INDONESIA KOREA

Water Resources Management

in Low Discharge Conditions of Korea
This presentation material was made based on the activities and
performances of the Han River Flood Control Office (FCO) in Korea
October 18 2023

YOON, Kwang Seok

Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT)
ksyoon@kict.re.kr
Contents

1 Definition of Drought & Low-flow

2 Drought & Low-flow in Literature

3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea

4 Operational Performance in 2022

1 Definition of Drought & Low-flow
Drought
Water unbalance phenomenon resulting from being less than normal precipitation for a long period
More widely spread and gradually occurred than flood in the scale of damage

Types of Drought
Meteorological Drought
Simply expressed in terms of a rainfall
deficit in relation to some average
amount and duration of drought period

Agricultural Drought
Situation with insufficient soil mois- ture
level to meet the plant needs during
growing season

Hydrological Drought
Inadequate surface and subsurface water
resources for water uses of a given water
resources management system

3
1 Definition of Drought & Low-flow
Low-flow
Seasonal Phenomenon, and an integral component of a flow regime of river. (V.U. Smakhin, 2001)
Normally derived from lateral flow, base flow and net water consumption.

Low-flow in hydrologic system

High-flow Intermediate flow Low-flow
10000

1000

Net water
consumption

Flow(t/s)
100

10

1
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Time(day)

4
1 Definition of Drought & Low-flow
Classification of hydrologic events (Dracup et al., 1980)

Threshold level

Determination of threshold flow is important to recognize drought

5
2 Drought & Low-flow in Literature
Drought : various drought Indices for quantified analysis and estimation

Agricultural
Meteorological drought
drought

Hydrological
drought

Composite
drought

6
2 Drought & Low-flow in Literature
Low-flow
No. Researchers Main contents
- Intruduction of low-flow characteristic & past literatures
WMO (2008) - Low-flow measures and indices and their estimation from streamflow time series
1
V.U. Smakhtin (2001) - Method of low-flow estimation in ungauged catchments
- Low flows in river ecology studies and environmental flow management
Ching-Yu Wang et al. (2010) - Prediction of water shortage considering the various scenario (water supply and using)
2
SRDJEVIC (2004) - Introduction of decision making model for water shortage measure by various scenario
Tallaksen et al. (2009) - Present the method of Low-flow threshold level using Flow duration curve and low-flow
3
Midgley et al. (1994) frequency analysis
- Construction system of low-flow estimation throuth the linkage analysis of meteo &
4 Fundel et al. (2013)
hydrological model
N. Ravbar and N. Coldscheider. (2009) - Comparative application of four methds of groundwater vulunerability mapping
5
Wilhelmi and D.A. Wilhite (2002) - Assessing Vulnerability to agricultural drought in Nebraska

7
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Background
Normally, drought occurred every 2 to 5 years in Korea.
Since 2008 year, drought has occurred every year

1981yr 1991yr 1996yr 2006yr 2011yr 2015yr 2017yr

1984yr 1994yr 2001yr 2009yr 2013yr

1988yr 1995yr 2004yr 2010yr 2014yr 2016yr 2018yr

?
1982yr 1992yr 2000yr 2008yr 2012yr

Enacted the law on the Investigation, Planning and Management of Water Resources in 2017
Article 8. Implementation of Low-flow prediction

Objective
Prediction of water shortage condition, distribution and management of limited water, and
derivation of efficient & reasonable water use
8
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 1. Set up the low-flow management system

Monitoring Prediction

-3Mon -1Mon +1Mon +3Mon

....,
-2Mon +2Mon
Current Time

Observed meteo-hydrology condition Streamflow Prediction

▪ Low-flow inform.sharing and
Precipitation & river flow values Dynamic model or Statistical
Streamflow Prediction construction of prompt deci-
and anomaly
Bias
correction
sion making system
▪ River water coordination
Applying
Hydrological model council (Efficient control of river
Facilities operation status water use during drought)
▪ Optimal linkage operation
LSM
Facilities operation Plan
Storage volume, water supply and council of the falcilities
river use amount Operation plan of dam, beam,
reservoir, river use

Hydrological modelling Water budget prediction

Natural flow estimation and water Water budget analysis consider-
budget analysis using optimal par- ing the various water shortage
ameter scenario

Cross Low-flow region & Cross Low-flow region &

checking required qunatity checking required qunatity

Threshold Vulunerability Threshold Vulunerability

flow analysis flow Prediction
9
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 2. Estimation of threshold flow
Selection of stations for low-flow management (e.g. Yeong-san FCO)
Data period : 1998 ~ 2017 year
Quality review of observed flow data in YSR
Unit : %
Name 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
금월 0.3 3.3 55.1 14.2 0.0 15.8 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0
삼지 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 3.3
광주 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
유덕 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
어등 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.3 0.0 74.5 3.0 0.0
Weir
MaReuk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0
Construction
선암 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
남평 0.0 0.0 11.0 0.0 3.8 6.8 0.5 1.1 0.0 1.1
본동 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.9 33.3 9.0 0.8 0.0 0.0
Weri
NaJu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.0 1.4 0.0 0.0
Construction
나산
GokSeong 52.6 43.7 28.8 5.8 60.0 63.1 35.9 0.0 0.0 8.7

Quality review of observed flow data in SJR

Unit : %
MaReuk
Code 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
ApRok 오수
SongJeong
0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 2.7 18.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
적성 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
GokSeong 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NaJu 송동 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 40.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.4 2.5
오곡 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 58.5 0.0 21.6 0.0 0.0
ApRok 19.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
죽곡 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
구례 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
SongJeong 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
화개 19.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10
0.0
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 2. Estimation of threshold flow
Period classification and Flow Duration Curve analysis based on daily flow
10000
Non-irrigation Irrigation Non-irrigation Non-irrigation period
600 0 1000
Irrigation period

Flow (t/s)
100
500 30
10

Precipitation (mm)
1
400 60
GokSeong
Flow(t/s)

0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
300 90 Time exceed (%)
10000
Non-irrigation period
200 120
1000 Irrigation period

Flow (t/s)
100 150 100

10
0 180
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
ApRok
1
Time (day) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time exceed (%)
10000 10000 10000
Non-irrigation period Non-irrigation period Non-irrigation period
1000 Irrigation period 1000 Irrigation period 1000 Irrigation period
Flow (t/s)

Flow (t/s)

Flow (t/s)
100 100 100

10 10 10

MaReuk NaJu SongJeong

1 1 1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time exceed (%)
60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time exceed (%)
60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time exceed (%)
60 70 80 11100
90
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 2. Estimation of threshold flow
Estimation of the threshold flow
Seperate the non-irrigation and irrigation period on annual daily flow data
Frequency Analysis
Applied 8 distributions : Normal, Log-normal (2p), Gamma, Log-pearson type-3, GEV, Gumbel, etc.

Goodness of Fit test : K-S (Kolmogorov-Smirnov ) test and Chi-Square test

Estimation of frequency(exceed probability) based on daily flow for stations

Non-irrigation Period Irrigation Period
25 60
GokSeong GokSeong
ApRok ApRok
50
20 SongJeong SongJeong
MaReuk MaReuk
Naju 40 Naju
Flow(t/s)

15 Flow(t/s)
30
10
20

5
10

0 0
50 40 30 20 10 0 50 40 30 20 10 0
Exceed Probability (%) Exceed Probability (%)
12
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 2. Estimation of threshold flow
Estimation of the threshold flow
Classification of threshold flow with 4 low-flow
sections according to Framework act on disaster
and safety management

The result of threshold flow according to the 4-step classification

Abnormally Moderate Severity Extreme
Classification of Station
Basin low-flow low-flow low-flow low-flow
Period name (25~11%) (10~6%) (5~2.6%) (2.5%~)
YeongSan MaReuk 9.0 8.0 6.0 5.0
River NaJu 14.5 11.5 9.5 8.0
Non-Irrigation
GokSerong 4.5 3.0 1.5 0.8
period SeomJin
ApRok 8.5 6.0 4.5 3.5
River
SongJeong 15.0 10.0 8.0 5.0
YeongSan MaReuk 12.0 10.0 7.0 6.0
River NaJu 22.5 17.0 10.5 8.0
Irrigation
GokSerong 5.5 3.5 1.5 0.8
period SeomJin
ApRok 10.0 7.0 5.0 4.0
River
SongJeong 23.0 12.0 8.0 5.0

13
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 2. Estimation of threshold flow
Selection of appropriate duration with a number of low-flow event
Duration of More than 5-day or 7-day is suitable for low-flow management
25 10
GokSeong GokSeong
ApRok ApRok
20 SongJeong 8 SongJeong
Annual mean events

Annual mean events

MaReuk MaReuk
Naju Naju
Mean Mean
15 6

10 4

Abnormally Moderate
5 low-flow 2 low-flow

0 0
1> 3> 5> 7> 10 > 15 > 20 > 25 > 30 > 1> 3> 5> 7> 10 > 15 > 20 > 25 > 30 >
Duration(days) Duration(days)

5 2.5
GokSeong GokSeong
ApRok ApRok
4 SongJeong 2 SongJeong
Annual mean events
Annual mean events

MaReuk MaReuk
Naju Naju
Mean 1.5 Mean
3

2 1

Severity Extreme
1 low-flow 0.5 low-flow

0 0
1> 3> 5> 7> 10 > 15 >
Duration(days)
20 > 25 > 30 > 1> 3> 5> 7> 10 > 15 >
Duration(days)
20 > 25 > 30 >
14
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 2. Estimation of threshold flow
Determination of threshold flow

Selection of 25-water level station for low-flow

monitoring & prediction in Korea

Period
River Basin
Irrigation Non-irrigation
01.01∼03.31,
Han 04.01∼09.30
10.01∼12.31
01.01∼04.14,
Nak-dong 04.15∼10.15
10.16∼12.31
01.01∼04.30,
Geum 05.01∼08.31
09.01∼12.31
01.01∼04.14,
Yeong-san 04.15∼10.15
10.16∼12.31

15
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 3. Decision-making system for low-flow management
Monitoring Source : Water Resources Information Center of
the Han River Flood Control Office

16
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 3. Decision-making system for low-flow management
Prediction

Natural streamflow

17
Water use analysis
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 4. Construction of information providing system
The Flood Control Offices provide current status & prospects of low-flow
1-month low-flow prediction (1 to 4 weeks)
- Presented every Monday afternoon

3-month low-flow prediction (1 to 3 months)

- Presented on the 5th of the month
※ Nomally : homepage (www.yeongsanriver.go.kr)
Drought : homepage, letter and SNS

18
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 4. Construction of information providing system
Special warning documentation
Warning that river flow is expected to continue below the threshold flow for more than 5-day
according to Article 8. Implementation of Low-flow prediction

19
3 Low-flow Management by FCO in Korea
Activity 4. Construction of information providing system
Digital warning & notification system

FAX

App.

SMS
20
4 Operational Performance in 2022
Low-flow warning in 2022
From Jan. to May, Precipitation was 50% of the normal condition in Korea
Warning Flow(㎥/s)
River Station Release date
Date Level Threshold Current
Han Biryongdaegyo ’22.05.10. Abnormal 11.4 10.0 ’22.6.27.
Geum Yiwondaegyo ’22.06.03. Abnormal 11.0 10.2 ’22.6.17.
’21.12.28. Abnormal 8.5 7.3 -
’22.04.20. Moderate 7.0 5.9 ’22.06.24.
Yeong-san Geukrakgyo
’22.09.14. Abnormal 12.5 9.2 -
’22.09.20. Moderate 10.0 8.0 Proceeding
’22.05.09. Moderate 5.5 3.6 -
Geumgokgyo
’22.05.12. Abnormal 3.5 2.7 ’22.06.07.
’22.05.09. Abnormal 9.5 6.4 -
’22.05.11. Moderate 7.5 5.3 -
’22.05.20. Severity 5.0 3.9 ’22.06.07.
Yeseonggyo
’22.06.17. Abnormal 9.5 8.8 ’22.06.24.
’22.07.08. Abnormal 9.5 7.6 ’22.07.20.
Seom-jin
’22.09.26. Abnormal 9.5 7.3 Proceeding
’22.03.08. Abnormal 17.0 16.4 ’22.03.30.
’22.04.22. Abnormal 17.0 13.7 -
’22.05.11. Moderate 15.0 11.5 ’22.06.07.
Songjeongri
’22.06.16. Abnormal 21.0 15.8 ’22.06.24.
’22.07.08. Abnormal 21.0 15.0 ’22.07.20.
’22.09.22. Abnormal 21.0 16.2 Proceeding

21
4 Operational performance in 2022
Response

22
Terima Kasih!