
the YAR and PDRY governments came to an understanding that Revolution next to the Freedom
considerably reduced tensions, including agreement to renew discussions Statue

concerning unification, to establish a joint oil exploration area along their

undefined border, to demilitarise the border, and to allow Yemenis unrestricted border passage on the basis
of only a national identification card. In November 1989, after returning from the Soviet–Afghan War, Osama
bin Laden offered to send the newly formed al-Qaeda to overthrow the South Yemeni government on behalf
of Saudi Arabia, but Prince Turki bin Faisal found the plan reckless and declined.[55] In 1990, the parties
reached a full agreement on joint governing of Yemen, and the countries were effectively merged as
Yemen.[56]

Demographics
South Yemen's ethnic groups were, as of 2000, ethnic Yemeni Arabs (92.8%), Somalis (3.7%), Afro-Arab
(1.1%), Indians and Pakistanis (1%), and other (1.4%).[57]

Politics and social life

South Yemen developed as a Marxist–Leninist, mostly secular society
ruled first by the National Liberation Front, which later morphed into the
ruling Yemeni Socialist Party.[58]

Government
The legislative body, the Supreme People's Council, was elected by the
Stamp from 1989
people for a period of five years. The collective head of state, also known
as the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council, was elected by the
Supreme People's Council for a period of five years as well.[59]

The executive body was known as the Council of Ministers, and was formed by the Supreme People's Council.
Local representative bodies were the people's councils, and their decisions were taken into account when the
members of the Supreme People's Council were governing. Local executive bodies were the executive bureaus
of the people's councils.[59]

The highest court was the Supreme Court of South Yemen, other courts in the country included courts of
appeal and the provincial courts, and the courts of first instance were known as the district courts or
magistrate courts.[59]

The only political party was the Yemen Socialist Party.[59]

Foreign relations
The only avowedly Marxist–Leninist nation in the Middle East, South Yemen received significant foreign aid
and other assistance from the USSR[60] and East Germany, which stationed several hundred officers of the
Stasi in the country to train the nation's secret police and establish another arms trafficking route to
Palestine.[61] The East Germans did not leave until 1990, when the Yemeni government declined to pay their
salaries which had been terminated with the dissolution of the Stasi during German reunification.[62]
However by the middle 1980s the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev largely shunned South Yemen.[63]

Relations between South Yemen and several nearby states were poor. Saudi Arabia only established
diplomatic relations in 1976, initially hosting pro-British exiles and supporting armed clashes in the border
regions of South Yemen. Relations with Oman declined through the 1970s as the South Yemeni government
supported the insurgent Marxist Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO). Relations with Ba'athist
Iraq were also low, as South Yemen offered asylum to a number of Iraqi communists.[64]

The United States listed South Yemen as a “state sponsor of terrorism” between 1979 and the Yemeni
reunification.[65] Diplomatic relations with the United States had been broken on 24 October 1969[66]
because of disagreements with US policy in the Middle East.[67] They were not restored until shortly before
reunification.

Legislature and judiciary

The Supreme People's Council was appointed by the General Command of the National Liberation Front in
1971.
In Aden, there was a structured judicial system with a supreme court.

Living standards
Despite a poor economy, the government ensured a basic level of living standard for all citizens and
established a welfare state.[64] Income equality improved, corruption was reduced, and health and
educational services expanded.[42][68] Overall, the population was assured of a basic but adequate living
standard for all.[69]

Sports
In 1976, the South Yemen national football team participated in the AFC Asian Cup, where the team lost to
Iraq 1–0 and to Iran 8–0. They entered their only World Cup qualification campaign in 1986 and were
knocked out in the first round by Bahrain. On 2 September 1965, South Yemen played their first international
match against the United Arab Republic, to whom they lost 14–0. On 5 November 1989, South Yemen played
its last international match against Guinea, to whom they lost 1–0. The team stopped playing when the North
and South united in 1990 to form the modern state of Yemen.

In 1988, the South Yemen Olympic team made its debut in the Summer Olympics in Seoul. Sending only
eight athletes, the country won no medals. This was the only time the country went to the Olympics until
unification in 1990.

Women's rights
Women's rights under the socialist government were considered the best in the region. Women became
legally equal to men and were encouraged to work in public; polygamy, child marriage, and arranged
marriage were all banned; and equal rights in divorce received legal sanction.[70][71][72][73][74]

Administrative divisions
Following independence, South Yemen was divided into six governorates (Arabic: muhafazat), with roughly
natural boundaries. From 1967 to 1978, each given a name by numeral.[75] The state changed this practice in
the mid-1980s but gave the governorates geographical or historical names and ensured that their borders did
not coincide with tribal allegiances.[75] Today, this legacy contributes to misunderstanding and confusion
when discussing political issues and allegiances in Yemen.[75] The islands of Kamaran (until 1972, when it
was seized by North Yemen), Perim, Socotra, Abd-el-Kuri, Samha (inhabited), Darsah and others uninhabited
from the Socotra archipelago were districts (mudiriyat) of the First/Aden Governorate being under the Prime
Minister's supervision.[76]

Numeral Name Approximate Area (km.²) Capital

I Aden 6,980 Aden

II Lahij 12,766 Lahij

III Abyan 21,489 Zinjibar

IV Shabwah 73,908 Ataq

V Hadhramawt 155,376 Mukalla

VI Al Mahrah 66,350 Al Ghaydah

Economy
During British rule, economic development in South Yemen was
restricted to the city of Aden, focused mainly on the port and on the
British military bases. As a result, following the British withdrawal, there
here was little to no industrial output or mineral wealth exploitation in
the country until the mid-1980s, when significant petroleum reserves in
the central regions near Shibam and Mukalla were discovered. Foreign
aid was minimal, as the British government did not fulfill promises of aid
and the Soviet Union offered only US$152 million from 1969 to 1980.[64]

The main sources of income were agriculture, mostly fruit, cereal crops,
cattle and sheep, and fishing. The government guaranteed full
employment in agriculture for rural citizens, and established a number of GDR working on infrastructure
collective farms, however, those set up following the Soviet model projects in South Yemen
produced poorer results than cooperative-run farms.[64]

The national budget was 13.43 million dinars in 1976, and the gross national product was US$650 - 500
million. The total national debt was $52.4 million.

Economic policy
Limited natural resources posed challenges to the economic development of the People's Democratic
Republic of Yemen (PDRY). Despite this constraint, significant, albeit modest, oil reserves were discovered
shortly after the country's unification in 1990. However, the YSP government did not benefit from oil exports
to fund its development initiatives.[77]

Over time, economic policies in the PDRY underwent a transformation, shifting from an initial focus on
developing the state sector to promoting cooperative and joint private-public enterprises. By the late 1980s,
there was a notable presence of industries in Aden and around Al Mukalla in Hadramawt, producing a range
of essential goods such as plastics, batteries, cigarettes, matches, tomato paste, dairy products, and fish
canning.[78]

Within the industrial sector, the state implemented welfarist labor laws that were widely enforced. These laws
included regulations aimed at safeguarding women in the workforce by prohibiting night shifts and
hazardous occupations. Additionally, the legislation ensured that workers received salaries that enabled them
to maintain reasonable living standards. Trade unions in the PDRY primarily functioned as state entities
rather than as negotiating bodies, playing a significant role in upholding labor regulations and standards.[79]

Oil
A few months after The Events of '86, the PDRY had discovered oil after more than 6 decades of unsuccessful
exploration,[80] the Soviet Union discovered oil in the Shabwah Governorate in late 1986, marking a turning
point for the resource-scarce nation.[81] Decades of unsuccessful exploration efforts, hampered by the harsh
desert environment and political instability, had left South Yemen heavily reliant on foreign aid, primarily
from the Soviet Union, and remittances from its citizens working abroad, estimated to be around half of
government revenue by the mid-1980s. The discovery, made by the Soviet oil company Technoexport,
emerged amidst the Cold War, with the Soviet Union playing a crucial role in the exploration and discovery
process.[82]

In 1980s, Technoexport contracted with the PDRY to search for oil in a 13,500-square-mile area in Shabwa,
and, in 1984, launched a program of exploratory drilling. This Soviet effort yielded only traces of oil over the
next two years, a sharp contrast to the discovery and rapid exploitation of oil in the same period by an
American company, Hunt Oil, in- the YAR's Marib basin, an area just to the west of Shabwa. Then, in late
1986, the Soviets struck very high quality oil in western Shabwa, an occurrence confirmed by authorities in
Aden in early 1987.

By late March, Initial estimates placed the oil reserves at around 1 billion barrels,[81][83] sparking plans for
pipeline construction and full-scale production of the oil fields. events moved swiftly, and industry sources
reported in mid-1987 that the three fields - lyad East, lyad West, and Amal already had a productive capacity
of 10,000 barrels per day (bpd), that between 5,000-10,000 bpd were being trucked to the Aden refinery, and
that there were plans to increase the number of trucks on the oil run to bring deliveries up to 25,000 bpd,
considerably more than the PDRY's total domestic need at the time.[81] The discovery was viewed as a
potential pathway to reduce dependence on external sources of income and improve the lives of South
Yemen's roughly 2.4 million citizens. However, the joy of discovery was accompanied by a multitude of
challenges.[81]

Western Shabwa was not the only exploration area, and the Soviet Union was not the only explorer in the
second half of the 1980s.[81] Replying to a claim that the PDRY had put all of its eggs in one basket, Deputy
Prime Minister and Minister of Energy and Minerals Salih Abu-Bakr ibn Husaynun noted in late 1987 that
eight Western and Arab companies were engaged in exploration efforts in several areas in the PDRY.[81] This
count seems about right. Although Italy's Agip stopped work in late 1985, Brazil's Braspetrol, France's Societe
Nationale Elf Aquitaine (Elf) and Compagnie Franqaise des Petroles (Total), Kuwait's Independent Petroleum
Group, and Canadian Occidental were among the firms actively searching for oil in the years that followed.[81]

The Soviet involvement in the discovery, estimated to have cost over half a billion dollars and add to South
Yemen's already staggering debt, raised concerns about potential political and economic influence in the
region.[81] Additionally, the oil find added a layer of complexity to the already intricate relationship between
South and North Yemen, both of which desired unification and saw the resource, estimated to hold the
potential for substantial economic benefits, as a potential driver of economic prosperity.[84]

Furthermore, South Yemen grappled with internal political struggles and social unrest at the time of the
discovery. The violent leadership struggle within the ruling communist party, culminating in the January
1986 "blood bath" in Aden, further destabilized the nation. This volatile political landscape cast a shadow
over the potential benefits of the newfound oil wealth and raised questions about how the resources would be
managed and distributed fairly within the nation.[85]

Airlines
The following airlines had operated from the PDRY:[86]

Aden Airways[87] (1949–1967). Ceased operations on 30 June 1967 at the time of British withdrawal from
the Federation and the Protectorate of South Arabia.
Alyemda – Democratic Yemen Airlines (1961–1996). Joined Yemenia, the airline of the former YAR
The Brothers Airline Service Corporation was formed by Sayid Zein A. Baharoon who used the “Brothers”
nomenclature in his merchant enterprises. Known as BASCO, this fledgling airline lasted only a short
time.[88]
See also
South Yemen Movement
Yemen portal
South Yemen insurgency
Dhofar Rebellion Communism portal

STC
Yemen
Notes
 a. While, according to the Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Islam was "the state
religion",[1] the government restricted the practice of Islamic traditions like Ramadan and other Muslim
holidays,[2] leading some authors to believe that it was an atheist state[3]
b. Was eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated
c. Arabic: ‫اليمن الجنوبي‬, romanized: al-Yaman al-Janūbī
d. Arabic: ‫جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية‬, Jumhūriyat al-Yaman ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah ash-Sha'bīyah
e. (‫اليمن الديمقراطي‬, al-Yaman ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyy)
f. also as: Yemen (Aden) ()‫اليمن (عدن‬, al-Yaman ('Adin))

References
1. "Archived copy" (https://www.worldstatesmen.org/YemenPDR1978.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archi
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 This article incorporates public domain material (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyrigh
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External links
South Yemen Anthem (1969–1979) (http://www.nationalanthems.info/yes-79.htm), National anthem of
Yemen (second and last anthem of South Yemen)
Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (https://www.worldstatesmen.org/YemenPDR
1978.pdf) (as amended 31 October 1978)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Yemen&oldid=1226854263"